Week 1 Check Your Understanding

Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including

Burkitt lymphoma.

Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is

Calcium

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as

Carcinomas.

Cancer grading is based on

Cell differentiation.

The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the

DNA.

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular

Death.

In general, with aging, organ size and function

Decrease.

Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except

Decreased blood viscosity.

The primary effect of aging on all body systems is

Decreased functional reserve.

Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is

Deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types.

The cellular charge that is considered preneoplastic is

Dysplasia.

A disease that is native to a particular region is called

Endemic.

The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is

Energy and repair.

After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor

Is malignant.

Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following?

It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread.

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will

Kill rapidly dividing cells.

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the ____ stage.

Latent.

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.

Liquefactive.

A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct?

Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate.

The effect of stress on the immune system

May involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.

Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring?

Mutant tumor-suppressor gene.

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except

Necrosis.

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by

Norepinephrine.

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene

Occurs at an earlier age.

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of

Secondary prevention.

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of

Secondary prevention.

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except

Aldosterone.

Proto-oncogenes

Are normal cellular genes that promote growth.

Your patient eats "lots of fat," leads a "stressful" life, and has smoked "about 2 packs a day for the last 40 years." Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is

Cigarette smoking.

In general, a cancer cell that is more tissue-specific differentiated is more likely to be aggressive. (True/False)

False.

An increase in organ size and function due to increased workload is termed

Hypertrophy.

The effects of excessive cortisol production include

Immune suppression.

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?

Insulin.

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is

Intracellular accumulations.

Reperfusion injury to cells

Involves formation of free radicals.

Somatic death refers to death

Of the entire organism.

The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect indentified in cancer cells is

P53.

Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in

Permanent damage and death.

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of

Primary prevention.

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except

Pupils constriction.

Carbon monoxide injures cells by

Reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin.

C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is

Streptococcal infection.

The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as

Subclinical.

After suffering a heart attach, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of

Tertiary prevention.

Allostasis is best defined as

The overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being.

Metaplasia is

The replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.

When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic. (True/False)

True

The nurse is swabbing a patient's throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity. (True/False)

True.

The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of

Tumor necrosis factor.