Psychology Final Exam Study Guide
Learning that occurs without reinforcement is described as
latent learning
Ninety-five percent of individuals fall within which range of IQ scores?
70-130
Which of the following best describes the development of the Big Five Theory of personality?
Factor analysis was used to identify five core traits that reliably described and predicted personality
Which of the following popular sayings is most consistent with the mere exposure effect?
It gets better every time
According to research on aging and intelligence, which of the following individuals is likely to have the greatest fluid intelligence?
Katrina, age 62
Which of the following examples best supports Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence?
Mario is a gifted mathematician but is completely unable to play an instrument
This psychologist studied styles of attachment between infants and their caregivers using an experiment known as the "Strange Situation."
Mary Ainsworth
Which of the following best describes the relationship between self-consciousness and honest behavior?
People who are more self-conscious demonstrate more ethical behavior
Which of the following best describes Freud's thoughts on the relationship between personality and psychosexual stages>
Personality characteristics emerge due to conflict in each psychosexual stage
Which of the following personality measures is considered a projective test?
Rorschach inkblot test
Which of the following is true about schemas?
Schemas can affect which information is retained or discarded from our memory
The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion suggests which of the following relationships between physical sensations and subjective feelings?
They occur simultaneously
Which of the following is true about flashbulb memories?
They occur with strong emotional events
Of the following, the best definition of temperament is
a child's pattern of mood, activity, and emotionality
The somatovisceral afference model of emotion (SAME) suggests that significant cognitive processing and evaluation is needed when a situation produces
a general state of arousal
Which of the following best describes the difference between a stimulus and a response?
a stimulus evokes a response and a response occur as a result of a stimulus
The process of learning that results in a conditioned response (CR) is known as
acquisition
reinforcement sensitivity theory describes individual differences in
approach, avoidance, and inhibition of behavior
Infants frequently smile as the result of pleasant interactions with others. The age at which this behavior begins occurs
around the same time for all children
According to Piaget, this is the cognitive process wherein acquisition of new knowledge does not require the alteration of existing schema
assimilation
Operant conditioning and classical conditioning are both considered to be types of
associative learning
Erikson held that toddlerhood was most concerned with which of the following psychosocial crises?
autonomy vs. shame/doubt
Sexual orientation is comprised of which of the following components?
behavior, attraction, and identity
Corey teaches his students geometry by first explaining common geometry terms, then explaining geometry proofs, and finally using the terms to construct their own geometry proofs. This breakdown of a complex behavior is known as
chaining
The process of changing the meaning of an event to change the associated emotion is known as
cognitive reappraisal
Special, organizing ideas formed from our experiences that help us to make sense of our knowledge base are
concepts
According to Piaget, in this stage a child can solve cognitive tasks but lacks the ability to think abstractly.
concrete operational
Asch's line study is best known for depicting the role of
conformity
The Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI) was originally designed to aid in
diagnosing psychological disorders
The fundamental attribution error is the best described as an overreliance on
dispositional factors
The theory of context-dependent memory suggests that when we are tested in the same environment in which information was learned, retrieval will be
easier
Being able to successfully perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions is referred to as
emotional intelligence
Which of the following represents the first step of memory?
encoding
Broca's area is located in the brain's
frontal lobe
A barrier in which a concept is only thought of in its most typical form is called
functional fixedness
Before starting a diet, a person should take the time to create a food journal and write down the food they actually eat during the day. This is an effective way to change eating habits because the person is
gaining a better understanding of the behavior and when it occurs
One benefit of forgetting is that it helps us to
give priority to things that are important to remember
Rules of thumb that are used as shortcuts to problem solving are
heuristics
Humans are motivated to maintain a steady state of internal balance known as
homeostasis
Which of the following defines the term "self-schema?"
how we organize and process information about ourselves
Erikson held that adolescence was most concerned with which of the following psychosocial crisis?
identity vs. role confusion
Both Maslow and more contemporary psychologists suggest that the most basic need in the hierarchies of needs are
immediate physiological needs
Individuals with down syndrome experience intellectual disability and
impaired language ability
The mere exposure effect occurs when regular exposure to neutral or positive stimuli leads to
increased liking of the stimuli
Erikson held that middle childhood is most concerned with which of the following psychosocial crises?
industry vs. inferiority
According to Erikson, this developmental stage is centered on the psychosocial crisis of trust vs. mistrust
infancy
Persuasion is best defined as a change in attitude in response to
information provided by others
In Albert Bandura's research on imitation, children who saw an adult punch and yell at a Bobo doll were more likely to
interact with the Bobo doll in the same way
Which one of the following study strategies involves mixing up the topics you are studying rather than studying in blocks?
interleaving
Erikson held that early adulthood is most concerned with which of the following psychosocial crises?
intimacy vs. isolation
Appraisal theory suggests that assessment of a stimulus
is a continuous process
Morphemes form phrases and sentences based on
language-specific grammar rules
According to Erikson, this developmental stage is centered on the psychological crisis of ego integrity vs. despair
late adulthood
A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as the result of experience is known as
learning
Which theory of memory claims that the deeper information is processed, the better our memory of it will be?
levels of processing theory
The difference between compliance and obedience depends on whether the request is
made by an authority figure
Methods that improve memory by linking new information to well-known information are known as
mnemonics
Which of the following memory tricks involves condensing a large amount of information into an acronym?
mnemonics
The smallest units of speech that carry meaning are known as
morphemes
According to the spreading activation model, thinking about a concept will activate
nearby concepts faster than distant concepts
Which of the following do psychologists list as an environmental influence on intelligence?
nutrition
Charles Spearman posited that generalized intelligence (g) is comprised of
one's overall intelligence rather than specific abilities
Which of the following types of learning occurs when an association is formed between a behavior and an outcome?
operant conditioning
Mary Ainsworth developed an experimental paradigm to determine children's attachment styles by examining their interactions with
parents and strangers
Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love focuses on which three dimensions?
passion, intimacy, and commitment
Of the following, the best definition of "projective test" is a test that measures a respondent's
personality projected onto an ambiguous stimulus
Kohlberg's three stages of moral development are
pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional
According to Freud, information in which of the following areas of our mind is usually outside of our awareness but can be brought to mind if needed?
preconscious
According to Piaget, in this stage a child has developed object permanence and has begun symbolic thinking
preoperational
Advertisements often attempt to influence our behavior through
priming
As we reach adulthood, crystallized intelligence
remains stable
One difference between non-declarative and declarative memory is that declarative memories
require conscious effort to retrieve
Tests measuring intelligence quotient (IQ) are designed to predict
school performance
According to Freud, the id component of personality is most concerned with
seeking immediate pleasure and relief
The pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions that an individual perceives in their mind in their
self
When someone asks, "tell me about yourself," they are asking you to describe your
self-concept
According to Piaget, in this stage a child lacks the ability to form mental representations of their external environment
sensorimotor
Without additional information processing, which of the following memory systems holds information for the shortest duration?
sensory memory
Punishment is most effective under the conditions
significance, immediacy, and consistency
Adrienne is able to lift heavier weights when working out with a friend compared to working out alone. She is most likely experiencing
social facilitation
A group's rules for behavior are referred to as
social norms
In operant conditioning, the term "positive" refers to
something that is added to the environment
Memory retrieval is the process of recovering information from
storage
Which of the following discoveries led Darwin to suggest that emotions evolved?
that primates expressed emotions using the same facial muscles as humans
The theory of emotion that claims that physical sensations lead to subjective feelings is called
the James-Lange theory
Which theory of emotion suggests that humans are very good at interpreting their physical states?
the James-Lange theory
Observational learning is best defined as
the ability to learn by watching others
The sensation of arousal and alertness after encountering a dangerous stimuli is triggered by which structure?
the autonomic nervous system
The idea that good things happen to good people but bad things happen to bad people is called
the just-world belief
Extinction occurs when
the pairing of the CS and UCS is broken
Reinforcement in interval schedules depends on
the passage of a particular amount of time
The term "negative" in operant conditioning refers to
the removal of a stimulus
The Sally-Anne Test is used to assess in young children the development of a working
theory of mind
Of the following, the best definition of "personality" is a characteristic way of
thinking, feeling, and behaving
The theory of motivated forgetting suggests that we are more likely to forget which type of information?
unpleasant information
Which of the following best describes when catharis is likely to occur?
when an individual has reached their limit for a particular emotion
Evidence suggests that language likely originated in
Africa
Which of the following provides the best definition for the Schachter-Singer Two-Factor theory of emotion?
Stimuli produce general arousal and feelings occur based on assessment of the arousal.
Which of the following best illustrates a secure attachment style?
Thomas runs several feet in front of his mother as they walk through their neighborhood
The component of Freud's personality theory that represents the "self" that is visible to others is the
ego