WH Unit 7 Middle Ages
Crusades
Took place between 1096-1204
Feudalism 12. Organization of feudal society
Three Groups: Those Who Fought - Nobles & Knights Those Who Prayed - Men and Women of the Church Those Who Worked - - Peasants (vast majority of people in Europe during Middle Ages)
Feudalism Knights
Appointed to protect both the lord and king Knights were specially trained soldiers who protect the lords & peasants
The Bubonic Plague 1. How was it spread?
Began in Asia Spread to Europe through trade -flea-infested rats carried by Mongols in food supplies
The Middle Ages What?
Between 400-600, small Germanic kingdoms replaced Roman provinces
Crusades Fifth - Eighth Crusades
All to recapture Jerusalem, all failed
The Church 3. St. Benedict
Benedictine monastery in Cluny- Reformers that founded it desired to return to the basic principles of Christianity ============== The start of the Benedictine Rule - St. Benedict The monastic system looked to St. Benedict as its organizer. As a young man, St. Benedict had sought to escape from the vice about him by retiring to a cave in the Sabine hills near Rome. where he lived as a hermit for three years. St Benedict shut himself off from all human intercourse, wearing a hair shirt, and rolling in beds of thistles to subdue "the flesh." St. Benedict's experience of the hermit's life convinced him that there was a better way to gain religious peace of mind. The fame of St. Benedict as a holy man attracted many disciples, and he began to group them in monastic communities under his own supervision. The most important monastery of St. Benedict was at Monte Cassino, between Rome and Naples. It became the capital of monasticism in the West. Benedictine Rule - The Rule of St. Benedict 528AD To control the monks of Monte Cassino St. Benedict framed a Rule, or constitution, which was modelled in some respects upon the earlier Rule of St. Basil. The monks formed a sort of corporation, presided over by an abbot, who held office for life. To the abbot every candidate for admission took the vow of obedience. Any man, rich or poor, noble or peasant, might enter the monastery, after a year's probation; having once joined, however, he must remain a monk for the rest of his days. The monks were to live under strict discipline. They could not own any property; they could not go beyond the monastery walls without the abbot's consent; they could not even receive letters from home; and they were sent to bed early. A violation of the regulations brought punishment in the shape of private admonitions, exclusion from common prayer, and, in extreme cases, expulsion. The Three Vows of the Benedictine Rule The vows of the Benedictine monks were: Obedience Stability Conversion in the way of life The Spread of the Benedictine Rule The Rule of St. Benedict came to have the same wide influence in the West which that of St. Basil exerted in the East. Gregory the Great established the Benedictine rule in many places in Italy, Sicily, and England. During Charlemagne's reign it was made the only form of monasticism throughout his dominions. By the tenth century the Benedictine Rule prevailed everywhere in western Europe. The Benedictine Monks St. Benedict sought to draw a sharp line between the monastic life and that of the outside world. Hence he required that, as far as possible, each monastery should form an independent, self-supporting community whose members had no need of going beyond its limits for anything. In course of time, as a monastery increased in wealth and number of inmates, it might come to form an enormous establishment, covering many acres and presenting within its massive walls the appearance of a fortified town.
What are the various names for this time period?
Middle Ages Medieval Era Dark Ages
Feudalism What led to it?
Constant brutal fighting amongst nobles Feudalism began in Europe as a way to offer protection
The Age of Chivalry (Knights) Romantic Love
A knight was expected to defend his chosen lady and keep her entertained with love poems and songs
Going Back Hammurabi's Code
• First written code of law • Very harsh punishments • Reinforced social classes because the poor had worse punishments
pope's tiara
A pope's tiara symbolized his power.
Going Back Byzantine cultural heritage
- Culture The Byzantine Empire kept alive Greco-Roman culture Citizens in the Byzantine Empire thought of themselves as Romans & they shared some similarities with the Roman Empire.
The Church 5. Interdict
- Sacraments & religious services could not be performed in the king's lands
The Middle Ages When?
476 A.D. (fall of Roman Empire) to 1500s In the West, Europe grew weak & fell into the Middle Ages from 500 to 1300 Also known as the "Dark Ages" or "Medieval" era
The Age of Chivalry (Knights) Education
Age 7 - Began training as a page in the castle of another lord Age 14 - Began training as a squire, acting as a servant to a knight Age 21 - Became a knight
France Develops Louis IX
Becomes king in 1226 Strengthened monarchy, weakened feudal ties by: - Created an appeals court -This court could overturn decisions of local courts
The Great Schism 1. Major Causes
Began in 1305 when the College of Cardinals chose a French pope who moved the papacy from Rome to Avignon
Factors Leading to the End of Medieval Society The Great Schism
Began in 1305 when the College of Cardinals chose a French pope who moved the papacy from Rome to Avignon Resolved in 1417 when the Council of Constance elected a new pope to replace the three popes who had been forced to resign (with help from Holy Roman Emperor) This event significantly weakened the Church
Charlemagne 1. Achievements
Charlemagne was the greatest Medieval king because he did something no other king was able to do...create an organized empire -Charlemagne expanded the Frankish empire -He spread Christianity -He created schools to train future priests -He valued learning & built schools in his empire Charlemagne reunited Western Europe and spread Christianity throughout his lands Crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by the Pope - This was important because it was the first time a Pope had crowned a king and it signaled the joining of Germanic power, the Church, and the heritage of the Roman Empire Effectively Governed Unified Kingdom - Sent out agents to see that counts governed their counties justly - Regularly visited every part of his kingdom - Supervised the management of his huge estates
Church Reform Power of Pope extended
Church had its own court (Papal Curia), tax system, and diplomats
Impact of Germanic Invasions Decline of Learning
Decline of Learning Normal people became illiterate Only the clergy continued to read and write The Germanic invaders who stormed Rome could not read or write. Among Romans themselves, the level of learning sank sharply as more and more families left for rural areas. Few people except priests and other church officials were literate. Knowledge of Greek, long important in Roman culture, was almost lost. Few people could read Greek works of literature, science, and philosophy. The Germanic tribes, though, had a rich oral tradition of songs and legends. But they had no written language.
Church Authority: Canon Law punishments
Excommunication - Banishment from the Church and you were denied salvation (meaning you could not go to Heaven) Interdict - Sacraments & religious services could not be performed in the king's lands
Feudalism 10. Three-field system
Farmers began growing crops on 2/3 of their land each year (rather than ½) - Food production, including sources of vegetable protein, increased -This led to an increase in population
Emperor Clashes with Pope Showdown at Canossa
January 1077 - Henry traveled to this town in the Alps and waited in the snow for three days, begging for forgiveness Pope Gregory forgave Henry - Henry had been humiliated, but he felt triumphant and rushed home to punish rebellious nobles
Feudalism Circle
King -> Lords -> Knights -> Serfs -> pad taxes to King
Feudalism Kings
Kings had land but very little power
Impact of Germanic Invasions Population Shifts
Population Shifts People abandoned cities as trade & gov't collapsed Population of western Europe became mostly rural As Roman centers of trade and government collapsed, nobles retreated to the rural areas. Roman cities were left without strong leadership. Other city dwellers also fled to the countryside, where they grew their own food. The population of western Europe became mostly rural.
The Great Schism 2. How was it resolved?
Resolved in 1417 when the Council of Constance elected a new pope to replace the three popes who had been forced to resign (with help from Holy Roman Emperor) This event significantly weakened the Church
The Age of Chivalry (Knights) Weapons & Equipment
Saddle - Kept warrior firmly seated on a moving horse Stirrups - Enabled him to ride & handle heavier weapons Armor - High-flying spears
The Church 6. Problems faced by the Church
Some priests nearly illiterate Some popes were men of questionable morals Reformers had 3 main issues: 1. Many village priests married & had families -This was against Church rulings 2. Bishops sold positions in the church (simony) 3. Using lay investiture, kings appointed church bishops -Reformers believed the Church alone should appoint bishops
Frankish Kings: Charlemagne
Son of Pepin; Charles Martel's grandson Pepin the Short died in 768 Charles took over as Emperor in 771 and ruled until 814 Became known as Charlemagne (Charles the Great) In 771, Charlemagne ("Charles the Great") became king of the Franks
Kingdom of the Franks
The Franks were the largest & most powerful of the Germanic kingdoms in the early Middle Ages Frankish kings allied with the Catholic Church & expanded their power
Changes in Medieval Society Revival of Learning Medieval Philosophy
Thomas Aquinas Argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument Scholastics, like Aquinas, debated Aristotle and issues of the time - Teachings on law & gov't influenced thinking of western Europeans (especially French and English) - Thus began the development of democratic institutions & traditions
Feudal Social Classes
Three Groups: Those Who Fought - Nobles & Knights Those Who Prayed - Men and Women of the Church Those Who Worked - - Peasants (vast majority of people in Europe during Middle Ages)
Authority of the Church
When Charlemagne was crowned Roman Emperor, it was clear the Church sought to influence both spiritual and political matters In theory, the Church would hold the authority in spiritual matters and kings would hold authority in political matters - In reality, the Church & King competed for power
Charlemagne 2. Pope Leo III
is this correct? check! Crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by the Pope - This was important because it was the first time a Pope had crowned a king and it signaled the joining of Germanic power, the Church, and the heritage of the Roman Empire
Factors Leading to the End of Medieval Society
1. Great Schism=weakens Church 2. Bubonic Plague=weakens church and peasants ask for more rights 3. New weapons - Longbow = fatal within 100 yards=no need for knights - Cannon=tear down castle walls 4. Hundred Years War - People feel more loyal to their own country and king - The king is no longer just a lord, but a national leader
Crusades Cause
1093: Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus sent an appeal to Robert, Count of Flanders asking for help against the Muslim Turks threatening to conquer his capital, Constantinople Pope Urban II also read the letter and issued a call for a "holy war," or a Crusade to gain control of the Holy Land
France Develops Philip II
1204 - regained Normandy from the English Strengthened central gov't in France - Increased land under his control and became more powerful than any of his vassals - Established royal officials called bailiffs who presided over his courts and collected his taxes throughout Europe
Going Back Role of Asoka Maurya
269 B.C. Asoka, Chandragupta's grandson, becomes king of the Mauryan Empire Waged war early in his reign to expand empire Adopted Buddhism Caused him to treat his subjects fairly & humanely Urged religious toleration Built extensive road system to improve communication 232 B.C. Asoka dies; Empire begins to break up Death created power vacuum Provinces split, ruled themselves independently Wars often fought b/w them in the struggle for power
The Crusades Children's Crusade (1212)
30,000 children under the age of 18 set out to conquer Jerusalem - Most died of cold or starvation on the trip there - The rest drowned at sea or were sold into slavery This illustrates the power the Church had because people believed in the teaching so much that they allowed their children to embark on a dangerous journey
From 800 to 1000
A 2nd major wave of invasions struck Europe led by Vikings, Muslims, & Magyars (The 1st wave were the barbarians that attacked Rome) These invasions caused widespread fear & suffering Kings could not defend against invasion People stopped looking to kings for protection The invasions by Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims caused widespread disorder and suffering. Most western Europeans lived in constant danger. Kings could not effectively defend their lands from invasion. As a result, people no longer looked to a central ruler for security. Instead, many turned to local rulers who had their own armies. Any leader who could fight the invaders gained followers and political strength.
Church Authority: Canon Law Pope used excommunication and interdict as political weapons
A disobedient king might get excommunicated - The king's vassals would be freed from all their duties to him If king continued to disobey Pope, an interdict could be issued against him - Remember, sacraments & religious services could not be performed in the king's lands - As Christians, the king's subjects believed that without such sacraments they might be doomed to hell, so the king lost his authority
Kingdom of the Franks Charlemagne's Death What Happened Next
After Charlemagne's death in 814, his Frankish Empire was divided & lost power... ...This was the last opportunity to provide unity in medieval Europe Louis' three sons fought for power, eventually split the kingdom into 3 parts This resulted in Carolingian kings losing power & central authority broke down Lack of strong rulers led to the rise of feudalism
Church Authority: Canon Law
All medieval Christians, kings and peasants alike, were subject to canon law (Church law) - Matters like marriage and religious practices - Established courts to try people accused of breaking canon law - Harshest punishments
The Church 4. Canon Law
All medieval Christians, kings and peasants alike, were subject to canon law (Church law) - Matters like marriage and religious practices - Established courts to try people accused of breaking canon law - Harshest punishments
Feudalism Lords
Appointed for protection and to handle territory Lords (also called Nobles) were the upper-class landowners; they had inherited titles ("Duke," "Earl," "Sir")
Feudalism Serfs
Appointed to work the land; paid taxes to King Some peasants were serfs & could not leave the lord's estate Most peasants were serfs (lowest social class) -People who could not lawfully leave the place they were born -They were bound to the land, but were not slaves because their lords could not buy or sell them. However, what their labor produced belonged to the lord
Changes in Medieval Society Guilds Levels
Apprentice - Parents paid for training - Lived with master and his family - Required to obey the master - Trained 2-7 years - Was not allowed to marry during training - When trained, progressed to journeyman Journeyman (Day Worker) - Worked for a master to earn a salary - Worked 6 days a week - Needed to produce a masterpiece (his finest work) to become a master - Had to be accepted by the guild to become a master Master - Owned his own shop - Worked with other masters to protect their trade - Sometimes served in civic government
Changes in Medieval Society Urban Life Flourishes
As trade blossomed and farming methods improved, the population of western Europe increased - Rose from 30 million to 42 million between 1000 and 1150 As people left life on the manor for life in towns, they challenged the traditional ways of feudal society in which everyone had a place - People were pursuing the economic and social opportunities the towns offered
The Seven Sacraments
Baptism Confirmation Holy Communion Confession Marriage Holy Orders- The continuation of Christ's priesthood Anointing the Sick
The Feudal System
Based on rights & obligations In exchange for military & other services, a lord (landowner) granted land (fief) to a vassal (person receiving fief)
Feudalism 9. Code of chivalry
Be loyal. Be brave. Be courteous. Defend Three Masters: - God - Feudal lord - Chosen lady Protect the weak and poor
The Age of Chivalry (Knights) Code of Chivalry
Be loyal. Be brave. Be courteous. Defend Three Masters: - God - Feudal lord - Chosen lady Protect the weak and poor
England's Evolving Gov't Henry II
Became ruler of England in 1154 Strengthened England's legal system - Sent royal judges to parts of England to collect taxes, settle lawsuits, & punish crimes - Introduced the use of the jury in English courts - Laid foundation for English common law
Factors Leading to the End of Medieval Society The Bubonic Plague
Began in Asia Spread to Europe through trade -flea-infested rats carried by Mongols in food supplies Caused a severe decline in population and trade Caused higher prices Caused peasant revolts Caused a decline in the manorial system When prayer and penances failed to stop the plague, the Church lost prestige
Frankish Kings: Clovis
Brought Christianity to the Franks - His wife wanted him to convert - He was losing a battle and appealed to the Christian God - "For I have called on my gods, but I find they are far from my aid...Now I call on Thee. I long to believe in Thee. Only, please deliver me from my enemies." - He ended up winning, converted, and he and 3,000 of his men were baptized. - By 511, Clovis had unified the Franks into one kingdom - The Church supported him, marking the beginning of the partnership between two very powerful forces Clovis was a young Frank leader, who became king at 15. He defeated the last Roman army at 20 in Gaul. During his 30 year reign, he widened the Frankish kingdom and led the Franks into Christianity by marrying a Christian woman.
Kingdom of the Franks Clovis
Brought Christianity to the Franks - His wife wanted him to convert - He was losing a battle and appealed to the Christian God - "For I have called on my gods, but I find they are far from my aid...Now I call on Thee. I long to believe in Thee. Only, please deliver me from my enemies." - He ended up winning, converted, and he and 3,000 of his men were baptized. - By 511, Clovis had unified the Franks into one kingdom - The Church supported him, marking the beginning of the partnership between two very powerful forces
The Bubonic Plague 2. Results of the Plague
Caused a severe decline in population and trade Caused higher prices Caused peasant revolts Caused a decline in the manorial system When prayer and penances failed to stop the plague, the Church lost prestige
Kingdom of the Franks Charlemagne What did he do?
Charlemagne was the greatest Medieval king because he did something no other king was able to do...create an organized empire -Charlemagne expanded the Frankish empire -He spread Christianity -He created schools to train future priests -He valued learning & built schools in his empire Charlemagne reunited Western Europe and spread Christianity throughout his lands Crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by the Pope - This was important because it was the first time a Pope had crowned a king and it signaled the joining of Germanic power, the Church, and the heritage of the Roman Empire Effectively Governed Unified Kingdom - Sent out agents to see that counts governed their counties justly - Regularly visited every part of his kingdom - Supervised the management of his huge estates
Kingdom of the Franks Pepin the Short
Charles Martel's son He wanted to be the king. First of family to become King. On behalf of the Church, Pepin fought the Lombards, who had invaded Italy and threatened Rome - The Pope anointed Pepin "king by the grace of God" - This began the Carolingian Dynasty - Ruled Franks from 751-987
Frankish Kings: Pepin
Charles Martel's son He wanted to be the king. First of family to become King. On behalf of the Church, Pepin fought the Lombards, who had invaded Italy and threatened Rome - The Pope anointed Pepin "king by the grace of God" - This began the Carolingian Dynasty - Ruled Franks from 751-987
Feudalism 7. Charles Martel
Charles the Hammer In 732, Charles the Hammer (Charles Martel) defeated Muslims at Battle of Tours. The defeat moved Europe toward Christianity and away from Islam. With out this victory, Europe may have become a Muslim nation, and our (US) history would be different. The Battle of Tours united the Franks, and the Franks became the leading power in western Europe. This increased the power of the church and the Pope.
Changes in Medieval Society Revival of Learning Expanded Knowledge
Christian scholars from Europe visited Muslim libraries in Spain, and Jewish scholars translated Arabic copies of Greek writings into Latin - Europeans acquired a whole new body of knowledge in this way
Church Reform Cathedrals
Church was wealthy Cathedrals represented the City of God, so they were richly decorated and glorious buildings - Built in the Gothic style of architecture
Frankish Kings:
Clovis Pepin Charles Martel Charlemagne
Feudalism 6. Clovis
Clovis became King of the Franks in 481. He united all Frankish tribes, and conquered Romans and Germans in Northern Gaul. The unification fell apart after his death because his sons messed it up.
Kingdom of the Franks Charlemagne's Death
Died in 814, left his son Louis the Pious in charge - deeply religious, but ineffective ruler
Impact of Germanic Invasions Disruption of Trade
Disruption of Trade Invasions & wars disrupted trade Breakdown of trade destroyed Europe's cities as economic centers Merchants faced invasions from both land and sea. Their businesses collapsed. The breakdown of trade destroyed Europe's cities as economic centers. Money became scarce.
Impact of Germanic Invasions Downfall of Cities
Downfall of Cities Cities were abandoned as centers of administration after the fall of the Roman Empire Warfare disrupted trade, destroyed Europe's cities, & forced people to rural areas With the fall of the Roman Empire, cities were abandoned as centers of administration.
Feudalism 8. The Manor System
During the Middle Ages, the manorial system was the way in which people survived In exchange for housing, land, and protection, serfs had to perform tasks to maintain the estate and pay several different kinds of taxes The lord provided peasants with housing, farmland, & protection In exchange, peasants repaid the lord by working his land & providing a portion of the food they produced
The Manorial System Economic Arrangement Between Lord & Serf
During the Middle Ages, the manorial system was the way in which people survived In exchange for housing, land, and protection, serfs had to perform tasks to maintain the estate and pay several different kinds of taxes The lord provided peasants with housing, farmland, & protection In exchange, peasants repaid the lord by working his land & providing a portion of the food they produced
Other changes during early Middle Ages
During the early Middle Ages, the Germanic kingdoms were slowly converted to Christianity The Catholic Pope became involved in secular (non-religious) issues like road repair, aiding the poor, & helping Christian kings expand their power
Going Back Diocletian & Constantine
Emperor Diocletian tried to save Rome by dividing the empire Constantine legalized Christianity in 312 -Moved capital to Byzantium
Changes in Medieval Society Commercial Revolution
Expansion of trade and business**** More workers needed - Serfs move to town; workers paid for labor More goods were available New trade routes opened - Towns became trade centers Banking became an important business - More cash, banking, and lending services available - More money available for building businesses Merchant's wealth and power expand - Merchant's taxes increase the king's power and wealth
Changes in Medieval Society Three-Field System
Farmers began growing crops on 2/3 of their land each year (rather than ½) - Food production, including sources of vegetable protein, increased -This led to an increase in population
Feudalism 2. Obligations
Feudalism is based on land & loyalty Land-owning lords offer land (called a fief) to knights in exchange for their loyalty & promise to protect the lord's land Political system in which nobles were granted the use of land that legally belonged to the king In return, the nobles agreed to give their loyalty and military services to the king. Based on rights & obligations In exchange for military & other services, a lord (landowner) granted land (fief) to a vassal (person receiving fief)
Feudalism What was it?
Feudalism is based on land & loyalty Land-owning lords offer land (called a fief) to knights in exchange for their loyalty & promise to protect the lord's land Political system in which nobles were granted the use of land that legally belonged to the king In return, the nobles agreed to give their loyalty and military services to the king. Developed not only in Europe, but in countries like Japan and China also
Feudalism 4. Loyalty
Feudalism was a political system based on granting land in return for loyalty, military assistance, and other services. the personal bond of mutual loyalty and military service between nobles of different rank known as vassalage/lordship
France Develops Creation of Estates-General
First Estate - Church leaders Second Estate - Great lords (nobles) Third Estate - Added by Philip - Commoners, landowners, or merchants that Philip invited to participate in the council Collectively, they were known as the Estates-General
Going Back Period of Mongol domination in China
For a brief period of history, the nomadic Mongols were the lords of city-based civilizations across Asia, including China. As you will read in Section 3, China continued to thrive under Mongol rule. Mongol rule over China Khanate of the Great Khan Kublai Khan began a new era in China called the Yuan Dynasty It united China Expanded foreign contacts Made few changes to Chinese culture and system of government Kublai enjoyed Chinese culture so much that he moved the Mongolian capital to China Kublai proved to be a good emperor for China Under Kublai, foreign trade with China increased due to the Pax Mongolica Built palaces in Shangdu & modern-day Beijing He built roads & extended the Grand Canal to help improve transportation in China But, he excluded the Chinese from serving in high gov't offices & relied on foreigners to serve in his government Kept Mongol identity, but tolerated Chinese culture and kept Chinese officials in local gov't - Gave most high gov't positions to foreigners because the Mongols believed that foreigners were more trustworthy since they did not have local loyalties - Example: Marco Polo
The Age of Chivalry (Knights) War Games
Fought in local wars or in tournaments (jousting)
Going Back Confucian teachings about the family
Founder: Confucius (551-479 B.C.) Ideas About Social Order: Emphasis on family Respect for elders (filial piety) Ideas About Government: Emphasis on education Could change a commoner into a gentleman Trained civil service essential for good gov't 5 Basic Social Relationships: Ruler & Subject Father & Son Husband & Wife Older Brother & Younger Brother Friend & Friend
Frankish Kings: Charles Martel
Gained political power when Clovis died because he was Mayor of the Palace - Mayor of the Palace was not king, but he led the armies and made policy, so in effect, he ruled the empire, but he was not king The Moors (Muslims) attacked the Franks Charles Martel defeated Muslims at the Battle of Tours ******* Charles Martel is the grandfather of Charlemagne. "Martel" means Hammer because Charles Martel stopped Muslims from expanding in the Battle of Tours. He never became emperor.
Kingdom of the Franks Charles Martel
Gained political power when Clovis died because he was Mayor of the Palace - Mayor of the Palace was not king, but he led the armies and made policy, so in effect, he ruled the empire, but he was not king The Moors (Muslims) attacked the Franks Charles Martel defeated Muslims at the Battle of Tours ******* Charles Martel is the grandfather of Charlemagne. "Martel" means Hammer because Charles Martel stopped Muslims from expanding in the Battle of Tours. He never became emperor.
How did that happen? ....Remember the immediate cause for the fall of the Roman Empire????
German Invasions!!!
Changes in Medieval Society Guilds Guild Services
Guild Services: To Members - - Set working conditions - Covered members with a type of health insurance - Provided funeral expenss - Provided dowries for poor girls To the Community - - Built almshouse for victims of misfortune - Guaranteed quality work - Took turns policing the streets - Donated windows to the church
Going Back Civil Service Exam in China
Han China • 'Golden Age' achievements Set up civil service system of training & examinations for those who wanted gov't careers (Examination System -Confucian idea) Han Dynasty - "Golden Age" Paper Invented Increased availability of books Spread education Expansion of gov't bureaucracy - records became easier to read & store
Emperor Clashes with Pope Pope Gregory VII
He resented the fact that kings, like Otto, had control over clergy - He banned lay investiture in 1075 (Ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials)
The Church 2. Lay Investiture controversy: a. Pope Gregory VII
He resented the fact that kings, like Otto, had control over clergy - He banned lay investiture in 1075 (Ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials)
Emperor Clashes with Pope Henry IV
Henry IV - Called a meeting of bishops and ordered Gregory to step down from the papacy - Pope Gregory excommunicated Henry -Bishops & priests sided with the Pope -Henry decided he wanted the Pope's forgiveness
The Church 2. Lay Investiture controversy: b. Henry IV
Henry IV - Called a meeting of bishops and ordered Gregory to step down from the papacy - Pope Gregory excommunicated Henry -Bishops & priests sided with the Pope -Henry decided he wanted the Pope's forgiveness
Changes in Medieval Society Switch to Horsepower
Horses gradually replaced oxen for plowing and for pulling wagons Farmers began using a new type of harness that fit across a horse's chest
Recap - The Development of England and France France
Hugh Capet increases the territory of France. Philip II (1180-1223) established baliffs to preside over courts and collect taxes. Louis IX (1226-1270) creates a French appeals court. Philp IV (1285-1314) adds Third Estate to the Estates-General.
Quick Review: What happened to Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire?
In the East, the Byzantine Empire became a center for trade & Greco-Roman culture
Religion as Unifying Force
In the Middle Ages, religion held people together and bonded them in a time of political turmoil and warfare Even though everyday life was hard, anybody could follow the Seven Sacraments to salvation
The Crusades Impact on the Islamic World:
Intolerance and prejudice displayed by Christians in the Holy Land left behind a legacy of bitterness and hatred that continues to the present
Feudalism 5. Lords/Vassals/Fiefs
King -> Lords -> Knights -> Serfs -> pad taxes to King Based on rights & obligations In exchange for military & other services, a lord (landowner) granted land (fief) to a vassal (person receiving fief)
Feudalism 1. Role of invasions (who invaded?)
Lack of strong rulers led to the rise of feudalism Constant brutal fighting amongst nobles Feudalism began in Europe as a way to offer protection A 2nd major wave of invasions struck Europe led by Vikings, Muslims, & Magyars (The 1st wave were the barbarians that attacked Rome) These invasions caused widespread fear & suffering Kings could not defend against invasion People stopped looking to kings for protection The invasions by Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims caused widespread disorder and suffering. Most western Europeans lived in constant danger. Kings could not effectively defend their lands from invasion. As a result, people no longer looked to a central ruler for security. Instead, many turned to local rulers who had their own armies. Any leader who could fight the invaders gained followers and political strength.
The Age of Chivalry (Knights) Castle Life
Lived in and protected the home of feudal lords Stone castles were designed as fortresses with massive walls and guard towers
Feudalism 3. Communities
Manors Self-contained communities that dotted the countryside throughout western Europe The lord's land was called a manor Manors were self-sufficient communities; Everything that was needed was produced on the manor
England's Evolving Gov't Meeting of Model Parliament
Met in 1295 under the reign of Edward I Considered a major step toward democratic government because: - It was a legislative group composed of commoners - burgesses from every borough and knights from every county ** Under Edward I, Parliament was a royal tool that weakened the great lords, but as time went on, it became strong enough to provide a check on royal power
Impact of Germanic Invasions No Common Language (& Greco-Roman culture was forgotten)
No Common Language Latin mixed with others to form new languages Europe lost a common language; Latin mixed with local languages to form Spanish, French, Italian As German-speaking peoples mixed with the Roman population, Latin changed. While it was still an official language, it was no longer understood. Different dialects developed as new words and phrases became part of everyday speech. By the 800s, French, Spanish, and other Roman-based languages had evolved from Latin. The development of various languages mirrored the continued breakup of a once-unified empire.
England's Evolving Gov't Battle of Hastings (1066)
Normans, under William the Conqueror defeated Harold Godwinson, Anglo-Saxon king - English lords lost their land William granted fiefs to Norman lords - They swore loyalty to him personally Laid the foundation for centralized gov't
Changes in Medieval Society Guilds
Organized and changed the way business was done Trained young people in a skilled job, regulated the quality of goods sold, and were major forces in community life
Craft Guilds 1. Functions
Organized and changed the way business was done Trained young people in a skilled job, regulated the quality of goods sold, and were major forces in community life
The Church & The Holy Roman Empire Otto I
Otto wanted to limit the power of the nobles and form an alliance with the Church, so he invaded Italy on the Pope's behalf The Pope crowned Otto emperor - This created a German-Italian empire called the Roman Empire of the German Nation - later came to be known as the Holy Roman Empire
The Crusades 2. Negative Effects
Political - Failure of later crusades lessened the power of the Pope - Weakened feudal nobility - Increased power of the kings - Fall of Constantinople weakened the Byzantine Empire
Structure of the Church
Pope Cardinal Archbishop Bishop Priests Monks
Kingdom of the Franks Charlemagne What did he do for Education?
Promoted Education - Invited English, German, Italian, and Spanish scholars to come to his empire to teach - Ordered all clergy to be educated -He created schools to train future priests -He valued learning & built schools in his empire
Factors Leading to the End of Medieval Society The Hundred Years' War
Reason: - England's Edward III claimed rights to the French throne when Philip IV died (b/c he was Philip's grandson) Outcome: - French eventually won and the English left France (except for port city of Calais) Effect on Medieval Society: - The Age of Chivalry died and nationalism replaced feudal loyalties
Crusades Third Crusade (1189)
Reason: Recapture Jerusalem Result: Richard the Lion-Hearted and Saladin fought many battles Agreed to a truce in 1192
Crusades First Crusade (1096)
Reasons: God's will Tax relief Riches in Palestine Result: Conquered Jerusalem in 1099 Slaughtered Muslims & Jews
Crusades Fourth Crusade
Reasons: Recapture Jerusalem (what else??) Result: Knights did not even reach the Holy Land and instead ended up looting Constantinople
Crusades Second Crusade (1144)
Reasons: Same as First Crusade Result: Muslim Turks re-take part of the Holy Land 1187 - Saladin recaptures Jerusalem
The Crusades Spanish Crusade
Reconquista: Long effort by the Spanish to drive out the Muslims in Spain (called Moors) - were eventually successful
Church Reform Benedictine monastery in Cluny
Reformers that founded it desired to return to the basic principles of Christianity
The Manorial System Manors
Self-contained communities that dotted the countryside throughout western Europe The lord's land was called a manor Manors were self-sufficient communities; Everything that was needed was produced on the manor
The Age of Chivalry (Knights) Weapons & Equipment (more)
Siege Tower - Had a platform on top that lowered like a drawbridge; could support weapons and soldiers Battering Ram - Made of heavy timper wit asharp metal tip; swung like a pendulum to crack castle walls or to knock down drawbridge Trebuchet - Worked like a giant slingshot; propelled objects up to a distance of 980 feet - pots of burning lime, boulders, severed human heads, captured soldiers, diseased cows, dead horses Mantlet - Shielded soldiers Tortoise - Moved slowly on wheels; sheltered soldiers from falling arrows Mangonel - Flung huge rocks that crashed into castle walls; propelled objects up to a distance of 1,300 feet.
England's Evolving Gov't Magna Carta
Signed by King John of England in 1215 Justinian's Code was very similar to the Magna Carta Guaranteed what are now seen as certain basic legal rights in both England and the US - Included: No taxation without representation Trial by jury Protection of the law
The Crusades 3. Impact on Europe/Muslim World
Social - Women could manage affairs on the estates or operate shops and inns (because they were the ones left at home) - Led to the growth of trade, towns, and universities in medieval Europe - benefits both Christians and Muslims Economic - Merchants who lived in Crusader states expanded trade between Europe and SW Asia
The Crusades Effects of the Crusades:
Social - Women could manage affairs on the estates or operate shops and inns (because they were the ones left at home) - Led to the growth of trade, towns, and universities in medieval Europe - benefits both Christians and Muslims Economic - Merchants who lived in Crusader states expanded trade between Europe and SW Asia Political - Failure of later crusades lessened the power of the Pope - Weakened feudal nobility - Increased power of the kings - Fall of Constantinople weakened the Byzantine Empire
Church Reform Problems in the Church
Some priests nearly illiterate Some popes were men of questionable morals Reformers had 3 main issues: 1. Many village priests married & had families -This was against Church rulings 2. Bishops sold positions in the church (simony) 3. Using lay investiture, kings appointed church bishops -Reformers believed the Church alone should appoint bishops
The Church 1. Reforms
Some priests nearly illiterate Some popes were men of questionable morals Reformers had 3 main issues: 1. Many village priests married & had families -This was against Church rulings 2. Bishops sold positions in the church (simony) 3. Using lay investiture, kings appointed church bishops -Reformers believed the Church alone should appoint bishops
Kingdom of the Franks Charlemagne
Son of Pepin; Charles Martel's grandson Pepin the Short died in 768 Charles took over as Emperor in 771 and ruled until 814 Became known as Charlemagne (Charles the Great) In 771, Charlemagne ("Charles the Great") became king of the Franks
Crusades Goals
Stop Muslim aggression & regain Holy Land Pope wanted to reclaim Palestine & reunite Christendom (the Schism in 1054) - Crusades would unite Europe in a common cause Get rid of quarrelsome knights who were fighting each other Younger sons wanted land, adventure, and riches
The Crusades 1. Goal of Crusaders
Stop Muslim aggression & regain Holy Land Pope wanted to reclaim Palestine & reunite Christendom (the Schism in 1054) - Crusades would unite Europe in a common cause Get rid of quarrelsome knights who were fighting each other Younger sons wanted land, adventure, and riches
Growth of the King's power
Strong kings arose btwn 1450 and 1500s that did not base their power on feudalism. The new monarchs had three important new sources of power 1. Control of taxes Every class pays taxes to the king 2. A professional army Soldiers are hired from all classes 3. Professional officials Both noble and middle class
Changes in Medieval Society
Switch to Horsepower Three-Field System Guilds
Going Back Religious Split within Islam
The Muslims argued over who should be the leader after Muhammad. This caused them to break into two groups: the Sunnis and the Shiites. 656 Uthman, the third caliph, was murdered - There was disagreement over who should succeed Muhammad Ali was the natural choice as a successor, but his right to rule was challenged by Muawiya, a governor of Syria - Ali was assassinated Umayyad family filled the power vacuum Sunni Shi'a Sufi
Going Back Persian Wars
The Persian Wars - Consequences Confidence, freedom (especially Athens) Athens took lead over Delian League Emergence of Golden Age of Athens Persian Wars - 490 B.C. - Battle at Marathon Persian Wars - 480 B.C. - Xerxes assembles invasion force The Persian Wars - 480 B.C. - Battle at Thermopylae The Persian Wars - 480 B.C. - Greeks Fight On The Sea The Persian Wars - 479 B.C. - Battle of Plataea
Concept of Gov't Changes
The Way It Was - Loyalty to public gov't and written law - Society held together through citizenship The Change - - Society held together through family ties & personal loyalty - Small communities with unwritten laws and traditions - Gave no credit to officials claiming to administer justice in the name of an emperor or king they had never met
Emperor Clashes with Pope Concordat of Worms
The issue of lay investiture remained undecided, despite all the stuff that happened between Henry & Gregory 1122 - Representatives of Church & emperor met in the German city of Worms - Compromise reached: -The Church alone could appoint a bishop, but the emperor could veto the appointment
The Church 2. Lay Investiture controversy: c. Concordant of Worms
The issue of lay investiture remained undecided, despite all the stuff that happened between Henry & Gregory 1122 - Representatives of Church & emperor met in the German city of Worms - Compromise reached: -The Church alone could appoint a bishop, but the emperor could veto the appointment
Feudalism 11. Role & life of the serfs
The manor was practically self-sufficient, producing almost everything needed for daily life, so serfs rarely had to leave their manor for anything - Outside purchases included salt, iron, and a few unusual objects like millstones (used to grind flour) - Peasant life was hard: They paid taxes to use the lord's mill, had to get permission to get married, & life expectancy was about 35 years old So why did they accept their economic hardship? - Acceptance was part of Church teachings They believed that God decided people's social position
The Manorial System Serfs
The manor was practically self-sufficient, producing almost everything needed for daily life, so serfs rarely had to leave their manor for anything - Outside purchases included salt, iron, and a few unusual objects like millstones (used to grind flour) - Peasant life was hard: They paid taxes to use the lord's mill, had to get permission to get married, & life expectancy was about 35 years old So why did they accept their economic hardship? - Acceptance was part of Church teachings They believed that God decided people's social position
The Feudal Pyramid
Top - King Next Level - Church Official & Noble Next Level - Knights Bottom - Peasants
The Church 8. The Inquisition
Under the direction of Ferdinand and Isabella Goal was to unify Spanish Christians and suppress heresy Many Jews & Muslims converted during the late 1400s Person suspected of heresy might be questioned for weeks and even tortured. Once they confessed, they were often burned at the stake.
The Crusades Spanish Crusade Spanish Inquisition:
Under the direction of Ferdinand and Isabella Goal was to unify Spanish Christians and suppress heresy Many Jews & Muslims converted during the late 1400s Person suspected of heresy might be questioned for weeks and even tortured. Once they confessed, they were often burned at the stake.
Changes in Medieval Society Revival of Learning Authors and Vernacular
Vernacular = everyday language - Writers brought literature to many people, since most people could not read or understand Latin Growing trade & growing cities brought a new interest in learning - Universities (groups of scholars and students) arose in western Europe
Impact of Germanic Invasions
When barbarian kingdoms that conquered Rome, Europe was plagued by constant warfare 1. Disruption of Trade 2. Downfall of Cities 3. Population Shifts 4. Decline of Learning 5. No Common Language (& Greco-Roman culture was forgotten)
Recap - The Development of England and France England
William the Conqueror invades England in 1066. Henry II (1154-1189) introduces use of the jury in English courts. John (1199-1216) agrees tot he Magna Carta in 1215. Edward (1272-1307) calls the Model Parliament in 1295.
Concept of Gov't Changes
Without the unity of the Roman Empire, Europe became divided into a series of Germanic kingdoms Germanic people lived in small communities led by chiefs & his loyal warriors Family ties & loyalty were more important than citizenship The Concept of Government Changes Along with shifting boundaries, the entire concept of government changed. Loyalty to public government and written law had unified Roman society. Family ties and personal loyalty, rather than citizenship in a public state, held Germanic society together. Unlike Romans, Germanic peoples lived in small communities that were governed by unwritten rules and traditions. Every Germanic chief led a band of warriors who had pledged their loyalty to him. In peacetime, these followers lived in their lord's hall. He gave them food, weapons, and treasure. In battle, warriors fought to the death at their lord's side. They considered it a disgrace to outlive him. But Germanic warriors felt no obligation to obey a king they did not even know. Nor would they obey an official sent to collect taxes or administer justice in the name of an emperor they had never met. The Germanic stress on personal ties made it impossible to establish orderly government for large territories.
Going Back The Mandate of Heaven
Zhou China • Mandate of Heaven Zhou Dynasty 1027 B.C. - Zhou begin rule Claimed authority to take over by declaring the Mandate of Heaven Rulers had divine approval to be rulers, but a wicked or foolish king could lose the Mandate of Heaven and so lose the right to rule
The Church 7. Heresy / heretics
any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs, customs, etc. Spanish Crusade- Goal was to unify Spanish Christians and suppress heresy