Week 7: Behavior and Cognitive Behavior Therapy

Behavior therapists look to current environmental events that maintain problem behaviors and help clients produce behavior change by changing environmental contingencies. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

The cognitive distortion of making conclusions without supporting and relevant evidence is: (a) labeling and mislabeling. (b) overgeneralization. (c) arbitrary inferences. (d) selective abstraction. (e) personalization.

(c) arbitrary inferences.

positive punishment

An aversive stimulus is added after the behavior to decrease the frequency of a behavior.

evidence-based treatments

Therapeutic interventions that have empirical evidence to support their use.

In self-instructional training, which of the following is given primary importance? (a) Helping clients become aware of their self-talk (b) Help clients identify cognitive errors (c) Help clients learn the A-B-C model of emotional disturbances (d) Helping clients detect and debate irrational thoughts

(a) Helping clients become aware of their self-talk

Which of the following is not considered one of the basic characteristics of contemporary behavior therapy? (a) The therapy is an experiential and insight-oriented approach. (b) Experimentally derived principles of learning are systematically applied to help people change their maladaptive behaviors. (c) The focus is on assessing the current determinants of behavior, including identifying the problem and evaluating the change. (d) Emphasis is on specific factors that influence present functioning and what factors can be used to modify performance.

(a) The therapy is an experiential and insight-oriented approach.

A difference between Beck's cognitive therapy and Ellis's REBT is that Beck places more emphasis on helping clients discover their misconceptions for themselves than does Ellis. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

A major contribution made by Ellis, the Becks, Padesky and Mooney, and Meichenbaum is the demystification of the therapy process. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

A program of behavioral change should begin with a comprehensive assessment of the client (a) True (b) False

(a) True

According to Beck, people become disturbed when they label, interpret, and evaluate themselves by a set of rules that are unrealistic. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Behavior therapists tend to be active and directive, and they function as consultants and problem solvers. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Behavior therapy focuses on environmental conditions that contribute to a client's problems. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Behavioral techniques can be effectively incorporated into a group counseling format. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Ellis maintains that events themselves do not cause emotional disturbances; rather, it is our evaluation of and beliefs about these events that cause our problems. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Operant conditioning involves a type of learning in which behaviors are influenced mainly by the consequences that follow them. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

REBT practitioners strive to unconditionally accept all clients and to teach them to unconditionally accept others and themselves. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Relaxation training has benefits in areas such as preparing patients for surgery, teaching clients how to cope with chronic pain, and reducing the frequency of migraine attacks. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Glasser would agree with all of the following conclusions except: (a) We are most likely to change if we are threatened by punishment. (b) We do not have to be the victim of our past. (c) We have more control over our lives than we believe. (d) We strive to change the world outside ourselves to match our internal pictures of what we want. (e)We often seek therapy when we do not have the relationships we want.

(a) We are most likely to change if we are threatened by punishment.

One of the most common CBT group approaches is (a) based on REBT principles and techniques (b) the group leader believing that using techniques interferes with the group process. (c) the assumption that a therapeutic atmosphere is both necessary and sufficient for change to occur. (d) the group leader assuming a blank screen demeanor so as to enhance transference feelings of the members.

(a) based on REBT principles and techniques

Which of the following is not a part of stress inoculation training? (a) exception questions (b) self-reinforcement (c) Socratic discovery-oriented inquiry (d) relaxation training

(a) exception questions

Beck's cognitive therapy places more emphasizes on (a) helping clients identify misconceptions for themselves. (b) a Socratic dialogue. (c) less structure in the therapeutic process. (d) working with the client in collaborative ways.

(a) helping clients identify misconceptions for themselves.

In cognitive therapy techniques are designed to (a) identify and examine a clients' beliefs (b) assist clients in substituting rational beliefs for irrational beliefs. (c) enable clients to deal with their existential loneliness. (d) help clients experience their feelings more intensely

(a) identify and examine a clients' beliefs

REBT is based on the premise that human beings (a) learn irrational beliefs from significant others during childhood and then re-create these irrational beliefs throughout our lifetime (b) are trying to develop a lifestyle to overcome feelings of basic inferiority. (c) are determined by strong unconscious sexual and aggressive forces. (d) are innately striving for self-actualization

(a) learn irrational beliefs from significant others during childhood and then re-create these irrational beliefs throughout our lifetime

In behavior therapy it is generally agreed that (a) the client, with the help of the therapist, should decide the treatment goals. (b) goals of therapy are the same for all clients (c) goals are not necessary. (d) the therapist should decide the treatment goals.

(a) the client, with the help of the therapist, should decide the treatment goals.

Contemporary behavior therapy places emphasis on (a) the interplay between the individual and the environment. (b) helping clients acquire insight into the causes of their problems. (c) encouraging clients to reexperience unfinished business with significant others by role-playing with them in the present. (d) a phenomenological approach to understanding the person.

(a) the interplay between the individual and the environment.

A noteworthy strength of the cognitive behavioral approaches is: (a) they have strong empirical support. (b) they pay careful attention to the client's early development. (c) they are well-suited to clients who have difficulty with abstraction. (d) They consider insight and action equally important forces in therapeutic change.

(a) they have strong empirical support.

The concept of automatic thoughts plays a central role in whose theory? (a) Ellis (b) Beck (c) Meichenbaum (d) Lazarus (e) none of these options

(b) Beck

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is based on helping clients control or change unpleasant sensations and thoughts. (a) True (b) False

(b) False

According to Albert Ellis, to feel worthwhile, human beings need love and acceptance from significant others. (a) True (b) False

(b) False

Beck developed a procedure known as stress-inoculation training. (a) True (b) False

(b) False

Cognitive therapy, an evidence-based therapy for depression, was developed by Meichenbaum. (a) True (b) False

(b) False

Ellis shares Rogers's view of the client-therapist relationship as a condition for change to occur within clients. (a) True (b) False

(b) False

Multimodal therapy consists of a series of techniques that are used with all clients in much the same way. (a) True (b) False

(b) False

REBT makes use of both cognitive and behavioral techniques, but it does not use emotive techniques. (a) True (b) False

(b) False

Typically, the goals of the therapeutic process are determined by the therapist. (a) True (b) False

(b) False

Which is not true as it applies to multimodal therapy? (a) Therapists adjust their procedures to effectively achieve the client's goals in therapy. (b) Great care is taken to fit the client to a predetermined type of treatment. (c) Therapeutic flexibility and versatility are valued highly. (d) The approach encourages technical eclecticism.

(b) Great care is taken to fit the client to a predetermined type of treatment.

Which is not true as it is applied to behavior therapy? (a) The general goals of behavior therapy are to increase personal choice and to create new conditions for learning (b) Insight is necessary for behavior change to occur. (c) A good working relationship between client and therapist is necessary for behavior change to occur. (d) Therapy is not complete unless actions follow verbalizations.

(b) Insight is necessary for behavior change to occur.

Contemporary behavior therapy is grounded on (a) the psychodynamic aspects of a person. (b) a scientific view of human behavior (c) the events of the first 5 years of life. (d) a philosophical view of the human condition.

(b) a scientific view of human behavior

REBT views the core of emotional disturbances to be (a) excessive feelings. (b) blame (c) failure to fulfill our existential needs. (d) inadequate mothering during infancy.

(b) blame

An exposure therapy that entails assessment and preparation, imaginal flooding, and cognitive restructuring, using the rapid, rhythmic eye movements aimed at treatment of traumatic experiences is called (a) flooding. (b) eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. (c) in vivo desensitization. (d) systematic desensitization.

(b) eye movement desensitization and reprocessing.

Mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches (a) have no legitimate place in behavior therapy. (b) have been subjected to empirical scrutiny. (c) have no research evidence to support the value of the techniques used. (d) are a part of traditional behavior therapy.

(b) have been subjected to empirical scrutiny.

In vivo flooding consists of: (a) brief and graduated series of exposures to feared events. (b) intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli. (c) imagined exposure to fearful experiences paired with muscle relaxation. (d) guided use of mindfulness techniques.

(b) intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli.

Applied behavior analysis makes use of (a) progressive muscle relaxation. (b) operant conditioning techniques. (c) cognitive behavioral techniques. (d) classical conditioning techniques.

(b) operant conditioning techniques.

The type of cognitive error that involves thinking and interpreting in all-or-nothing terms or categorizing experiences in either-or extremes is known as (a) arbitrary inference. (b) polarized thinking. (c) overgeneralization. (d) magnification and exaggeration.

(b) polarized thinking.

The main idea of SB-CBT is (a) that people contribute to their own psychological problems (b) that active incorporation of client strengths encourages clients to engage more fully in therapy and often provides avenues for change that otherwise would be missed (c) based on the theoretical rationale that the way people feel and behave is influenced by how they perceive and place meaning on their experience (d) that we learn irrational beliefs from significant others during childhood and then re-create these irrational beliefs throughout our lifetime

(b) that active incorporation of client strengths encourages clients to engage more fully in therapy and often provides avenues for change that otherwise would be missed

A shortcoming of behavioral therapy from a diversity perspective is (a) its lack of research to evaluate the effectiveness of techniques. (b) the focus on treating specific behavioral problems overlooking significant issues. (c) the lack of clear concepts on which to base practice. (d) its disregard for the client-therapist relationship.

(b) the focus on treating specific behavioral problems overlooking significant issues.

In cognitive therapy the assumption is that a psychological disorder begins when normal emotion and behaviors become disproportionate to life events in degree frequency. Which of the following is not one of these processes? (a) Faulty information processing (b) Arbitrary inferences (c) Non-polarized thinking (d) Selective abstraction

(c) Non-polarized thinking

Behavior therapy is associated with all but one of the following: (a) empirically supported treatments. (b) functional analysis of behavior. (c) a philosophical view of human behavior. (d) a comprehensive assessment process. (e) operant conditioning.

(c) a philosophical view of human behavior.

Dialectical behavior therapy (a) is a long-term therapy for treating depression. (b) is a form of operant conditioning used to treat anxiety related problems. (c) is a promising blend of behavioral and psychoanalytic techniques for treating borderline personality disorders. (d) has no empirical support for its validity.

(c) is a promising blend of behavioral and psychoanalytic techniques for treating borderline personality disorders.

Meichenbaum's ______________________focuses more on helping clients become aware of their self-talk and the stories they tell about themselves. (a) self-talk analysis (b) narrative therapy (c) self-instructional training (d) self-awareness conditioning

(c) self-instructional training

REBT contends that people have three basic musts (or irrational beliefs) they internalize that inevitably lead to self-defeat. Which of the following is not one of them? (a) "I must do well and be loved and approved by others." (b) "The world and my living conditions must be comfortable, gratifying, and just, providing me with all that I want in life." (c) "Other people must treat e fairly, kindly, and well." (d) "I do not need to be accepted and loved."

(d) "I do not need to be accepted and loved."

Which is not true of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)? (a) DBT incorporates mindfulness training and Zen practices. (b) DBT emphasizes the importance of the client-therapist relationship (c) DBT was formulated for treating borderline personality disorders. (d) DBT is a blend of Adlerian concepts and behavioral techniques.

(d) DBT is a blend of Adlerian concepts and behavioral techniques.

Cognitive restructuring plays an important role in whose approach to therapy? (a) Albert Ellis (b) Donald Meichenbaum (c) A. T. Beck (d) all of these options

(d) all of these options

In working with diverse clients, CBT therapists: (a) are wise to refrain from disputing the client's beliefs until the therapists fully grasps the client's cultural context. (b) are encouraged to be aware of the role of dependency in collectivistic cultures. (c) need not adapt their techniques as distorted thinking is a universal phenomenon. (d) both (are wise to refrain from disputing the client's beliefs until the therapists fully grasps the client's cultural context) and (are encouraged to be aware of the role of dependency in collectivistic cultures) (e) all of these options

(d) both (are wise to refrain from disputing the client's beliefs until the therapists fully grasps the client's cultural context) and (are encouraged to be aware of the role of dependency in collectivistic cultures)

REBT is based on the assumption that (a) humans think without emoting. (b) humans emote without thinking. (c) humans behave without emoting or thinking. (d) cognitions, emotions, and behaviors interact significantly

(d) cognitions, emotions, and behaviors interact significantly

Beck's cognitive therapy has been most widely applied to the treatment of (a) psychosomatic reactions. (b) phobias. (c) stress symptoms (d) depression

(d) depression

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction practices rely on (a) positive reinforcement. (b) negative reinforcement. (c) didactic instruction. (d) experiential learning and client self-discovery.

(d) experiential learning and client self-discovery.

Prolonged/intense exposure—either in real life or in imagination—to highly anxiety-evoking stimuli is called (a) in vivo desensitization. (b) systematic desensitization. (c) self-management training. (d) flooding.

(d) flooding.

Cognitive behavior therapy tends to be culturally sensitive because (a) the best way to change thinking is to reexperience past emotional traumas in the here and now. (b) cognitions are the major determinants of how we feel and act. (c) our feelings determine our actions. (d) it uses the individual's belief system, or worldview, as part of the method of self-exploration

(d) it uses the individual's belief system, or worldview, as part of the method of self-exploration

According to Glasser, many of the problems of clients are caused by: (a) unfinished business with parents. (b) sibling rivalry. (c) early childhood trauma. (d) their inability to connect or to have a satisfying relationship with at least one of the significant people in their lives. (e) the failure to succeed in changing the other person in the relationship.

(d) their inability to connect or to have a satisfying relationship with at least one of the significant people in their lives.

Most behavioral practitioners stress the value of establishing a collaborative working relationship with clients but contend that (a) warmth, empathy, and acceptance are neither necessary nor a sufficient condition for behavior change to occur. (b) the relationship is more directive on the therapist's part and submissive on the client's part. (c) warmth, empathy, authenticity, and permissiveness are necessary and sufficient conditions for behavior change to occur. (d) warmth, empathy, authenticity, permissiveness, and acceptance are necessary, but not sufficient, for behavior change to occur.

(d) warmth, empathy, authenticity, permissiveness, and acceptance are necessary, but not sufficient, for behavior change to occur.

According to Meichenbaum, behavioral change: (a) occurs as a result of a three-phase change process. (b) occurs strictly as a result of starting a new internal dialogue. (c) will come about if clients are simply taught more effective coping skills. (d) begins with self-observation. (e) both (occurs as a result of a three-phase change process) and (begins with self-observation)

(e) both (occurs as a result of a three-phase change process) and (begins with self-observation)

A limitation of behavior therapy is: (a) the overemphasis on feeling and the neglect of cognition. (b) the overemphasis upon insight. (c) the lack of empirical research validating its techniques. (d) the need for long-term treatment to effect change. (e) none of these options

(e) none of these options

self-directed behavior

A basic assumption is that people are capable of self-directed behavior change and the person is the agent of change.

coping skills program

A behavioral procedure for helping clients deal effectively with stressful situations by learning to modify their thinking patterns.

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

A blend of behavioral and psychoanalytic techniques aimed at treating borderline personality disorders; primarily developed by Marsha Linehan.

selective abstraction

A cognitive distortion that involves forming conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event.

dichotomous thinking

A cognitive error that involves categorizing experiences in either-or extremes.

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

A comprehensive integration of the principles and skills of mindfulness applied to the treatment of depression.

stress inoculation training (SIT)

A form of cognitive behavior modification developed by Donald Meichenbaum that is a combination of information giving, Socratic discussion, cognitive restructuring, problem solving, relaxation training, behavioral rehearsals, self-monitoring, self-instruction, self-reinforcement, and modifying environmental situations.

arbitrary inferences

A form of cognitive distortion that refers to making conclusions without supporting and relevant evidence.

positive reinforcement

A form of conditioning whereby the individual receives something desirable as a consequence of his or her behavior; a reward that increases the probability of its recurrence.

rational emotive imagery (REI)

A form of intense mental practice for learning new emotional and physical habits. Clients imagine themselves thinking, feeling, and behaving in exactly the way they would like to in everyday situations.

progressive muscle relaxation

A method of teaching people to cope with the stresses produced by daily living. It is aimed at achieving muscle and mental relaxation and is easily learned.

acceptance and commitment therapy

A mindfulness-based program that encourages clients to accept, rather than attempt to control or change, unpleasant sensations.

multimodal therapy

A model endorsing technical eclecticism; uses procedures drawn from various sources without necessarily subscribing to the theories behind these techniques; developed by Arnold Lazarus.

social learning approach (or the social-cognitive approach)

A perspective holding that behavior is best understood by taking into consideration the social conditions under which learning occurs; developed primarily by Albert Bandura.

systematic desensitization

A procedure based on the principles of classical conditioning in which the client is taught to relax while imagining a graded series of progressively anxiety-arousing situations. Eventually, the client reaches a point at which the anxiety-producing stimulus no longer brings about the anxious response.

acceptance

A process involving receiving our present experience without judgment or preference, but with curiosity and gentleness, and striving for full awareness of the present moment.

cognitive restructuring

A process of actively altering maladaptive thought patterns and replacing them with constructive and adaptive thoughts and beliefs.

Overgeneralization

A process of holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applying them inappropriately to dissimilar events or settings.

socratic dialogue

A process that cognitive therapists use in helping clients empirically test their core beliefs. Clients form hypotheses about their behavior through observation and monitoring.

mindfulness

A process that involves becoming increasingly observant and aware of external and internal stimuli in the present moment and adopting an open attitude toward accepting what is, rather than judging the current situation.

interpersonal effectiveness

A process that involves learning to ask for what one needs and how to say "no" while maintaining self-respect and relationships with others.

negative punishment

A reinforcing stimulus is removed following the behavior to decrease the frequency of a target behavior.

behavioral assessment

A set of procedures used to get information that will guide the development of a tailor-made treatment plan for each client and help measure the effectiveness of treatment.

anger management training

A social skills program designed for individuals who have trouble with aggressive behavior.

reinforcement

A specified event that strengthens the tendency for a response to be repeated. It involves some kind of reward or the removal of an aversive stimulus following a response.

collaborative empiricism

A strategy of viewing the client as a scientist who is able to make objective interpretations. The process in which therapist and client work together to phrase the client's faulty beliefs as hypotheses and design homework so that the client can test these hypotheses.

shame-attacking exercises

A strategy used in REBT therapy that encourages people to do things despite a fear of feeling foolish or embarrassed. The aim of the exercise is to teach people that they can function effectively even if they might be perceived as doing foolish acts.

behavior rehearsal

A technique consisting of trying out in therapy new behaviors (performing target behaviors) that are to be used in everyday situations.

personalization

A tendency for people to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for making this connection.

rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

A theory that is based on the assumption that cognitions, emotions, and behaviors interact significantly and have a reciprocal cause-and-effect relationship.

behavior modification

A therapeutic approach that deals with analyzing and modifying human behavior.

strengths-based cognitive behavior therapy (SB-CBT)

A therapeutic approach that emphasizes client strengths, resilience, and resources for positive change.

cognitive behavior modification (CBM)

A therapeutic approach that focuses on changing the client's self-verbalizations.

cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)

A treatment approach that aims at changing cognitions that are leading to psychological problems.

operant conditioning

A type of learning in which behaviors are influenced mainly by the consequences that follow them.

thought records

Aimed at assisting clients in identifying negative automatic thoughts and testing them by looking for evidence that does and does not support the negative thoughts.

classical conditioning

Also known as Pavlovian conditioning and respondent conditioning. A form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a particular response. The result is that eventually the neutral stimulus alone elicits the response.

cognitive therapy (CT)

An approach and set of procedures that attempts to change feelings and behavior by modifying faulty thinking and believing.

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)

An approach that blends both cognitive and behavioral methods to bring about change. (The term CBT has largely replaced the term "behavior therapy," due to the increasing emphasis on the interaction among affective, behavioral, and cognitive dimensions).

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

An exposure-based therapy that involves imaginal flooding, cognitive restructuring, and the use of rhythmic eye movements and other bilateral stimulation to treat traumatic stress disorders and fearful memories of clients.

self-efficacy

An individual's belief or expectation that he or she can master a situation and bring about desired change.

irrational beliefs

An unreasonable conviction that leads to emotional and behavioral problems.

applied behavior analysis

Another term for behavior modification; this approach seeks to understand the causes of behavior and address these causes by changing antecedents and consequences.

homework

Carefully designed and agreed upon assignments aimed at getting clients to carry out positive actions that induce emotional and attitudinal change. These assignments are checked in later sessions, and clients learn effective ways to dispute self-defeating thinking.

magnification and minimization

Consist of perceiving a case or situation in a greater or lesser light than it truly deserves.

schema

Core beliefs that are centrally related to dysfunctional behaviors. The process of cognitive therapy involves restructuring distorted core beliefs (or schema).

generic cognitive model

Describes principles pertaining to all CT's applications from depression and anxiety treatments to therapies for a wide variety of other problems.

consequences

Events that take place as a result of a specific behavior being performed.

cognitive narrative perspective

Focuses on the stories people tell about themselves and others regarding significant events in their lives.

behavioral analysis

Identifying the maintaining conditions by systematically gathering information about situational antecedents, the dimensions of the problem behavior, and the consequences of the problem.

cognitive distortions

In cognitive therapy, the client's misconceptions and faulty assumptions. Examples include arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification and minimizations, labeling and mislabeling, dichotomous thinking, and personalization.

stress inoculation

Individuals are given opportunities to deal with relatively mild stress stimuli in successful ways, so that they gradually develop a tolerance for stronger stimuli.

in vivo flooding

Intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli.

cognitive processes

Internal events such as thoughts, beliefs, perceptions, and self-statements.

labeling and mislabeling

Involve portraying one's identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one's true identity.

in vivo exposure

Involves client exposure to actual anxiety-evoking events rather than merely imagining these situations.

modeling

Learning through observation and imitation.

automatic thoughts

Maladaptive thoughts that appear to arise reflexively, without conscious deliberation.

antecedent events

Ones that cue or elicit a certain behavior.

Relapse prevention

Procedure for promoting long-term maintenance that involves identifying situations in which clients are likely to regress to old patterns and to develop coping skills in such situations.

flooding

Prolonged and intensive in vivo or imaginal exposure to highly anxiety-evoking stimuli without the opportunity to avoid or escape from them.

behavioral assessment interview

Questioning that enables the therapist to identify the particular antecedent and consequent events that influence or are functionally related to an individual's behavior.

negative cognitive triad

Refers to negative views of the self (self-criticism), the world (pessimism), and the future (hopelessness).

self-management

Strategies include teaching clients how to select realistic goals, how to translate these goals into target behaviors, how to create an action plan for change, and ways to self-monitor and evaluate their actions.

basic I.D

The conceptual framework of multimodal therapy, based on the premise that human personality can be understood by assessing seven major areas of functioning: behavior, affective responses, sensations, images, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, and drugs/biological functions.

cognitive structure

The organizing aspect of thinking, which monitors and directs the choice of thoughts; implies an "executive processor," one that determines when to continue, interrupt, or change thinking patterns.

punishment

The process in which a behavior is followed by a consequence that results in a decrease in the future probability of a behavior.

self-monitoring

The process of observing one's own behavior patterns as well as one's interactions in various social situations.

functional assessment

The process of systematically generating information on the events preceding and following the behavior in an attempt to determine which antecedents and consequences are associated with the occurrence of the behavior.

rationality

The quality of thinking, feeling, and acting in ways that will help us attain our goals. Irrationality consists of thinking, feeling, and acting in ways that are self-defeating and that thwart our goals.

internal dialogue

The sentences that people tell themselves and the debate that often goes on "inside their head"; a form of self-talk, or inner speech.

negative reinforcement

The termination or withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus as a result of performing some desired behavior.

behavior therapy

This approach refers to the application of diverse techniques and procedures, which are supported by empirical evidence.

ABC model

This model of behavior posits that behavior (B) is influenced by some particular events that precede it, called antecedents (A), and by certain events that follow it called consequences (C).

mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)

This program applies mindfulness techniques to coping with stress and promoting physical and psychological health.

social skills training

This training involves a broad category that deals with an individual's ability to interact effectively with others in various social situations. A treatment package used to teach clients skills that include modeling, behavior rehearsal, and reinforcement.

exposure therapies

Treatment for fears and other negative emotional responses by carefully exposing clients to situations or events contributing to such problems.

self-talk

What people "say" to themselves when they are thinking. The internal dialogue that goes on within an individual in stressful situations.

extinction

When a previously reinforced behavior is no longer followed by the reinforcing consequences, the result is a decrease in the frequency of the behavior in the future.

self-compassion

being understanding toward ourselves when we suffer or fail, rather than being self-critical.

What is not a part of the steps in a self-directed change program?

exploration of one's family constellation