WH Chapter1 Vocab (part 2)

heliocentric

The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.

compromise

an acceptable middle ground

Council of Trent

appointed by the pope in 1545; over 20 years, advised about reforms to answer the Protestant challenge

Teresa of Avila

began an order of nuns, reformed Spanish convents and monasteries

Elizabeth I

daughter of Henry VIII; queen for 45 years; brought compromise between Catholics and Protestants

Mary Tudor

daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon; as queen, she tried to restore Catholicism in England

Thomas Cranmar

first archbishop of the Church of england, wrote The Book of Common Prayer

gravity

force that keeps planets in orbit; proposed by Newton

theocracy

government run by religious leaders

Henry VIII

king of England; caused England to break away from the Catholic Church

Johannes Kepler

mathematician who plotted the orbits of planets and discovered they are elliptical

canonize

recognize a person as a saint

Isaac Newton

scientist who argued that there were uniform laws of nature and that all motions could be measured mathematically

Robert Doyle

scientist who explained all matter as being composed of tiny particles that behave in knowable ways; proposed laws governing gases

Galileo

scientist who proved that the Earth moves around the sun; in 1633, the Inquisition forced him to recant his heliocentric views

ghetto

separate section of a city where members of a minority group are forced to live

Ignatius of Loyola

the Spanish knight who founded the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits

Geneva

the Swiss city where Calvin was asked to establish a Christian community

predestination

the idea that God had predetermined who would gain salvation

Tycho Brahe

Danish astronomer who collected data to prove that Copernicus was correct

Francis Bacon

English thinker who, with Descartes, rejected the assumptions of Aristotle; stressed experimentation and observation

Rene Descartes

French philosopher and mathematician who proposed the need to search for provable knowledge

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe

calculus

a branch of mathematics partially developed by Newton

hypothesis

a logical or possible explanation to a problem to be tested using the scientific method

john calvin

a reformer who preached predestination and living a saintly life

scientific method

a step-by-step process of discovery requiring the collection of accurately measured data

sect

a subgroup of a major religious group