Week 7 Study Guide
Which of the following criteria are related to the stages of emotional experience?
Correct Answer(s) appraisal physical responses facial expressions nonverbal behaviors motives Incorrect Answer(s) conditioning seeing something vivid take place
Which of the following are examples of observational learning?
Example(s) of Observational Learning After watching her mother steer carefully out of the driveway, Janaiya does the same during her driving lesson. After watching his other cousins clap when his cousin does a flip off the diving board, Jackson climbs up the board to try to flip. Not Example(s) of Observational Learning Jodi hits her little brother and is put in time-out. After hearing the noon school bell ring, Jared's stomach growls.
What is a benefit of the working self-concept?
It helps us adapt to our current situation
Defensive Pessimism
The worst is likely to happen. This assumption can produce a positive outlook and motivate goal-seeking behavior driven by attempts to avoid almost certain doom
Idiographic goals
Unique to the individuals who pursue them
According to Park and Kim (2015), after failing at a task, a person following what theory of the world is likely to have the failure affect their performance on a new task?
incremental
Social Learning Theories
requires the learner to have an active role in their learning process emphasizes the relevance of interaction in learning considers emotion and motivation
Incremental Theories
the belief that intelligence and ability can change with time and experience Goals involve not only proving competence but increasing it
The Big 3 or 5 or 2
3: Achievement Intimacy Power 5: Enjoyment Self-assertion Esteem Interpersonal success Avoidance of negative affect 2: Goals related to work Goals related to social interaction
The Try for Yourself feature in this chapter asks you to rate yourself as independent or dependent, as an individualist or a conformist, and as a leader or a follower, and then asks you to rate how important your description is for each option. Your final score tells you if you are schematic for the trait of independence or dependence. How can you use this information?
To decide whether to take a class online or in person
Personal Projects - Idiographic Goals
What people do - Made up of the efforts people put into such goals Similar to life tasks - The organizing goals people pursue Example: A college student who has recently moved away from home for the first time might be pursuing the life task of attaining independence. Later in life, this task will cease to be so important, and others will rise to the fore.
emotions
procedural knowledge of a response to experience
motivation
the incentives that drive human behavior
Current concerns - Idiographic Goals
An ongoing motivation that persists in the mind until the goal is either attained or abandoned Examples: Visiting a friend Keeping a dental appointment Losing Weight Saving Money Finding a job Once the concern is resolved you typically forget about it quickly
idiographic
As described by a variety of researchers, this type of goal is unique to each individual
Which of the following are conditions of worth that can contribute to a person's overall self-esteem?
Condition(s) of Worth race physical attractiveness gender social expectations Not Condition(s) of Worth excelling at a sport
Which of the following scenarios reflect components of the working self-concept?
Correct Answer(s) As she walks into a job interview, Natalia reassures herself, "You are a professional and you have the skill set for this job." After finishing his shift at work, Raoul's mind is on taking a nap and meeting up with friends, in that order. As he leaves work, a scuffle breaks out between two men near him, but he does not even notice the interaction, and continues back toward his dorm room. Incorrect Answer(s) Ginny's dad has always made bad decisions and is currently in prison. Ginny knows she wants something different for herself and focuses on her job applications as she finishes her last year of college. Nancy's dad asks her to sit down and talk about her career. Nancy tells him that conversation is for another day, because she has plans to go to the beach.
Ananya can envision herself having a career as a photographer. Which of the following decisions in her senior year of high school would align with her possible self?
Correct Answer(s) She may be more likely to register for a photography elective class. She may apply to mostly liberal arts colleges. She may be more focused on doing well on the verbal portion of the SAT. Incorrect Answer(s) She may be more focused on doing well on the math portion of the SAT. She may apply to mostly colleges that offer an engineering major. She may be more likely to register for a physics class.
Implicit selves are more automatic and difficult to measure. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) can be used to measure implicit self-esteem. While participating in the IAT, participants respond as quickly as possible to information presented to them. Which of the following are hypotheses of the IAT as used to measure implicit self-esteem?
Correct Answer(s) Those with low self-esteem will have a more equivalent reaction time in the two phases of the experiment, or perhaps would respond more quickly to "good," "not me" concepts. The IAT is more accurate at predicting behavior than are self-report, self-esteem measures. Those with high self-esteem will have a faster reaction time to phase 1 "good," "me" concepts than to phase 2 items, with "good," "not me" concepts. Incorrect Answer(s) The concept of unconscious or automatic influence on the self is impossible to measure. The IAT is less accurate at predicting behavior than are self-report, self-esteem measures.
judgment
Described by Grant and Dweck (1999), this type of goal involves understanding the level of an attribute we have and creating a goal based on that.
development
Described by Grant and Dweck (1999), this type of goal is set to improve oneself.
Development Goals
Desire to actually improve oneself Example: To become more popular, beautiful, or smarter example - a student is eager to have work corrected and learn - Mastery-oriented Pattern This type of goal can lead to renewed and improved effort
nomothetic
Everyone has this type of goal, described by McClelland and others (1985), to a certain extent, and the level of the goal motivation impacts our thoughts and behavior.
__________ are the ends that an individual desires, and __________ are the means an individual uses to achieve these ends.
Goals; strategies
social learning theory
Learning is understood as an interaction between the cognition of the learner and the people and environment the learner interacts with.
Personal Strivings - Idiographic Goals
Long-term goals that can be organize broad areas of a person's life Example: A person may be -trying to appear attractive to the opposite sex -trying to be a good listener to friends -trying to be better than others
Identify the following as applying to multiple selves or not.
Multiple Selves not knowing who you are or feeling that your identity is in flux working self-concept being short-tempered with one person but polite with another changing behavior for different situations Not Multiple Selves having goals that are congruent with one's self-image having a coherent sense of self being "authentic" with predictable and steady behaviors
The value of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) is that it can help to measure the characteristics of our implicit self. Why is this valuable?
Our implicit selves can influence our emotions and behaviors
behaviorism
People are understood from their behavior and the causes of their behavior, which are observable.
Jazmin can envision herself working as a mechanical engineer after college. How might Jazmin's possible self impact her choices for her senior year of high school?
Possible-Self Outcome(s) She might be more focused on doing well on the math portion of the SAT. She might apply to mostly colleges that offer an engineering major. She might be more likely to register for a physics class. Not Possible-Self Outcome(s) She might be more likely to register for a photography elective class. She might be more focused on doing well on the verbal portion of the SAT. She might apply to mostly liberal arts colleges.
Declarative knowledge is made up of items that we know: facts, impressions of other people, and the like. It can be changed by providing new knowledge, perhaps through conversation or from reading. Procedural knowledge is a different kind of knowledge, and changes in a different way. Which of the following best describes procedural knowledge?
Procedural knowledge is learned by doing, so to change it, we need to actually practice a different behavior
Identify the following as either properties or limitations of idiographic goals.
Properties They are considered consciously. They are changeable. They represent thoughts and behaviors aimed at a specific outcome. They are independent. Limitations One idiographic goal can only represent a single person. They are organized hierarchically.
Identify the following as either real self or possible self.
Real: relational implicit actual Possible: ought ideal future
Which of the following are related to low self-esteem?
Related to Low Self-Esteem failure in the eyes of peers and feeling rejected a poor opinion of the self and feeling unworthy loneliness and dissatisfaction with life Not Related to Low Self-Esteem more likely to engage in bullying or abusive behavior less trusting in romantic partnerships
What is the best way to get information into your long-term memory (LTM)?
Think about how it relates to your life
Identify the true and false statements about our self-schema.
True Statement(s) It helps us process personally relevant information quickly. It helps us recognize relevant information. It has some inaccuracies. False Statement(s) It can change along with changes in memory.
What would happen to your self-view if you lost your memories of your past?
You would not change your view of yourself
Let's say that you have a friend who, like you, is extremely good-looking, smart, funny, kind, and generally all-around attractive. Unlike you, however, your friend thinks he has no chance of having someone be romantically interested in him. When a big dance happens on campus, you ask someone you like to go with you, but your friend never makes the attempt to find a date and ends up staying in his dorm room. What was the cause of your different outcomes?
Your friend lacked a positive view of the self
People high in __________ motivation set standards for themselves and then work hard to attain them. People high in __________ motivation seek the close company of others. People high in __________ motivation put great efforts into seeking prestige and status.
achievement; affiliation; power
Zach considers himself to be hard-working and shy
actual self
a person's current understanding of their personality as they are
actual self
If you tend to believe that personal qualities, such as intelligence, are unchangeable, then your personal construct in this dimension could be called a(n) __________ theory. Conversely, if you believe that things like intelligence and ability can change with time and experience, you probably hold a(n) __________ theory.
entity; incremental
Behaviorist Theories
focuses on observable behaviors emphasizes how influential conditions for learning are
your self as you consider what could be in comparison to the actual self
future self
Some people do an excellent job regulating their emotions when necessary, focusing on the task at hand, and expressing moderate emotion, rather than immediate extremes. What term applies to such people?
high emotional intelligence
your very best possible self
ideal self
Your __________ self might include an image of yourself as being so good-looking that people pause and stare as you walk by. Your _________ self might include an image of yourself as somebody who never ever tells a lie
ideal; ought
This self, which is part of the actual self, may not be as consciously accessible, but still influences our decisions and behavior.
implicit self
Zoe doesn't know why, but she feels most comfortable about herself when she's at work; she feels like she can function quickly and smoothly
implicit self
a person's sense of self that influences decisions and behavior but that is not easily accessed or described
implicit self
self-relevant behavioral patterns that we are not consciously aware of Jared says he likes fast food but he never wants to go to a fast-food restaurant.
implicit self
operant conditioning
learning based on rewards, where rewarded behavior is more likely to occur again
classical conditioning
learning to associate two stimuli such that the new stimulus elicits the response to the original stimulus
What is the healthiest level of self-esteem one can have?
moderately high
your self as you think it is your responsibility to attempt to be
ought self
cognitive theory of personality
posits thinking as the basis of understanding of belief, emotion, and behavior
What are the images we have or can construct of the other ways we might be?
possible selves
Behaviors that show who we are based on what we do Jacques is an outdoorsman, so he often invites dates on nature walks, where he is skilled and can converse easily.
procedural self
the self as you currently see it (also known as the "actual self")
real self
Nomothetic Goals
refer to the relatively small number of essential motivations that almost everyone pursues
Long-term memories are recalled better when encoded in certain ways. Place the methods of recall in order from first to last.
rehearsal of information elaboration on information self-referent elaboration
Our perceptions and behavior are directed by those who we have important relationships with Marilu lives on her own, but when she returns home for Thanksgiving, she finds herself relaxing on the sofa while her parents prepare dinner.
relational self
This self, created by past experiences, informs us about how to interact with people we know well.
relational self
Judgement Goals
seeking to judge or validate an attribute in oneself Example: You may have the goal of convincing yourself that you are smart, beautiful, or popular example: a student calls algebra dumb bc of the wrong answer - Helpless Pattern This type of goal can lead to helplessness and withdrawal
a person's opinion of their own ability
self- efficacy
Zalia wishes she was better at piano; she feels like she makes mistakes every time she plays.
self-efficacy
Zaire feels like he doesn't measure up in comparison to his friends and family.
self-esteem
a person's opinion of their own value
self-esteem
What term describes the wide range of knowledge a person has about their psychological attributes in a cognitive structure?
self-schema
Zane has a detailed idea of what he is like, including his beliefs, abilities, and behaviors.
self-schema
a person's collection of knowledge about their self
self-schema
Entity Theories
the belief that personal qualities such as intelligence and ability are unchangeable, leading them to respond helplessly to any indication that they do not have what it takes
What is a particularly important influence on your working self-concept?
the people who you are with
The enhancement of long-term memory that comes from thinking of how information relates to the self is called what?
the self-reference effect
What does the Implicit Association Test (IAT) aim to measure?
the strength of associations in an individual's cognitive system, of which the individual may not be conscious
As he prepares to walk into a party, Zed smiles, throws his shoulders back, and calls out to his friends.
working self-concept
a person's current presentation of themselves considering the situation they are in and the people around them
working self-concept