WHAP Unit 5- MCQ
Based on the chart, which of the following best describes a pattern in the spread of railroads in Europe from 1830 to 1850 ?
Areas in northwestern Europe adopted railroads more extensively than areas in other parts of Europe.
Which of the following best describes the comparative change in kilometers of railroad lines in Britain and France from 1830 to 1850 ?
Britain possessed more railway lines in 1830 and expanded its lead significantly over France by 1850.
Which of the following best describes the expansion in total railway line kilometers by 1850 in countries that possessed zero kilometers of railroad lines in 1830 ?
Germany had the largest expansion.
"Writing now, at an age beyond sixty, I must admit that we do not understand the operations of God's wisdom and are, therefore, unable to tell the causes of the terrible inequalities that we see around us,—why so many people should have so little to make life enjoyable, while a few others, not through their own merit, have had gifts poured out to them from a full hand. We acknowledge the hand of God and His wisdom, but still we feel horror at the misery of many of our brethren. We who have been born in a more fortunate condition—we to whom wealth, education, and liberty have been given—cannot, I think, look upon the unintellectual and toil-bound life of those who cannot even feed themselves sufficiently by the meager wages they have earned with so much sweat, without experiencing some feeling of injustice, some sting of pain." Which of the following pieces of information that Trollope reveals about himself in the passage might best explain his contention that economic inequalities ought to be addressed "gradually and without any sudden disruption of society"?
His admission that he was born into a fortunate condition
"After long periods of error, philosophers have at last discovered the true rights of man and how they can all be deduced from the single truth: that man is a perceptive being capable of reason and acquiring moral ideas." Which of the following is the main claim that the author makes in the passage?
People have natural rights that can be established through rational inquiry.
Source 1: Religious importance Source 2: Language importance Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the views expressed in the two sources?
Source 1 emphasizes the importance of religious identities and solidarities as drivers of human behavior, whereas Source 2 emphasizes the importance of ethno-linguistic identities and solidarities as drivers of human behavior.
"Thus developed an understanding that the natural rights of man are inalienable and cannot be forfeited and a strongly expressed desire for freedom of thought, trade, and profession. There also developed a desire to alleviate people's suffering, to eliminate all criminal laws against political dissenters, and to abolish torture. A desire arose for a milder system of criminal legislation that could give complete security to the innocent. All of these principles gradually filtered down from philosophical works to every class of society whose education went beyond basic literacy. These principles became the common faith of all people." Which of the following is an implicit claim that the author makes in the paragraph?
The French Revolution has advanced the principles of Enlightenment.
Row 1: Sailboats to steamboats Row 2: Horse-drawn carriages to trains Row 3: Walking to cars and bicycles, electricity Which of the following contributed directly to Great Britain's ability to consolidate or expand its colonial control of interior regions of Asia and Africa in the late nineteenth century?
The changes illustrated in the top two rows of the image
"We can agree that, in principle, it might be a good idea to permit both foreigners and Japanese to engage in coastal and seaborne shipping around and from Japan, because that would increase competition and improve efficiency. But, in practice, we know that seaborne shipping is too important a matter to be given over to foreigners. To do so would mean a loss of business and employment opportunities for our people in peacetime. And, in times of war, to not have the domestic capacity to transport goods would be tantamount to abandoning our status as an independent nation." The debates about maritime shipping in Japan alluded to in the paragraph were most directly connected to which of the following nineteenth-century developments?
The development of rival economic theories differing with respect to their views of free trade
Which of the following best summarizes the way in which the development of the factory system and the development of new transportation infrastructure such as railways worked together as factors facilitating British industrialization?
The factory system concentrated production in relatively few locations, and the new transportation infrastructure allowed more goods and people to reach these locations in less time.
"There is no town in the world where the distance between the rich and the poor is so great, or the barrier between them so difficult to be crossed. The separation between the different classes, and the consequent ignorance of each other's habits and condition, are far more complete in this place than in any other country in Europe, or even in the rural areas of Britain. There is far less personal communication between the master cotton spinner and his workmen and between the master tailor and his apprentices than there is between the Duke of Wellington and the humblest laborer of his estate, or than there was between King George III and the lowliest errand boy in his palace. I mean this not as a matter of blame, but I state it simply as a fact." The rapid growth of nineteenth-century industrial cities such as Manchester is best understood in the context of which of the following economic developments?
The increases in agricultural productivity that freed up laborers for work in factories
"This consciousness of wrong has produced in many enthusiastic but unbalanced minds a desire to make all things right by pursuing equality. But any careful observer of our society, or any student of our history has to admit that, as unjust as it may seem, inequality is part of the natural order of things. You can make all men equal today, but God has so created them that they shall become unequal again tomorrow. The very word 'equality' presents to the imaginations of men ideas of communism, of ruin, and insane democracy. Instead of obsessing about equality, we should be working toward reducing inequalities—provided, of course, that we do so gradually and without any sudden disruption of society." Trollope's characterization of democracy in the second paragraph can best be seen as a direct reference to which aspect of the historical situation in the late nineteenth century?
The movements to reform countries' political systems by expanding the franchise
As described in the passage, the pattern of economic development in Russia in the nineteenth century differed most strongly from which other pattern of economic development during the same period?
The transition from preindustrial to industrial production through the actions of private entrepreneurs or companies
"In founding the Mitsubishi company,* my goal has been to help recover for Japan the right of seaborne shipping, so we no longer have to delegate it to foreigners. I regard this not only as my business interest but also as my duty as a citizen. If we don't succeed as a company, it would be useless for the government to try to renegotiate the unequal treaties, or to attempt to further develop Japan's economy. The government knows this, and that is why it protects our company. And we need the government's protection to compete against foreign rivals, such as the [British] Peninsula and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. Recently, the P&O Company has been working to set up a new line between Yokohama [in Japan] and Shanghai and is attempting to claim rights over the [Japanese] ports of Nagasaki, Kobe, and Yokohama. The P&O Company is backed by its massive capital, large fleet of ships, and experience operating in Hong Kong and China. How can we compete against such a giant if we do not have the backing of our national government?" The commercial rivalries discussed in the paragraph best illustrate the interplay between nineteenth-century economic development in Japan and the development of
Western-dominated large-scale transnational businesses
"There is no town in the world where the distance between the rich and the poor is so great, or the barrier between them so difficult to be crossed. The separation between the different classes, and the consequent ignorance of each other's habits and condition, are far more complete in this place than in any other country in Europe, or even in the rural areas of Britain. There is far less personal communication between the master cotton spinner and his workmen and between the master tailor and his apprentices than there is between the Duke of Wellington and the humblest laborer of his estate, or than there was between King George III and the lowliest errand boy in his palace. I mean this not as a matter of blame, but I state it simply as a fact." The class relationships in Manchester described by Parkinson are best explained in the context of the
continuous migration of new workers to industrial towns and the high job turnover
(Image of industrialization and transportation) In the period circa 1750-1900, the historical process illustrated by the image led directly to all of the following major global transformations EXCEPT
the outbreak of the Atlantic revolutions and the emergence of new states in the Americas.
The rapid growth of industrial output in Russia during the 1890s was most likely comparable to the growth of industrial output in which other state during the same period?
Meiji Japan
"At last, man could proclaim his rights out loud, rights that for so long had been ignored. He could submit all opinions to his own reason and use that reason to search for truth. Every man learned with pride that nature had not forever condemned him to base his beliefs on the opinions of others or the *superstitions of antiquity.*" Which of the following is an implicit claim that the author makes in the paragraph?
Religion has been a force holding back the progress of humanity.
"This consciousness of wrong has produced in many enthusiastic but unbalanced minds a desire to make all things right by pursuing equality. But any careful observer of our society, or any student of our history has to admit that, as unjust as it may seem, inequality is part of the natural order of things. You can make all men equal today, but God has so created them that they shall become unequal again tomorrow. The very word 'equality' presents to the imaginations of men ideas of communism, of ruin, and insane democracy. Instead of obsessing about equality, we should be working toward reducing inequalities—provided, of course, that we do so gradually and without any sudden disruption of society." Trollope's arguments in the paragraph are most clearly intended to offer an alternative to the arguments made by which late nineteenth-century group?
Socialists
Source 1: Religious importance Source 2: Language importance Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the arguments made in the two sources regarding ideas of liberty and equality?
Source 1 rejects the ideas because of the threat they represent to multinational empires, whereas Source 2 rejects the ideas because of the universal and equalizing nature of their claims.
"In founding the Mitsubishi company,* my goal has been to help recover for Japan the right of seaborne shipping, so we no longer have to delegate it to foreigners. I regard this not only as my business interest but also as my duty as a citizen. If we don't succeed as a company, it would be useless for the government to try to renegotiate the unequal treaties, or to attempt to further develop Japan's economy. The government knows this, and that is why it protects our company. And we need the government's protection to compete against foreign rivals, such as the [British] Peninsula and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. Recently, the P&O Company has been working to set up a new line between Yokohama [in Japan] and Shanghai and is attempting to claim rights over the [Japanese] ports of Nagasaki, Kobe, and Yokohama. The P&O Company is backed by its massive capital, large fleet of ships, and experience operating in Hong Kong and China. How can we compete against such a giant if we do not have the backing of our national government?" Iwasaki's position in the letter on the relationship between the Mitsubishi Company and the Japanese government is most clearly a response to
Western governments gaining access to Japan's markets by imposing laissez-faire economic regimes
Waterways such as canals and rivers were important in the process of early industrialization because they provided
a means for integrating economic activities in regional and national markets
Together with access to coal deposits, which environmental factor most directly contributed to Great Britain's early industrialization?
Its abundance of iron ore
Source 1: Religious importance Source 2: Language importance Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the positions expressed by the authors of the two sources regarding the idea that existing political boundaries should be changed so that each nation has its own state?
Neither Source 1 nor Source 2 explicitly supports the idea.
The economic changes in rapidly industrializing countries such as the Russian Empire in the late nineteenth century led most directly to which of the following social or intellectual changes during the same period?
The creation of new social classes and class consciousness
"There is no town in the world where the distance between the rich and the poor is so great, or the barrier between them so difficult to be crossed. The separation between the different classes, and the consequent ignorance of each other's habits and condition, are far more complete in this place than in any other country in Europe, or even in the rural areas of Britain. There is far less personal communication between the master cotton spinner and his workmen and between the master tailor and his apprentices than there is between the Duke of Wellington and the humblest laborer of his estate, or than there was between King George III and the lowliest errand boy in his palace. I mean this not as a matter of blame, but I state it simply as a fact." The disparities of wealth mentioned by Parkinson in the passage are best explained in the context of the
high profits and low wages associated with manufacturing industries in the nineteenth century
Row 1: Sailboats to steamboats Row 2: Horse-drawn carriages to trains Row 3: Walking to cars and bicycles, electricity Unlike the four scenes in the top two rows of the lithograph, the inclusion of the two scenes in the bottom row is best explained by
the technological innovations of the second industrial revolution.
