What is imperialism?

Opium Wars

(1839-1842; 1856-1860) two wars fought in the mid-19th century between China and the British Empire over the British trade of opium and China's independence

Treaty of Nanjing

(1842) the agreement signed at the end of the first Opium War that was the first of many unequal treaties China was forced to sign in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

Cecil John Rhodes

(1853-1902) a British businessman and politician who was the Prime Minister of the Cape Colony in modern day South Africa; he founded Rhodesia (modern day Zimbabwe and Zambia)

Cecil Rhodes

(1853-1902) a British businessman and politician who was the Prime Minister of the Cape Colony in modern day South Africa; he founded Rhodesia (modern day Zimbabwe and Zambia)

Sepoy Rebellion

(1857-1858) was a revolt of soldiers employed by the British East India Company against the Company, also known as India's First War of Independence, the Great Rebellion, the Indian Mutiny, the Revolt of 1857, and the Indian Rebellion of 1857

Rudyard Kipling

(1865-1936) was a British short-story writer, poet, and novelist

Boer Wars

(1880-1881; 1899-1902) conflict between Afrikaners (Boers) and the British over land where diamonds and gold were discovered; the British defeated the Afrikaners, but soon after the Afrikaners retained power in South Africa

Scramble for Africa

(1881-1914) a period of time during which European countries competed for control over African land and resources

Berlin Conference

(1884-1885) was a meeting held in Berlin, Germany and organized by Otto von Bismarck, the first chancellor of Germany, during which European countries decided how they were going to divide up Africa for colonization

Boxer Rebellion

(1900) a conflict in which a group of religious Chinese nationalists opposed to foreign influence in the country attacked and killed missionaries and other foreign officials, and invaded the capital before being defeated by an international force of soldiers from imperial countries

Natives' Land Act

(1913) a law in the Union of South Africa that restricted African land ownership to "reserves" that segregated black and white South Africans and gave white people more and higher quality land

19th century

1800s

20th century

1900s

Protectorate

A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.

Boers

Also known as Afrikaners, the sector of the white population of South Africa that was descended from early Dutch settlers.

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

Indirect Rule

British and other colonial procedures through which "natives" were used to carry out colonial rule

Henry Stanley

British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. He helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State.

Cairo

Capital city of Egypt

South Africa

Colonization and control of South African territories by European powers.. 1880s: Britain defeats the Zulu -Cecil Rhodes claims Rhodesia (north of Transvaal) for Britain -1896: Rhodes plans to overthrown Boer government of South African Republic -1889-1902: Boer War, won by British -1910: Britain created the independent Union of South Africa, combining Cape Town and the Boer Republics

King Leopold II of Belgium

Hired Stanley to explore the Congo River basin and arrange trade treaties with African leaders- set off Britain, Germany, and France to do the same

Zulu chief Shaka

One of best military leaders in Africa -created very disciplined and structured way of fighting -Zulu's were very successful at war -constantly practicing and creating strategies Zulu's came very close to defeating British -fought with spears and shields, bare feet -Shala innovated a short spear and Zulu's became good with close combat -shields became larger -boys older than 6 became apprentice warriors who helped carry weapons -created "Buffalo Horn Formation"

Union of South Africa

The British united the cape Colony, Orange Free state and Transvaal into the Union of South Africa.

cultural assimilation

The process by which an individual or group becomes part of a new culture. Can occur through a variety of means (language acquisition, gaining knowledge of social norms)

Afrikaners

a South African of Dutch ancestry

Ghana

a West African trading kingdom that existed from the 6th to the 13th centuries, and is also that name of a modern-day nation in West Africa

Cape Town

a city on the Atlantic coast in South Africa

India

a country in southern Asia surrounded on three sides by the Indian Ocean

sphere of influence

a country or an area of a country that another country has the power to affect what happens there

famine

a great lack of food over a wide area

Ashanti

a major ethnic group in modern-day Ghana

missionary

a person sent to promote a religion in a foreign place

Congo

a region of central Africa, today known as the Democratic Republic of Congo

Congo Free State

a region of central Africa, today known as the Democratic Republic of Congo that was controlled by Belgium

rubber

a substance made from the dried liquid of certain tropical plants that can be turned into things like tires and balls

Social Darwinism

a theory that was popular in the United States and European nations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries based on a misreading of the work of Charles Darwin (1809-1882) that states that people are engaged in a competition or "struggle for survival" in which the weakest people and nations would be destroyed and dominated while the strong grew in power and influence some people thought that inferiority was based on skin color and used the theory to justify imperialism

British East India Company

a trading company that was given the exclusive right to trade with India from the British government in the 1600s and who expanded their power to control most of India until being replaced by the British government in 1858

accordance

agreement

treaty

an agreement between countries

unequal treaty

an agreement that greatly favors one country over another

market

an area for buying and selling goods

Zulu

an ethnic group in Southern Africa

imperialism

another term for colonialism; the domination by one country of the political, economic, and/or cultural life of another country or region. Countries or regions controlled by another country are called colonies

colonialism

another term for imperialism; the domination by one country of the political, economic, and/or cultural life of another country or region. Countries or regions controlled by another country are called colonies

Ceylon

another word for modern-day Sri Lanka that was common in the 19th and 20th centuries

imperial

having to do with an empire or an emperor

manufactured goods

items produced from raw materials

natural resources

materials the occur in nature and can be used for economic gain (to make money) like forests, water, fertile land, oil, or coal

cultural

of or relating to culture

economic

related to the use a country or region's wealth and resources

colonial

relating to colonies

Direct Rule

system of colonial government in which the imperialist power controlled all levels of government and appointed its own officials to govern the colony.

British Raj

the British government that ruled India from 1858 to 1947

submission

the act of giving being obedient and compliant

domination

the act of harsly controlling someone or something

humiliation

the act of making someone feel embarrassed or shameful

oppression

the act of treating someone or a group of people in a cruel or not fair way

mutilate

the destroy by cutting or tearing off a necessary part

territory

the land and waters that belong to a government

Industrial Revolution

the period in which the production of goods shifted from hand production methods to complex machines. This period of industrialization resulted in social and economic changes. The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain around 1750. The process of industrialization spread throughout the world in the following centuries.

White Man's Burden

the popular idea in the 19th and 20th centuries that Europeans and people of European descent (like Americans) had the responsibility to bring their culture to other parts of the world to "civilize" them. The term was coined by Rudyard Kipling in an 1899 poem entitled "The White Man's Burden."

colonization

the process of dominating a country's political, economic, and/or cultural life

amputation

the removal of a body part

consume

to eat

westernize

to make something or someone more European or American

cruel

willing to cause pain or suffering