Week 6 RQs& CQs

Fish deal with similar issues. If a saltwater fish were unable to regulate chloride-what would happen? A. The fish would swell with water B. Nothing, sodium would still be secreted. C. The fish would find fresh water to live. D. The fish would lose water and shrivel up.

A. The fish would swell with water. Reduced sodium/chloride (salt) excretion will make the fish more concentrated inside reducing the osmotic flow of water out of the body. Would this happen in fresh water fish?

Decreased Na+ in body fluids (Na+ depletion) ____renin secretion. A. Increases B. Decreases C. has no effect on

A. increases

When stomach acid reaches the duodenum, it triggers the release of bicarbonate ions, which increase the pH of the duodenum. This is an example of A. Negative feedback B. Positive feedback C. Neither, this is not a feedback system

A. negative feedback

An increase of _____ increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water. alcohol caffeine diuretic drug ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Which of the following statements about the control of blood volume and blood pressure is NOT true? None of the answer options is false. Inactive angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin II by an enzyme released from the lungs. Angiotensin II stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone, which increases salt and water uptake by the distal convoluted tubule. A drop in blood pressure stimulates the cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus to release renin. Angiotensin II causes the smooth muscle in the walls of the arterioles to contract.

Angiotensin II stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone, which increases salt and water uptake by the distal convoluted tubule.

ACE inhibitors are drugs that inhibit an enzyme called ACE that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II. Treatment with an ACE inhibitor will cause blood pressure to A. Increase B. Decrease C. Stay the same

B, Decrease

What drives the secretion stage that occurs in animal excretory systems? Question 7 choices Choice A., passive diffusion Choice B., active transport Choice C., pressure Choice D., electrochemical gradients Choice E., passive diffusion for some substances and active transport for others

B, active transport

When the volume of blood passing through the kidneys increases, renin production by the kidney will most likely A. Increase B. Decrease C. Stay the same

B, decrease

Increased ADH secretion ___urine output. A. increases B. decreases C. Has no effect on

B, decreases

Cells of the excretory tubule _________BLANKwater by osmosis, from which we can conclude that the solute concentration in these cells must be _________BLANK than in the filtrate. Question 5 choices Choice A., excrete; higher Choice B., reabsorb; higher Choice C., excrete; lower Choice D., reabsorb; lower

B, reabsorb, higher

Anacids like pepto-bismal are commonly taken to increase the pH of the stomach. If you take an antacid with your meal, ___secretin will be released by your duodenum compared with eating an identical meal without an antacid. A. more B. less C. An equivalent amount of

B. Less

Countercurrent mechanisms of ion transport depend on continuous concentration gradients across secretory cells. Which direction must salt secretions flow? Blood flow going up lumen of blood vessel and the down flow of salt down the lumen of secretory tubule Up flow of blood in the lumen of blood vessel and up flow of blood in the lumen of secretory tubule

Blood flow going up lumen of blood vessel and the down flow of salt down the lumen of secretory tubule

Continued glucose transport into cells lining the lumen of the small intestine requires a _________BLANK concentration gradient and a transmembrane protein that is a _________BLANK. Question 3 choices Choice A., glucose; glucose channel protein Choice B., K+; glucose channel protein Choice C., Na+; Na+-glucose cotransporter Choice D., Na+; K+-glucose cotransporter Choice E., K+; K+-glucose cotransporter

C, Na+, Na+-glucose cotransporter

Insects, reptiles and birds excrete uric acid as their form of nitrogenous waste. Uric acid is much less water-soluble than urea. Why does this allow these organisms to conserve more water than a mammal with extensive kidney tubules for water reabsorption? A. The high solubility of uric acid allows the excretory system to reabsorb water. B. Uric acid levels stay high in the blood maintaining a strong osmotic gradient, which allows water to be reabsorbed. C. After precipitation, uric acid no longer influences osmolarity, water returns to the hypertonic tissues D. After precipitation, uric acid no longer influences osmolarity, water leaves the hypertonic tissues. *Precipitation is the process by which solutes come out of solution. If you're not part of the solution, you're part of the precipitation.

C, after precipitation, uric acid no longer influences osmolarity, water returns to the hypertonic tissues. Reduced osmolarity makes filtrate hypotonic to the surrounding tissues.

All cells of the body contain Na+/K+ pumps in their cell membranes. The Na+/K+ pumps function to: Question 1 choices Choice A., maintain equal concentrations of Na+ inside and outside of the cell. Choice B., maintain equal concentrations of K+ inside and outside of the cell. Choice C., establish concentration gradients—higher Na+ outside and higher K+ inside the cell. Choice D., transport glucose from the lumen of the intestine into the epithelial cells.

C, establish concentration gradients-higher Na+ outside and higher K+ inside the cell.

Consider two chambers of equal volumes. The chambers are separated by a selectively permeable membrane that only allows water through. What will happen to the water molecules? A. Net movement to the right. B. Net movement to the left C. No net movement

C, no net movement

In the figure above, where would you predict you would find the highest concentration of solutes in the filtrate? Question 4 choices Choice A., point a Choice B., point b Choice C., point c Choice D., point d Choice E., point e

C, point C

In the figure above, at which labeled location will NaCl be at its highest concentration relative to the other solutes in the filtrate? Question 7 choices Choice A., point a Choice B., point b Choice C., point c , Choice D., point d Choice E., point e

C, point c

What drives the filtration that occurs in animal excretory systems? Question 2 choices Choice A., passive diffusion Choice B., active transport Choice C., pressure Choice D., electrochemical gradients Choice E., passive diffusion for some substances and active transport for others

C, pressure

What would you predict to be the effect on an animal species of having longer loops of Henle in their kidney structure? Question 2 choices Choice A., They can produce greater concentration gradients of electrolytes in the deep medulla of the kidney. Choice B., They can produce less concentrated urine (one with a higher concentration of water). Choice C., They would be better able to survive in desert or dry habitats than animals with shorter loops. Choice D., They can reabsorb more water, glucose, and amino acids in the ascending limb.

C, they would be better able to survive in desert or dry habitats than animals with shorter loops.

You add a toxin that prevents the Na+/ K+ pump from hydrolyzing ATP. Absorption of which nutrient(s) will be affected? A. Glucose only B. Amino acids only C. Both glucose and amino acids D. Neither will be affected.

C. Both glucose and amino acids.

Secretin stimulates the release of bicarbonate ions into the duodenum, which neutralizes acidic chyme from the stomach. One consequence of neutralizing the pH in the intestine is that: A. Carboyhydrates are no easily broken down in this neutral environment. B. Enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of carbohydrates are denatured. C. Enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of carbohydrates are active. D. The enzymes catalyzed breakdown of carbohydrates that begin in the stomach is halted in the duodenum.

C. Enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of carbohydrates are active.

Essential amino acids are those that: cannot be synthesized biochemically and must be taken in through the diet. can only be found in plants. include minerals such as calcium and iron. provide essential vitamins.

Cannot be synthesized biochemically and must be taken in through the diet.

Shortly after eating a candy bar, where would the increased concentration of glucose be first evident? Question 2 choices Choice A., the lumen of the small intestine Choice B., the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells lining the lumen of the small intestine Choice C., the blood flowing past the basal membrane of the epithelial cells of the lumen

Choice A., the lumen of the small intestine

The kangaroo rat is a desert mammal that conserves water by producing highly concentrated urine (urine very low in water). You compare the relative lengths of the loops of Henle in the kangaroo rat with those from a mouse species native to a temperate area where water is readily available. You find that the loops of Henle are relatively: Question 3 choices Choice A., shorter in the kangaroo rat. Choice B., shorter in the mouse Choice C., about the same in both.

Choice B., shorter in the mouse

The countercurrent arrangement of the two limbs of the loop of Henle becomes a multiplier of electrolyte concentration due to which other characteristic? Question 1 choices Choice A., water permeability of the descending limb Choice B., water impermeability of the ascending limb Choice C., active transport of electrolytes out of the ascending limb Choice D., thickness of the ascending limb

Choice C., active transport of electrolytes out of the ascending limb

In the proximal covoluted tubule, which of the following molecules is being secreted? A. Sodium B. Potassium C. Glucose D. Urea E. All of the above

D, Urea

Based on the diagram shown here, concentration in the duodenum is homeostatically regulated. A. Bicarbonate B. Bile C. CCK D. H+ ion E. Secretin

D. H+ ion

Animals that survive in very dry habitats will likely have a more _________BLANK as a result of the _________BLANKsteps of the excretory process. Question 8 choices Choice A., dilute urine; reabsorption and secretion Choice B., dilute urine; filtration and secretion Choice C., concentrated urine; filtration and secretion Choice D., concentrated urine; reabsorption and secretion

D. concentration urine, reabsorption and secretion

In the figure above, where will urea be at its highest concentration relative to the other solutes in the filtrate? Question 6 choices Choice A., point a Choice B., point b Choice C., point c Choice D., point d Choice E., point e

E, point E

Assuming that active transport of electrolytes stop in the ascending limb, what would you predict the comparative composition would be of the filtrate at points a and e in the figure above? Question 8 choices Choice A., Point a has more water than point e. Choice B., Point a has more NaCl than point e. Choice C., Point e has more water than point a. Choice D., Point e has more NaCl than point e. Choice E., Points a and e have similar composition

E, points A and E have a similar compostion

What drives the reabsorption that occurs in animal excretory systems? Question 4 choices Choice A., passive diffusion Choice B., active transport Choice C., pressure Choice D., electrochemical gradients Choice E., passive diffusion for some substances and active transport for others

E. Passive diffusion for some substances and active transport for others.

Circulating levels of renin will decrease.

False

One of the roles of the kidneys is to help buffer body fluids, to keep fluids from becoming too acidic or too basic. The cells of the renal tubule wall secrete H+ into the tubule lumen, and absorb bicarbonate, passing it into the tissue fluid. Consider the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, shown in the accompanying figure and below. During heavy exercise, the reaction shifts to the right in the interstitial fluid around the nephron. T or F This question also reflects back on Chapter 39, on circulation and respiration. Students must apply what they have learned about exercise and H+ concentrations in the blood to determine how the kidney will compensate.

False

The loop of Henle is a countercurrent exchanger because it creates a concentration gradient rather than simply maintaining it.

False

Water absorption by the distal convoluted tubule will decrease.

False

The cells around region B use more ATP than those in region G. T or F

False At point D, the extracellular fluid surrounding the nephron is about 1000 miliosmoles. At point G, the extracellular fluid is about 300 miliosmoles. How can you tell from your handout?

Which of the following processes occur within Bowman's capsule? selective reabsorption secretion filtration, selective reabsorption, and secretion filtration and selective reabsorption filtration

Filtration

Filtration is usually the first step in the excretory process. What types of filtration typically occur? Select all that apply. Filtration removes water from the blood. Filtration removes substances dissolved in the blood. Filtration removes blood proteins. Filtration removes blood cells. Filtration removes CO2 from the blood.

Filtration removes water from the blood Filtration removes substances dissolved in the blood.

Which of the following statements about the protonephridia of freshwater flatworms is CORRECT? Muscular contractions drive fluid movement through the excretory tubules. The fluid passing through the tubules is not modified before excretion. Protonephridia are surrounded by a capillary network to allow for selective reabsorption and secretion. Fluid from the body enters the protonephridia without first being filtered. The urine leaving the body of a freshwater flatworm is more concentrated than its body fluids.

Fluid from the body enters the protonephridia without first being filtered.

Freshwater fish are in a hypotonic environment. How do their gill chloride cells function in this environment? Freshwater fish have chloride cells that actively move chloride ions into the gills, with sodium ions moving in the opposite direction. Freshwater fish have chloride cells that actively move chloride ions out of the gills into the surrounding water, with sodium ions following. Freshwater fish have chloride cells that actively move chloride ions out of the gills into the surrounding water, with sodium ions moving in the opposite direction. Freshwater fish have chloride cells that actively move chloride ions into the gills, with sodium ions following.

Freshwater fish have chloride cells that actively move chloride ions into the gills, with sodium ions following.

Consider the figure below. Around point F, the extracellular fluid surrounding the nephron is ___ compared to the fluid in the lumen of the nephron. A. Hypertonic B. Hypotonic C. Isotonic

Hypertonic

What is the function of the vasa recta? It maintains the concentration gradient established by the loop of Henle. It filters the blood within the glomerulus. It secretes the hormone renin in response to a drop in blood pressure. It helps determine the final concentration of the urine. None of the answer options is correct.

It maintains the concentration gradient establised by the loop of Henle.

Consider two chambers of equal volumes. The chambers are separated by a selectively permeable membrane that only allows water through. What will happen to the water molecules? A. Net movement to the right. B. Net movement to the left C. No net movement

Net movement to the right

You discover a new type of marine organism that has the kidneys of a fish but no gills. What effect would the absence of gills have on excretion of nitrogenous waste? No effect. Nitrogenous wastes diffuse across the skin. Nitrogenous excretion decreases because no nitrogen uptake is occurring at the gills. Nitrogenous excretion increases at the kidneys because it cannot be lost at the gills. No effect. Fish kidneys excrete all nitrogenous waste.

Nitrogenous excretion increases at the kidneys because it cannot be lost at the gills.

Which process is responsible for creating MOST of an animal's nitrogenous waste? toxins in the environment consuming nitrogen in food protein breakdown during metabolism respiration

Protein breakdown during metabolism

n general, excretory organs function to do which of the following? Select all that apply. remove nitrogenous wastes from the circulating blood remove excess sugar from the circulating blood maintain water balance in the body maintain electrolyte balance in the body

Remove nitrogenous wastes from the circulating blood Maintain water balance in the body Yes maintain electrolyte balance in the body

The body fluid of sharks has a much lower concentration of sodium chloride than that of the surrounding seawater, and sharks are able to remain in osmotic equilibrium with the external environment. How can this be the case? Sharks store enough urea to match the total solute concentration of the surrounding seawater. Sharks are osmoregulators. Sharks maintain high levels of sodium chloride in their skin. None of the answer options is correct. Sharks drink large volumes of seawater to compensate for the low salt concentration of their body fluids.

Sharks store enough urea to match the total solute concentration of the surrounding seawater

If solution X has a 2% concentration of NaCl and solution Y has an 8% concentration of NaCl, which of the following statements is CORRECT? Solution X is hypertonic relative to solution Y. Solution X has a higher osmotic pressure than solution Y. Solution X is hypotonic relative to solution Y. Solution X has a lower concentration of water than solution Y. Solution X has a higher solute concentration than solution Y.

Solution X is hypotonic relative to solution Y.

Fish in a marine environment must maintain a relatively constant ion concentration in their tissues and blood. How do the chloride cells in the gills aid fish in the removal of excess ions? The chloride cells actively move ions into the body and water follows by osmosis. The chloride cells create a countercurrent system where ions are lost from the body and water is absorbed to dilute other ions (NaCl). The chloride cells actively remove ions from the body and water follows by osmosis. The chloride cells create a countercurrent system where water is lost from the body and chloride ions are absorbed. Instructional Guidance: Technically, the chloride ions are moved after being brought in with sodium and then Cl- ions are moved. While this is not discussed directly in the chapter it is useful to note. It could be discussed in a lecture that gives background as to how the ions are moved into/out of gill tissues.

The chloride cells actively remove ions from the body and water follows by osmosis.

Metanephridia differ from protonephridia in all of the following ways EXCEPT that: metanephridia are surrounded by an extensive capillary network, whereas protonephridia are not. fluid from the body cavity enters protonephridia without first being filtered. selective reabsorption of materials occurs via cells lining the tubules in protonephridia and via capillaries in metanephridia. the urine produced in both systems is more dilute than the body fluids. fluid enters metanephridia through a funnel-shaped opening.

The urine produced in both systems is more dilute than the body fluids.

Two solutions of water and dissolved potassium and glucose are separated by a selectively permeable membrane that only permits the passage of water. If the two solutions have the same total solute concentration, but solution 1 has a higher concentration of potassium and a lower concentration of glucose than solution 2, which of the following statements is CORRECT? There will be net water movement from solution 2 to solution 1. There will be no net movement of water molecules between the solutions. There will be net potassium movement from solution 1 to solution 2. There will be net water movement from solution 1 to solution 2. There will be net glucose movement from solution 2 to solution 1.

There will be no net movement of water molecules between the solutions.

The digestive tract is well adapted for digestion and absorption. For most nutrients, once material is in the digestive tract, the digestive system does not vary its rate of absorption according to body needs. This is an example of a homeostatic positive feedback mechanism. This response is not homeostatic. This is an example of a homeostatic negative feedback mechanism.

This response is not homeostatic

The motility of the digestive tract and secretin of digestive enzymes are optimized for digestion and absorption. For most nutrients, once material is in the digestive tract, the digestive system does not vary its rate of absorption according to body needs. A. This is an example of a homeostatic positive feedback mechanism B. This is an example of an homeostatic negative feedback mechanism. C. This response is not homeostatic.

This response is not homeostatic.

Assume that blood pressure drops in a person because of an injury. Indicate which of the following occur by selecting "true" for does occur or "false" for does not occur. Circulating levels of aldosterone will increase.

True

Cells can regulate their internal osmotic pressure by controlling the solute concentration inside of the cell. T or F

True

During starvation, humans and other animals deplete glycogen and fat reserves first, followed by protein. True False

True

In most organisms, the excretion of wastes is closely tied to the maintenance of water and electrolyte balance. True False

True

One of the roles of the kidneys is to help buffer body fluids so that they are not too acidic or too basic. The cells of the renal tubule secrete H+ into the tubule lumen, and absorb bicarbonate (HCO3-), passing it into the tissue fluid. Consider the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, shown in the accompanying figure and below. During heavy exercise, the reaction shifts to the right in the nephron (lumen of the tubule).

True

The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the adrenal glands.

True

The osmolarity of tissue fluids surrounding the nephron is higher at point D than at point G. T or F

True At point D, the extracellular fluid surrounding the nephron is about 1000 miliosmoles. At point G, the extracellular fluid is about 300 miliosmoles. How can you tell from your handout?

Most mammals excrete _____; most aquatic animals excrete _____; birds, insects, and many reptiles excrete _____. uric acid; urea; ammonia urea; ammonia; uric acid uric acid; ammonia; urea ammonia; urea; uric acid urea; uric acid; ammonia

Urea, ammonia, uric acid

Glucose transport out of intestinal cells into the bloodstream requires which of the following? Select all that apply. The general chemical nature of a hormone can be used to predict: No a Na+ concentration gradient between the blood and the intestinal cell a Na+-glucose cotransporter in the membrane facing the blood a glucose channel protein on the cell surface facing the blood a higher concentration of glucose in the intestinal cells a Na+ channel connecting the intestinal cell to the blood stream

a glucose channel protein on the cell surface facing the blood a higher concentration of glucose in the intestinal cells

The pancreas produces a variety of secretions, including: (Select all that apply.) bicarbonate ions to neutralize stomach acid. trypsin for further protein digestion. gastrin to stimulate HCl production. lipase for fat digestion. methane from fermentation.

bicarbonate ions to neutralize stomach acid. trypsin for further protein digestion. lipase for fat digestion.

Water levels are adjusted to meet the osmoregulatory needs of the organism in the _____ of the nephron under the control of _____, also called vasopressin. collecting ducts; diuretic hormone loops of Henle; antidiuretic hormone distal convoluted tubule; antidiuretic hormone distal convoluted tubule; diuretic hormone collecting ducts; antidiuretic hormone

collecting ducts; antidiuretic hormone

Osmoregulators have _____ internal solute concentrations compared to their external environment. the same always higher different always lower

different

An individual with vitamin D deficiency will experience which of the following problems? slow wound healing difficulty absorbing sufficient amounts of calcium from the diet anemia nervous system disorders bleeding gums and loss of teeth

difficulty absorbing sufficient amounts of calcium from the diet

The _____ is the first section of the small intestine, where food enters from the stomach. ileum duodenum gizzard jejunum

duodenum

Which of the following CORRECTLY describes the path of excretory fluids through a mammalian nephron? glomerulus, Bowman's space, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct glomerulus, Bowman's space, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, collecting duct collecting duct, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, Bowman's space, glomerulus Bowman's space, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, collecting duct glomerulus, Bowman's space, loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

glomerulus, Bowman's space, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

Which part of the digestive tract is the predominant location for water and mineral absorption? midgut crop foregut hindgut

hindgut

You discover a new type of marine organism that has the kidneys of a fish but no gills. Based on what you know about other aquatic organisms, the newly discovered organism is _____ compared to the surrounding water. hypertonic isotonic hypotonic

hypotonic

Sometimes while traveling, people are infected with a protist parasite, Giardia. One of the side effects of Giardia infection is diarrhea. When someone has diarrhea, they lose excessive water and salt from the body. The result is loss of Na+, dehydration that leads to decreased extracellular volume and plasma volume, and decreased arterial blood pressure. Given this would the vasopressin secretion of a person infected with Giardia: stay the same decrease increase

increase

When an individual has an energy surplus, he or she stores the extra energy as: carbohydrates. proteins. lipids. nucleic acids. None of the answer options is correct.

lipids

In the figure above, which of the letters represents a region of the loop of Henle where water diffuses out of the filtrate? Select all that apply. point a point b point c point d point e

point a point b

When you examine the cells lining the loop of Henle at the regions labeled in the figure above, where do you observe large numbers of mitochondria? Select all that apply. point a point b point c point d point e

point d point e

Which of the following substances are removed from the filtrate and returned to the blood during the reabsorption step? Select all that apply. sugars electrolytes proteins vitamins amino acids

sugars, electrolytes, vitamins, and amino acids

Circulating levels of angiotensin II will increase.

true

A person's blood pressure falls. Which of the following would you expect to occur? (Select all that apply.) circulating concentrations of angiotensin II will decrease circulating concentrations of aldosterone will decrease water uptake by the distal convoluted tubule will increase circulating concentrations of renin will increase

water uptake by the distal convoluted tubule will increase circulating concentrations of renin will increase

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are commonly prescribed to treat glaucoma. A side effect could be ____ in stomach pH. A. An increase B. A decrease C. no change

A an increase

Secretion means excretion from the body. If excess salt ions need to be removed from the body, which direction must blood flow? Blood flow up the lumen of the blood vessel Blood vessel down lumen of the blood vessel

A, blood flow up the lumen of the blood vessel

Increased osmolarity of body fluids___ ADH secretion. A. Increases B. Decreases C. No effect on

A, increases

If salt moves across secretory cells by passive transport mechanisms, which side of the secretory cell must contain a higher concentration of salt ions. A. Lumen of the blood vessel B. Lumen of secretory tubule.

A, lumen of blood vessel

Consider two chambers of equal volumes. The chambers are separated by a selectively permeable membrane that only allows water through. What will happen to the water molecule? A. Net movement to the right B. Net movement to the left C. No net movement.

A, net movement to the right