Western Civ.2 Cold War

In the "space race" between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R., the U.S. was the first country to land people on the moon; in the year _____, astronaut Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on the moon, planted an American flag and declared, "That's one small step for man; one giant leap for mankind."

1969

By 1973, President Nixon withdrew American troops in response to protests against the war and a series of defeats; the U.S. continued to extend financial aid to the South Vietnamese, but by the end of _____, all of Vietnam had become under communist control.

1975

Armistice talks, which began during the Korean War (1950-1953) in 1951, continued until the Republican Eisenhower administration came into office and signed a truce in 1953, which established the boundary between North and South Korea north of the ____th parallel.

38

Following the Brezhnev Doctrine in which the Soviets had declared that they held the right to interfere in the political affairs of communist nations, they invaded the Third-World nation of ______ in 1979 to uphold the communist, pro-Soviet government.

Afghanistan

Although they were controlled by Communist Parties, the European countries of Yugoslavia and ______ maintained freedom from Soviet control following the Second World War due to the fact that the Soviet Red Army had not freed these nations from Nazi control.

Albania

The American ____ __ ____ invasion (April 1961) was an attempt by Cuban exiles sponsored by the CIA to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro.

Bay of Pigs

The ________ ____, which was constructed by the Soviets in 1961 to divide East and West Berlin in Germany, became an iconic symbol of the Cold War.

Berlin Wall

Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) Chancellor Willy ______ (r. 1969-1974) used a diplomatic technique known as ostpolitik to focus on establishing peace, and improving relations, with the Eastern Bloc, the group of Communist states in Eastern Europe including East Germany, the Soviet Union, and various Soviet satellite and independent nations.

Brandt

In response to the 1968 rebellion in Czechoslovakia, the head of the Soviet Communist Party issued the _____ Doctrine, which stated that the Soviets had the right to intervene if they felt that Communism was being threatened in any Soviet satellite nation.

Brezhnev

In June 1979, U.S. President ________ and Soviet Premier Brezhnev signed the SALT II treaty, which placed new limits on each nation's nuclear arsenals.

Carter

In 1952, France sponsored an early attempt at European economic unity, known as the Schuman and Monnet Plan, which formed a six-nation ______ and Steel Community.

Coal

The ____ War was a conflict lasting from 1945 to 1991 during which the two superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United States (and their respective allies), sought to establish supremacy in areas such as various aspects of technology and military power; this war also involved a space race and a nuclear race.

Cold

U.S. State Department official George Kennan, who was stationed in Moscow, developed a way to deal with the Soviet Union after WWII; this policy, known as the _______ policy, described ways of opposing the Soviet Union's (and other nations') Communist influence around the world.

Containment

Which event brought the United States and the Soviet Union to the brink of nuclear war?

Cuban missile Crisis

______, a method of increasing contact between countries in order to decrease political tensions, was used primarily by President Nixon; it helped to ease the global tensions caused by the Cold War.

Detente

After corrupt and brutal South Vietnamese President _____ carried out attacks on Buddhist leaders in 1963, U.S. President Kennedy approved a secret CIA operation to assist with the removal of the South Vietnamese President.

Diem

The United States believed that Vietnam would soon fall under communist control, and according to the _____ Theory, additional Southeast Asian countries would come under the same fate. In order to prevent the spread of communism throughout Southeast Asia, the U.S. began providing aid to the South Vietnamese in the late 1950s.

Domino

Soon after the Berlin Airlift, the Soviets formed the German Democratic Republic in ____ Germany. In addition, the Soviets set up various puppet governments throughout countries in Eastern Europe, such as Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia.

East

The division of Vietnam into Communist North Vietnam and Non-Communist South Vietnam occurred during the ___ Conference, after the Viet Minh, a revolutionary movement formed under North Vietnamese Communist leader Ho Chi Minh, fought to end nearly 100 years of French control in Indochina.

Geneva

In 1946, tensions greatly increased between the Soviets and the Western Allies (U.S., France, and Britain) when the administration of the four occupation zones in _______ fell apart.

Germany

Following the Second World War, several European nations, including the Netherlands and France, attempted to regain control of their overseas colonies. However, these attempts were largely unsuccessful. Indonesia (led by Sukarno) gained independence from the Dutch in 1954 and Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) (led by Communist leader ____ ____ ___) gained independence from the French in 1954.

Ho Chi Minh

A revolution occurred in the country of ______ in 1956 when reformers, most notably Imre Nagy (1896-1958). led an armed revolt against the Soviet-controlled communist government, declared their intent to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact, and called for a withdrawal of Soviet forces; the Soviets crushed this resistance and maintained control.

Hungary

Soviet leader Nikita ______ (r. 1956-1964), who assumed power following Stalin's death in 1953, carried out domestic de-Stalinization policies, accused Stalin of creating a "cult of personality," criticized Stalin's response to the Nazi invasion of Russia, and maintained oppression of the Soviet satellite nations.

Khrushchev

Henry _________, an American diplomat and Secretary of State during the Nixon administration, is known for pioneering the use of détente, and for foreign policy work, including that of strengthening ties between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, decreasing the buildup of arms (weapons) in the Soviet Union, and working to improve relations between China and the U.S.

Kissinger

Although ______ remained neutral throughout the First World War and most of the Second World War, this nation abandoned its position of neutrality in 1949 and joined NATO.

Luxembourg

On June 25th, 1950, North Korean troops moved south through the 38th parallel, the temporary line of division established after WWII between North and South Korea; after obtaining approval by the United Nations Security Council to provide aid to South Korea, U.N. troops entered the Korean War under U.S. General Douglas _________.

MacArthur

The goal of the ____ Plan, (June 1947) in which the U.S. announced a plan to commit more than $13 billion to the reconstruction of Europe, was to increase the economies of European states in order to undercut Communist influence and provide markets for U.S. goods in Europe.

Marshall

In 1972, President ______ was the first U.S. president since China's Communist takeover in 1949 to break a long-standing U.S. foreign policy; he used the diplomatic policy of détente in an attempt to normalize relations between the U.S. and the People's Republic of China.

Nixon

The 1970 _______ Treaty, which was signed by the U.S.S.R. and the United States in order to limit the spread of nuclear weapon technology, was flawed in that it failed to stop nations with nuclear power plants from reprocessing used fuel in order to develop nukes.

Nonproliferation

The _____ _______ Treaty Organization (NATO), which was formed in April 1949 by the U.S. and nine Western European nations, was an extension of the U.S.'s "Good Neighbor" Policy to prevent the spread of Communism; it stated that an attack against one country would be considered as an attack against all.

North Atlantic

On June 25th, 1950, the Korean War began after ______ Korea invaded _______ Korea. After obtaining approval by the United Nations Security Council to provide aid to South Korea, U.N. troops entered the Korean War under American General Douglas MacArthur.

North, South

In response to Khrushchev's de-Stalinization policies, a communist leader named Wladyslaw Gomulka (1905-1982) led a revolt against Soviet control and successfully influenced the Soviets to make liberal reforms within the communist government in the country of _____.

Poland

In 1948, Communists seized control of ______, the capital of the Eastern European country of Czechoslovakia and established a Communist government.

Prague

Reformer Alexander Dubcek (1921-1992) led a movement in the country of Czechoslovakia known as ____-Spring (1968) in which he attempted to liberalize the Soviet-controlled Communist government and make it less oppressive; this reform movement was met with great opposition by the Soviets, who quickly moved in, ended the political liberalization sought by the reformers, and removed Dubcek from office.

Prague

Fearing the strength of the Soviet ____ Army, the U.S. and Britain gave in to Stalin's insistence of maintaining Communist control over satellite Eastern European nations (Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia) that the Soviet troops had freed from Nazi control during the Second World War.

Red

In 1945, following the end of the Second World War, the Allied Powers concluded that in order for Europe to recover from the devastations of war, Germany, in particular the industrial center known as the ____ Basin, would have to be rebuilt.

Ruhr

In 1972, the U.S. under President Nixon and the Soviet Union under Premier Leonid Brezhnev signed the ______ _ agreement, in which both countries agreed to limit the number of intercontinental ballistic missile systems (ICBMs).

SALT I

In 1957, Soviets launched the first artificial satellite, ____, into orbit in order to demonstrate to the U.S. that they could launch long-range nuclear missiles against the U.S.

Sputnik

The "____ ____" program was a proposed space-based military program during the administration of U.S. President Reagan that would defend the U.S. against missile attacks by creating a laser and satellite shield.

Star Wars

The Nuclear_______ ______ Treaty (1963) prohibited all but underground nuclear testing; it was signed by the Soviet Union, the U.S., and Great Britain.

Test Ban

Containment policies carried out by Western democratic nations focused on keeping Communists from gaining control in the ______ World.

Third

After the U.S.S. Maddox and other American destroyers were attacked by North Vietnamese gunboats in 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of ___ Resolution, which authorized the president to take whatever action was needed to fend off attacks against U.S. forces and stop further assaults.

Tonkin

The 1947 policy that America should support free peoples who resist control by an armed minority or outside pressures (such as Communism) became known as the _________ Doctrine.

Truman

Following the Second World War, the two dominant economic and military powers that remained were the United States and the _____________.

U.S.S.R.

In 1960, after the Soviet Union shot down an American spy plane known as __-__, Soviet leader Khrushchev called off the summit conference in Paris.

U2

The ineffective League of Nations was replaced by the ____ ____, which was an international organization formed in 1945 by the Allied Powers with the expectation of intervening in conflicts and preventing war between nations; soon, this organization took on the role of involving itself to protect human rights and address social problems.

United Nations

In 1956, the national elections stipulated in the Geneva Accords never took place in North Vietnam; suppression occurred and spilled over into South Vietnam, where opponents of the President Ngo Dinh Diem formed a Communist group known as the ___ ___.

Viet Cong

In response to West Germany's joining NATO in 1955, the Soviets established their counterpart to NATO, known as the ___ Pact.

Warsaw

In 1949, the Chinese civil war ended as Chinese Nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi retreated to the island of Formosa (Taiwan) and Communist leader Mao _______ established the People's Republic of China.

Zedong

In order to reconstruct the post-WWII U.S.S.R. and Soviet satellite nations, the Soviets carried out Five-Year Plans focused around centralized economic planning known as _________, which was successful in bringing rapid industrialization, technology development, and military power, but which failed to provide enough food for the common people.

gosplan

As the Soviet Union began to support Communist control of an increasing number of countries in Eastern Europe, Winston Churchill described in 1946 how an "____ ________" was descending between Western and Eastern Europe.

iron curtain

The 1973 oil embargo further aggravated an already present economic situation known as _________, an unusual combination of high unemployment and high inflation; this worsened the existing global recession.

stagflation