Western Civ Questions

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Who promoted the view that successful princes have always been indifferent to moral and religious consideration?

Machiavelli

Who believed that knowledge must be used to promote the public well-being?

Petrarch

Who was the Lutheran Prince that crushed the Anabaptists in the German city of Munster in Westphalia?

Philip

What were the five fundamental concepts that formed the core of philophes' beliefs

Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, Liberty

Who was the mathematician who developed analytical geometry which links algebra and geometry? He was sure everything was doubtful until proved by reason and he urged scientists to rely on mathematics and logic to reach fundamental truth about the natural world.

Rene Descartes

Who was the pioneer of the use of the scientific method in chemistry and considered the founder of modern chemistry? He is best known for the discovery of a law that helps to explain characteristics of gases

Robert Boyle

Who established the inductive method of science?

Bacon

The creation of the US Constitution was directly influenced by the?

Enlightenment

Who was an English politician and writer who had a passionate interest in science? In his writings, he criticized the techniques of the ancient and medieval scholars and argued forcefully for the adoption of new scientific techniques such as the experimental method.

Francis Bacon

Who ruled Prussia as an enlightened despot?

Frederick the Great

Voltaire

French author who used satire masterfully to criticize French society and the Roman Catholic Church even though it landed him in jail and exile

Who argued that passages from the Bible had no authority in questions involving nature, and that position earned him "house arrest" for the last years of his life

Galileo

Who made the scientific discoveries of the law of the pendulum and the fact that falling objects acerbate at fixed and predictable rates? He lived the last years of his life under house arrest because his scientific findings did not along with the Church's interpretation of the Bible.

Galileo Galilei

Where did the Renaissance spread to?

Germany, France, England, Spain

What were the five themes of the Italian Renaissance?

Humanism, Secularism, Classicism, Individualism, Christianity

Who led the Catholic Counter Reformation?

Ignatius Loyola

Who was the mathematician and physicist who brought together some of the theories and discoveries of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under a single theory of motion known as the law of universal gravitation?

Isaac Newton

Beccaria

Italian philosophy who argued in favor of secular reform in criminal law to eliminate torture, capital punishment, and other abuses

Who was the philosopher who strongly disagreed with other philosophes on a number of matters? He argued that civilization corrupts people's natural goodness.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Who was the mathematician who used the data of Tycho Brahe to prove the accuracy of Copernicus's basic ideas about the motion of the planets

Johannes Kepler

Who is responsible for the success of the Reformation outside Germany and Scandinavia?

John Calvin

Who was the political thinker who felt that people are reasonable beings? He supported self-government and argued that the purpose of government is to protect the natural rights of people and the citizens have the right to overthrow it.

John Locke

What destroyed the republican constitution of Florence in 1480?

Lorenzo the Magnificent

Adam Smith

father of modern capitalism

What concept did Sir Thomas Moore advance in his book Utopia?

for a just society, private property must be abolished

What did Hobbes and Locke agree on?

governments exist in order to ensure security

Baroque

grand, ornate style of art that dominated European art in the 1600s and 1700s. This artistic style was countered by Enlightenment ideals which gave rise to a new style called "neoclassical"

How did Mary Wollstonecraft's writings grow?

grew from circulating arguments on liberty and rights

What did salons do?

helped spread Enlightenment thinking about reason and social reform

In the works of Renaissance artists and thinkers, the world was depicted and explained without reference to?

higher supernatural realm of meaning and authority

Why is the Edict of Nantes important?

it attempted to institutionalize some religious tolerance

What was the Brethren of Common Life?

lay movement emphasizing education and practical piety

Why was the Renaissance an era of transition between the medieval and the modern age?

-The rejection of certain elements of the medieval outlook -The revival of classical cultural forms -The emergence of distinctly modern attitudes -The quest to imitate classical style and to capture the secular spirit of antiquity

What did Adam Smith write?

-Wealth of Nations

What did Calvinists believe?

-a dedication to God's law could be seen as a sign of salvation -predestination

What did Joseph II accomplish as an enlightened despot?

-abolished serfdom -ruled Austria

John Locke

-believed that humans were born with the capacity to reason but undetermined like a "blank slate" or "tabula rasa" on which experience writes one's character -governments should protect the natural rights of humans -Government can legitimately be replaced by its citizens if it does not protect their rights

Describe Humanism

-emphasized the study of Greek and Roman literature -attempted to learn how to live well -desired self-cultivation -restored study of Greek language

Name some characteristics of the Encyclopedia

-it was condemned as a threat to royal authority -it included the works of over 150 writers -it was attacked by Pope Clement XIII

Why did the Enlightenment grow from the Scientific Revolution?

-laws that guided the natural world also are applied to the social world -society's defects are examined according to observation and experimentation -deism had separated the spiritual and earthy worlds -religion, government, law, morality, and economics be reevaluated according to natural law

What were some achievements of Kepler?

-proving the orbits of planets are elliptical -planets circle around the sun -planets move at different speeds -there is a mathematical relationship between the time it takes a plant to complete its orbit of the sun and tis average distance from the sun

What was some criticism of the church?

-selling of indulgences -nepotism -accumulation of wealthy by bishops -sexual activity of priests

What did the "enlightened despots" in Prussia and Austria reform?

-their legal processes like ending torture -censorship laws -religious restrictions

What were the five concepts that formed the core of the philosophes' beliefs?

-truth could be discovered through reason -nature was good and reasonable -people should find joy and fulfillment in this life on earth -society and humankind could improve -everyone was entitled to liberties like the ones that were written in the English Bill of Rights in 1688

What was Giotto's contribution to art?

-using alterations in light and shade -creating a three dimensional figure to show space -using space in a painting to tell a story -using illusion of movement for dramatic effect

Who helped to develop the scientific method?

Francis Bacon

Christianity

A religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus During the Renaissance, attacked for the scholastic philosophy and beginnings of reforming their beliefs

Name some enlightened despots

-Catherine the Great -Maria Theresa -Joseph II -Frederick the Great

What did critics of the philosophes argue?

-Enlightenment thinkers overvalued the intellect at the expense of human feelings -Philosophes beliefs in universal principles led into fanaticism like the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution -Rational equitable societies could easily sacrifice the individual to theoretical systems and political ideologies

Why were the Italian cities a likely spot for the Renaissance?

-Italian cities had wealth, freedom, and an inclination towards the arts -close proximity to Roman ruins -a flourishing commercial and banking centers -experimentation with republican self-government

Why did the "renaissance" begin where and when it did?

-People started to change their outlook on different concepts due to the desire to understand themselves -The aftermath of the plague lead individuals to a "rebirth" in their culture and social life -Italian city-states had the wealth and freedom that allowed them to foster an environment where the arts were able to flourish -Wealthy merchants wanted to show monarchs that they were capable even if they weren't a part of the nobility -Trade in Mediterranean -Turks -Alps separating from northern feudalism

In the fourteenth century, people who began to question the authority of the international church and its clergy used what arguments?

-Pope had no authority over kings -State needed no guidance from the papacy -clergy was not above secular law -church was only a spiritual body whose power does not extend to the political realm

What did Catherine the Great do?

-Ruled Russia as an enlightened despot -brutally crushed a massive uprising of serfs -gave the nobility absolute power over the serfs

How did the Roman Catholic Church contribute to the Italian Renaissance?

-The failures of the church to explain the plague that preceded the Renaissance forced people to think in new ways about life that created the Renaissance -The R.C.C's ideas were attacked and analyzed by humanists and developed key-modern analysis tools of the religious documents

Diderot

A philosophe who helped to create the "Encyclopedia' in order to promote and spread the scientific and philosophical ideas of the Age of Reason

Secularism

An indifference to religion and a belief that religion should be excluded from civic affairs and public education. "of this world"

Humanism

An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements

What was the largest group in the Radical Reformation before 1550?

Anabaptists?

Who edited and published the Encyclopedia?

Denis Diderot

Classicism

Deriving from the orderly qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture

Who was the "enlightened despot" who began to move toward social reforms but reversed it after crushing a peasant revolt?

Catherine the Great

Who was the philosopher whose ideas greatly influenced criminal law reformers in Europe and North America? He argued against the use of torture and other common abuses of justice/

Cesare Bonesana Beccaria

What is Erasmus known for?

Christian humanist

Machiavelli's new political theory had no place for?

Christian morality

Who was a French mathematician and philosopher regarded as the founder of modern philosophy?

Descartes

Who was the astronomer who studied planetary movements for many years and reasoned that the stars and planets revolve around the sun? He did not publish his findings until the year of his death for fear of ridicule or persecution.

Copernicus

How did Luther view the concept of salvation?

Faith alone was required

What Italian city was the Medici family most associated with?

Florence

Who exemplified the humanist spirit in France?

France Rabelais (I don't think we have to know him?)

Where did Calvin's theory of predestination spread to?

France, England, Netherlands, parts to the Holy Roman Empire

Who was the protestant leader who agreed to reconvert to Catholicism to become the King of France?

Henry IV

Who systematically observed the planets and stars and recorded their positions with far greater accuracy than had ever been done?

Tycho Brahe

Who ran the most influential of Paris salons during the Enlightenment?

Marie-Therese Geoffrin

Who published the "Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation"?

Martin Luther

Who was the one of the most important of the original Protestant leaders and what were his efforts

Martin Luther: shared his ideas that the church was not needed to achieve salvation, marked beginning of Reformation by protesting the church's selling of indulgent, spread his message to Germany and further in attempts to reform the church

Who was the political thinker who presented an argument for the education of women in A Vindication of the Rights of Women? She also declared that women should have the same political rights as men.

Mary Wollstonecraft

What ended the medieval division of the cosmos into higher and lower worlds with different laws operating in each realm?

Newtonian physics

What reaffirmed the church's teaching that both faith and good works were necessary for attaining salvation?

The Council of Trent

Who was the philosopher whose masterful use of satire got him into frequent trouble with the clergy, aristocracy, and government of France? He never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech

Voltaire

Individualism

The unique importance of each individual

Why did Lutheranism find its greatest following among German townspeople?

Their objection to money flowing from their country to Rome in the form of church taxes and payment for church offices

In laissez-faire economics, the government...

should not interfere with the market

Who was the political thinker who believed that all humans are natural selfish and wicked? He argued that strong governments are necessary to control human behavior. To avoid chaos people enter a social contract and give up their rights in exchange for law and order.

Thomas Hobbes

Deism

the variety of Christianity that described most of the Enlightenment thinkers in which the universe is understood as a giant, detailed, precise machine created by the "Great Artisan" who no longer needed to "tinker" with his creation

What marks the climax of the Scientific Revolution?

the works of Newton

Who was considered the greatest playwright the world has ever produced?

William Shakespeare

What ideas of Thomas Hobbes did Enlightenment philosophes approve of?

refusal to bring God into his political theories

Petrarch was an advocate of education that emphasized...

rhetoric and moral philosophy

Joseph II

ruler of Austria who reformed his legal system and became known as an "enlightened despot"

How did the lower classes in Germany view Martin Luther?

as their ally against oppressors

What was the general thinking of the philosophes in regard to gender?

most retained a traditional view in the inferiority of women

The new outlook of the Renaissance applied to everyone except who?

peasants

The word renaissance means

rebirth

What did Beccaria believe about torture?

that it was inhuman and fit for cannibals

Voltaire attributed many of the ills of French society to who?

the clergy and established Christianity

What element of the American political system aligns most with Montesquieu?

the core of American political power lies with the executive, legislative and judicial departments

What did Deists believe in?

the essence of religion I smorality

Adam Smith's argument about the economy rested on what Enlightenment belief?

the importance of the individual pursuing his own interests

What motivated Martin Luther to act

the selling of indulgent in Wittinberg

According to Machiavelli, a prince would be successful if he?

would guarantee the security of his position and state with no regard for morality


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