Psychology Final Exam Study Guide

Learning that occurs without reinforcement is described as

latent learning

Ninety-five percent of individuals fall within which range of IQ scores?

70-130

Which of the following best describes the development of the Big Five Theory of personality?

Factor analysis was used to identify five core traits that reliably described and predicted personality

Which of the following popular sayings is most consistent with the mere exposure effect?

It gets better every time

According to research on aging and intelligence, which of the following individuals is likely to have the greatest fluid intelligence?

Katrina, age 62

Which of the following examples best supports Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence?

Mario is a gifted mathematician but is completely unable to play an instrument

This psychologist studied styles of attachment between infants and their caregivers using an experiment known as the "Strange Situation."

Mary Ainsworth

Which of the following best describes the relationship between self-consciousness and honest behavior?

People who are more self-conscious demonstrate more ethical behavior

Which of the following best describes Freud's thoughts on the relationship between personality and psychosexual stages>

Personality characteristics emerge due to conflict in each psychosexual stage

Which of the following personality measures is considered a projective test?

Rorschach inkblot test

Which of the following is true about schemas?

Schemas can affect which information is retained or discarded from our memory

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion suggests which of the following relationships between physical sensations and subjective feelings?

They occur simultaneously

Which of the following is true about flashbulb memories?

They occur with strong emotional events

Of the following, the best definition of temperament is

a child's pattern of mood, activity, and emotionality

The somatovisceral afference model of emotion (SAME) suggests that significant cognitive processing and evaluation is needed when a situation produces

a general state of arousal

Which of the following best describes the difference between a stimulus and a response?

a stimulus evokes a response and a response occur as a result of a stimulus

The process of learning that results in a conditioned response (CR) is known as

acquisition

reinforcement sensitivity theory describes individual differences in

approach, avoidance, and inhibition of behavior

Infants frequently smile as the result of pleasant interactions with others. The age at which this behavior begins occurs

around the same time for all children

According to Piaget, this is the cognitive process wherein acquisition of new knowledge does not require the alteration of existing schema

assimilation

Operant conditioning and classical conditioning are both considered to be types of

associative learning

Erikson held that toddlerhood was most concerned with which of the following psychosocial crises?

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Sexual orientation is comprised of which of the following components?

behavior, attraction, and identity

Corey teaches his students geometry by first explaining common geometry terms, then explaining geometry proofs, and finally using the terms to construct their own geometry proofs. This breakdown of a complex behavior is known as

chaining

The process of changing the meaning of an event to change the associated emotion is known as

cognitive reappraisal

Special, organizing ideas formed from our experiences that help us to make sense of our knowledge base are

concepts

According to Piaget, in this stage a child can solve cognitive tasks but lacks the ability to think abstractly.

concrete operational

Asch's line study is best known for depicting the role of

conformity

The Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI) was originally designed to aid in

diagnosing psychological disorders

The fundamental attribution error is the best described as an overreliance on

dispositional factors

The theory of context-dependent memory suggests that when we are tested in the same environment in which information was learned, retrieval will be

easier

Being able to successfully perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions is referred to as

emotional intelligence

Which of the following represents the first step of memory?

encoding

Broca's area is located in the brain's

frontal lobe

A barrier in which a concept is only thought of in its most typical form is called

functional fixedness

Before starting a diet, a person should take the time to create a food journal and write down the food they actually eat during the day. This is an effective way to change eating habits because the person is

gaining a better understanding of the behavior and when it occurs

One benefit of forgetting is that it helps us to

give priority to things that are important to remember

Rules of thumb that are used as shortcuts to problem solving are

heuristics

Humans are motivated to maintain a steady state of internal balance known as

homeostasis

Which of the following defines the term "self-schema?"

how we organize and process information about ourselves

Erikson held that adolescence was most concerned with which of the following psychosocial crisis?

identity vs. role confusion

Both Maslow and more contemporary psychologists suggest that the most basic need in the hierarchies of needs are

immediate physiological needs

Individuals with down syndrome experience intellectual disability and

impaired language ability

The mere exposure effect occurs when regular exposure to neutral or positive stimuli leads to

increased liking of the stimuli

Erikson held that middle childhood is most concerned with which of the following psychosocial crises?

industry vs. inferiority

According to Erikson, this developmental stage is centered on the psychosocial crisis of trust vs. mistrust

infancy

Persuasion is best defined as a change in attitude in response to

information provided by others

In Albert Bandura's research on imitation, children who saw an adult punch and yell at a Bobo doll were more likely to

interact with the Bobo doll in the same way

Which one of the following study strategies involves mixing up the topics you are studying rather than studying in blocks?

interleaving

Erikson held that early adulthood is most concerned with which of the following psychosocial crises?

intimacy vs. isolation

Appraisal theory suggests that assessment of a stimulus

is a continuous process

Morphemes form phrases and sentences based on

language-specific grammar rules

According to Erikson, this developmental stage is centered on the psychological crisis of ego integrity vs. despair

late adulthood

A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as the result of experience is known as

learning

Which theory of memory claims that the deeper information is processed, the better our memory of it will be?

levels of processing theory

The difference between compliance and obedience depends on whether the request is

made by an authority figure

Methods that improve memory by linking new information to well-known information are known as

mnemonics

Which of the following memory tricks involves condensing a large amount of information into an acronym?

mnemonics

The smallest units of speech that carry meaning are known as

morphemes

According to the spreading activation model, thinking about a concept will activate

nearby concepts faster than distant concepts

Which of the following do psychologists list as an environmental influence on intelligence?

nutrition

Charles Spearman posited that generalized intelligence (g) is comprised of

one's overall intelligence rather than specific abilities

Which of the following types of learning occurs when an association is formed between a behavior and an outcome?

operant conditioning

Mary Ainsworth developed an experimental paradigm to determine children's attachment styles by examining their interactions with

parents and strangers

Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love focuses on which three dimensions?

passion, intimacy, and commitment

Of the following, the best definition of "projective test" is a test that measures a respondent's

personality projected onto an ambiguous stimulus

Kohlberg's three stages of moral development are

pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional

According to Freud, information in which of the following areas of our mind is usually outside of our awareness but can be brought to mind if needed?

preconscious

According to Piaget, in this stage a child has developed object permanence and has begun symbolic thinking

preoperational

Advertisements often attempt to influence our behavior through

priming

As we reach adulthood, crystallized intelligence

remains stable

One difference between non-declarative and declarative memory is that declarative memories

require conscious effort to retrieve

Tests measuring intelligence quotient (IQ) are designed to predict

school performance

According to Freud, the id component of personality is most concerned with

seeking immediate pleasure and relief

The pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions that an individual perceives in their mind in their

self

When someone asks, "tell me about yourself," they are asking you to describe your

self-concept

According to Piaget, in this stage a child lacks the ability to form mental representations of their external environment

sensorimotor

Without additional information processing, which of the following memory systems holds information for the shortest duration?

sensory memory

Punishment is most effective under the conditions

significance, immediacy, and consistency

Adrienne is able to lift heavier weights when working out with a friend compared to working out alone. She is most likely experiencing

social facilitation

A group's rules for behavior are referred to as

social norms

In operant conditioning, the term "positive" refers to

something that is added to the environment

Memory retrieval is the process of recovering information from

storage

Which of the following discoveries led Darwin to suggest that emotions evolved?

that primates expressed emotions using the same facial muscles as humans

The theory of emotion that claims that physical sensations lead to subjective feelings is called

the James-Lange theory

Which theory of emotion suggests that humans are very good at interpreting their physical states?

the James-Lange theory

Observational learning is best defined as

the ability to learn by watching others

The sensation of arousal and alertness after encountering a dangerous stimuli is triggered by which structure?

the autonomic nervous system

The idea that good things happen to good people but bad things happen to bad people is called

the just-world belief

Extinction occurs when

the pairing of the CS and UCS is broken

Reinforcement in interval schedules depends on

the passage of a particular amount of time

The term "negative" in operant conditioning refers to

the removal of a stimulus

The Sally-Anne Test is used to assess in young children the development of a working

theory of mind

Of the following, the best definition of "personality" is a characteristic way of

thinking, feeling, and behaving

The theory of motivated forgetting suggests that we are more likely to forget which type of information?

unpleasant information

Which of the following best describes when catharis is likely to occur?

when an individual has reached their limit for a particular emotion

Evidence suggests that language likely originated in

Africa

Which of the following provides the best definition for the Schachter-Singer Two-Factor theory of emotion?

Stimuli produce general arousal and feelings occur based on assessment of the arousal.

Which of the following best illustrates a secure attachment style?

Thomas runs several feet in front of his mother as they walk through their neighborhood

The component of Freud's personality theory that represents the "self" that is visible to others is the

ego