Western Civ Questions
Who promoted the view that successful princes have always been indifferent to moral and religious consideration?
Machiavelli
Who believed that knowledge must be used to promote the public well-being?
Petrarch
Who was the Lutheran Prince that crushed the Anabaptists in the German city of Munster in Westphalia?
Philip
What were the five fundamental concepts that formed the core of philophes' beliefs
Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, Liberty
Who was the mathematician who developed analytical geometry which links algebra and geometry? He was sure everything was doubtful until proved by reason and he urged scientists to rely on mathematics and logic to reach fundamental truth about the natural world.
Rene Descartes
Who was the pioneer of the use of the scientific method in chemistry and considered the founder of modern chemistry? He is best known for the discovery of a law that helps to explain characteristics of gases
Robert Boyle
Who established the inductive method of science?
Bacon
The creation of the US Constitution was directly influenced by the?
Enlightenment
Who was an English politician and writer who had a passionate interest in science? In his writings, he criticized the techniques of the ancient and medieval scholars and argued forcefully for the adoption of new scientific techniques such as the experimental method.
Francis Bacon
Who ruled Prussia as an enlightened despot?
Frederick the Great
Voltaire
French author who used satire masterfully to criticize French society and the Roman Catholic Church even though it landed him in jail and exile
Who argued that passages from the Bible had no authority in questions involving nature, and that position earned him "house arrest" for the last years of his life
Galileo
Who made the scientific discoveries of the law of the pendulum and the fact that falling objects acerbate at fixed and predictable rates? He lived the last years of his life under house arrest because his scientific findings did not along with the Church's interpretation of the Bible.
Galileo Galilei
Where did the Renaissance spread to?
Germany, France, England, Spain
What were the five themes of the Italian Renaissance?
Humanism, Secularism, Classicism, Individualism, Christianity
Who led the Catholic Counter Reformation?
Ignatius Loyola
Who was the mathematician and physicist who brought together some of the theories and discoveries of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under a single theory of motion known as the law of universal gravitation?
Isaac Newton
Beccaria
Italian philosophy who argued in favor of secular reform in criminal law to eliminate torture, capital punishment, and other abuses
Who was the philosopher who strongly disagreed with other philosophes on a number of matters? He argued that civilization corrupts people's natural goodness.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Who was the mathematician who used the data of Tycho Brahe to prove the accuracy of Copernicus's basic ideas about the motion of the planets
Johannes Kepler
Who is responsible for the success of the Reformation outside Germany and Scandinavia?
John Calvin
Who was the political thinker who felt that people are reasonable beings? He supported self-government and argued that the purpose of government is to protect the natural rights of people and the citizens have the right to overthrow it.
John Locke
What destroyed the republican constitution of Florence in 1480?
Lorenzo the Magnificent
Adam Smith
father of modern capitalism
What concept did Sir Thomas Moore advance in his book Utopia?
for a just society, private property must be abolished
What did Hobbes and Locke agree on?
governments exist in order to ensure security
Baroque
grand, ornate style of art that dominated European art in the 1600s and 1700s. This artistic style was countered by Enlightenment ideals which gave rise to a new style called "neoclassical"
How did Mary Wollstonecraft's writings grow?
grew from circulating arguments on liberty and rights
What did salons do?
helped spread Enlightenment thinking about reason and social reform
In the works of Renaissance artists and thinkers, the world was depicted and explained without reference to?
higher supernatural realm of meaning and authority
Why is the Edict of Nantes important?
it attempted to institutionalize some religious tolerance
What was the Brethren of Common Life?
lay movement emphasizing education and practical piety
Why was the Renaissance an era of transition between the medieval and the modern age?
-The rejection of certain elements of the medieval outlook -The revival of classical cultural forms -The emergence of distinctly modern attitudes -The quest to imitate classical style and to capture the secular spirit of antiquity
What did Adam Smith write?
-Wealth of Nations
What did Calvinists believe?
-a dedication to God's law could be seen as a sign of salvation -predestination
What did Joseph II accomplish as an enlightened despot?
-abolished serfdom -ruled Austria
John Locke
-believed that humans were born with the capacity to reason but undetermined like a "blank slate" or "tabula rasa" on which experience writes one's character -governments should protect the natural rights of humans -Government can legitimately be replaced by its citizens if it does not protect their rights
Describe Humanism
-emphasized the study of Greek and Roman literature -attempted to learn how to live well -desired self-cultivation -restored study of Greek language
Name some characteristics of the Encyclopedia
-it was condemned as a threat to royal authority -it included the works of over 150 writers -it was attacked by Pope Clement XIII
Why did the Enlightenment grow from the Scientific Revolution?
-laws that guided the natural world also are applied to the social world -society's defects are examined according to observation and experimentation -deism had separated the spiritual and earthy worlds -religion, government, law, morality, and economics be reevaluated according to natural law
What were some achievements of Kepler?
-proving the orbits of planets are elliptical -planets circle around the sun -planets move at different speeds -there is a mathematical relationship between the time it takes a plant to complete its orbit of the sun and tis average distance from the sun
What was some criticism of the church?
-selling of indulgences -nepotism -accumulation of wealthy by bishops -sexual activity of priests
What did the "enlightened despots" in Prussia and Austria reform?
-their legal processes like ending torture -censorship laws -religious restrictions
What were the five concepts that formed the core of the philosophes' beliefs?
-truth could be discovered through reason -nature was good and reasonable -people should find joy and fulfillment in this life on earth -society and humankind could improve -everyone was entitled to liberties like the ones that were written in the English Bill of Rights in 1688
What was Giotto's contribution to art?
-using alterations in light and shade -creating a three dimensional figure to show space -using space in a painting to tell a story -using illusion of movement for dramatic effect
Who helped to develop the scientific method?
Francis Bacon
Christianity
A religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus During the Renaissance, attacked for the scholastic philosophy and beginnings of reforming their beliefs
Name some enlightened despots
-Catherine the Great -Maria Theresa -Joseph II -Frederick the Great
What did critics of the philosophes argue?
-Enlightenment thinkers overvalued the intellect at the expense of human feelings -Philosophes beliefs in universal principles led into fanaticism like the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution -Rational equitable societies could easily sacrifice the individual to theoretical systems and political ideologies
Why were the Italian cities a likely spot for the Renaissance?
-Italian cities had wealth, freedom, and an inclination towards the arts -close proximity to Roman ruins -a flourishing commercial and banking centers -experimentation with republican self-government
Why did the "renaissance" begin where and when it did?
-People started to change their outlook on different concepts due to the desire to understand themselves -The aftermath of the plague lead individuals to a "rebirth" in their culture and social life -Italian city-states had the wealth and freedom that allowed them to foster an environment where the arts were able to flourish -Wealthy merchants wanted to show monarchs that they were capable even if they weren't a part of the nobility -Trade in Mediterranean -Turks -Alps separating from northern feudalism
In the fourteenth century, people who began to question the authority of the international church and its clergy used what arguments?
-Pope had no authority over kings -State needed no guidance from the papacy -clergy was not above secular law -church was only a spiritual body whose power does not extend to the political realm
What did Catherine the Great do?
-Ruled Russia as an enlightened despot -brutally crushed a massive uprising of serfs -gave the nobility absolute power over the serfs
How did the Roman Catholic Church contribute to the Italian Renaissance?
-The failures of the church to explain the plague that preceded the Renaissance forced people to think in new ways about life that created the Renaissance -The R.C.C's ideas were attacked and analyzed by humanists and developed key-modern analysis tools of the religious documents
Diderot
A philosophe who helped to create the "Encyclopedia' in order to promote and spread the scientific and philosophical ideas of the Age of Reason
Secularism
An indifference to religion and a belief that religion should be excluded from civic affairs and public education. "of this world"
Humanism
An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements
What was the largest group in the Radical Reformation before 1550?
Anabaptists?
Who edited and published the Encyclopedia?
Denis Diderot
Classicism
Deriving from the orderly qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture
Who was the "enlightened despot" who began to move toward social reforms but reversed it after crushing a peasant revolt?
Catherine the Great
Who was the philosopher whose ideas greatly influenced criminal law reformers in Europe and North America? He argued against the use of torture and other common abuses of justice/
Cesare Bonesana Beccaria
What is Erasmus known for?
Christian humanist
Machiavelli's new political theory had no place for?
Christian morality
Who was a French mathematician and philosopher regarded as the founder of modern philosophy?
Descartes
Who was the astronomer who studied planetary movements for many years and reasoned that the stars and planets revolve around the sun? He did not publish his findings until the year of his death for fear of ridicule or persecution.
Copernicus
How did Luther view the concept of salvation?
Faith alone was required
What Italian city was the Medici family most associated with?
Florence
Who exemplified the humanist spirit in France?
France Rabelais (I don't think we have to know him?)
Where did Calvin's theory of predestination spread to?
France, England, Netherlands, parts to the Holy Roman Empire
Who was the protestant leader who agreed to reconvert to Catholicism to become the King of France?
Henry IV
Who systematically observed the planets and stars and recorded their positions with far greater accuracy than had ever been done?
Tycho Brahe
Who ran the most influential of Paris salons during the Enlightenment?
Marie-Therese Geoffrin
Who published the "Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation"?
Martin Luther
Who was the one of the most important of the original Protestant leaders and what were his efforts
Martin Luther: shared his ideas that the church was not needed to achieve salvation, marked beginning of Reformation by protesting the church's selling of indulgent, spread his message to Germany and further in attempts to reform the church
Who was the political thinker who presented an argument for the education of women in A Vindication of the Rights of Women? She also declared that women should have the same political rights as men.
Mary Wollstonecraft
What ended the medieval division of the cosmos into higher and lower worlds with different laws operating in each realm?
Newtonian physics
What reaffirmed the church's teaching that both faith and good works were necessary for attaining salvation?
The Council of Trent
Who was the philosopher whose masterful use of satire got him into frequent trouble with the clergy, aristocracy, and government of France? He never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech
Voltaire
Individualism
The unique importance of each individual
Why did Lutheranism find its greatest following among German townspeople?
Their objection to money flowing from their country to Rome in the form of church taxes and payment for church offices
In laissez-faire economics, the government...
should not interfere with the market
Who was the political thinker who believed that all humans are natural selfish and wicked? He argued that strong governments are necessary to control human behavior. To avoid chaos people enter a social contract and give up their rights in exchange for law and order.
Thomas Hobbes
Deism
the variety of Christianity that described most of the Enlightenment thinkers in which the universe is understood as a giant, detailed, precise machine created by the "Great Artisan" who no longer needed to "tinker" with his creation
What marks the climax of the Scientific Revolution?
the works of Newton
Who was considered the greatest playwright the world has ever produced?
William Shakespeare
What ideas of Thomas Hobbes did Enlightenment philosophes approve of?
refusal to bring God into his political theories
Petrarch was an advocate of education that emphasized...
rhetoric and moral philosophy
Joseph II
ruler of Austria who reformed his legal system and became known as an "enlightened despot"
How did the lower classes in Germany view Martin Luther?
as their ally against oppressors
What was the general thinking of the philosophes in regard to gender?
most retained a traditional view in the inferiority of women
The new outlook of the Renaissance applied to everyone except who?
peasants
The word renaissance means
rebirth
What did Beccaria believe about torture?
that it was inhuman and fit for cannibals
Voltaire attributed many of the ills of French society to who?
the clergy and established Christianity
What element of the American political system aligns most with Montesquieu?
the core of American political power lies with the executive, legislative and judicial departments
What did Deists believe in?
the essence of religion I smorality
Adam Smith's argument about the economy rested on what Enlightenment belief?
the importance of the individual pursuing his own interests
What motivated Martin Luther to act
the selling of indulgent in Wittinberg
According to Machiavelli, a prince would be successful if he?
would guarantee the security of his position and state with no regard for morality
