What is imperialism?
Opium Wars
(1839-1842; 1856-1860) two wars fought in the mid-19th century between China and the British Empire over the British trade of opium and China's independence
Treaty of Nanjing
(1842) the agreement signed at the end of the first Opium War that was the first of many unequal treaties China was forced to sign in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
Cecil John Rhodes
(1853-1902) a British businessman and politician who was the Prime Minister of the Cape Colony in modern day South Africa; he founded Rhodesia (modern day Zimbabwe and Zambia)
Cecil Rhodes
(1853-1902) a British businessman and politician who was the Prime Minister of the Cape Colony in modern day South Africa; he founded Rhodesia (modern day Zimbabwe and Zambia)
Sepoy Rebellion
(1857-1858) was a revolt of soldiers employed by the British East India Company against the Company, also known as India's First War of Independence, the Great Rebellion, the Indian Mutiny, the Revolt of 1857, and the Indian Rebellion of 1857
Rudyard Kipling
(1865-1936) was a British short-story writer, poet, and novelist
Boer Wars
(1880-1881; 1899-1902) conflict between Afrikaners (Boers) and the British over land where diamonds and gold were discovered; the British defeated the Afrikaners, but soon after the Afrikaners retained power in South Africa
Scramble for Africa
(1881-1914) a period of time during which European countries competed for control over African land and resources
Berlin Conference
(1884-1885) was a meeting held in Berlin, Germany and organized by Otto von Bismarck, the first chancellor of Germany, during which European countries decided how they were going to divide up Africa for colonization
Boxer Rebellion
(1900) a conflict in which a group of religious Chinese nationalists opposed to foreign influence in the country attacked and killed missionaries and other foreign officials, and invaded the capital before being defeated by an international force of soldiers from imperial countries
Natives' Land Act
(1913) a law in the Union of South Africa that restricted African land ownership to "reserves" that segregated black and white South Africans and gave white people more and higher quality land
19th century
1800s
20th century
1900s
Protectorate
A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.
Boers
Also known as Afrikaners, the sector of the white population of South Africa that was descended from early Dutch settlers.
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.
Indirect Rule
British and other colonial procedures through which "natives" were used to carry out colonial rule
Henry Stanley
British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. He helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State.
Cairo
Capital city of Egypt
South Africa
Colonization and control of South African territories by European powers.. 1880s: Britain defeats the Zulu -Cecil Rhodes claims Rhodesia (north of Transvaal) for Britain -1896: Rhodes plans to overthrown Boer government of South African Republic -1889-1902: Boer War, won by British -1910: Britain created the independent Union of South Africa, combining Cape Town and the Boer Republics
King Leopold II of Belgium
Hired Stanley to explore the Congo River basin and arrange trade treaties with African leaders- set off Britain, Germany, and France to do the same
Zulu chief Shaka
One of best military leaders in Africa -created very disciplined and structured way of fighting -Zulu's were very successful at war -constantly practicing and creating strategies Zulu's came very close to defeating British -fought with spears and shields, bare feet -Shala innovated a short spear and Zulu's became good with close combat -shields became larger -boys older than 6 became apprentice warriors who helped carry weapons -created "Buffalo Horn Formation"
Union of South Africa
The British united the cape Colony, Orange Free state and Transvaal into the Union of South Africa.
cultural assimilation
The process by which an individual or group becomes part of a new culture. Can occur through a variety of means (language acquisition, gaining knowledge of social norms)
Afrikaners
a South African of Dutch ancestry
Ghana
a West African trading kingdom that existed from the 6th to the 13th centuries, and is also that name of a modern-day nation in West Africa
Cape Town
a city on the Atlantic coast in South Africa
India
a country in southern Asia surrounded on three sides by the Indian Ocean
sphere of influence
a country or an area of a country that another country has the power to affect what happens there
famine
a great lack of food over a wide area
Ashanti
a major ethnic group in modern-day Ghana
missionary
a person sent to promote a religion in a foreign place
Congo
a region of central Africa, today known as the Democratic Republic of Congo
Congo Free State
a region of central Africa, today known as the Democratic Republic of Congo that was controlled by Belgium
rubber
a substance made from the dried liquid of certain tropical plants that can be turned into things like tires and balls
Social Darwinism
a theory that was popular in the United States and European nations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries based on a misreading of the work of Charles Darwin (1809-1882) that states that people are engaged in a competition or "struggle for survival" in which the weakest people and nations would be destroyed and dominated while the strong grew in power and influence some people thought that inferiority was based on skin color and used the theory to justify imperialism
British East India Company
a trading company that was given the exclusive right to trade with India from the British government in the 1600s and who expanded their power to control most of India until being replaced by the British government in 1858
accordance
agreement
treaty
an agreement between countries
unequal treaty
an agreement that greatly favors one country over another
market
an area for buying and selling goods
Zulu
an ethnic group in Southern Africa
imperialism
another term for colonialism; the domination by one country of the political, economic, and/or cultural life of another country or region. Countries or regions controlled by another country are called colonies
colonialism
another term for imperialism; the domination by one country of the political, economic, and/or cultural life of another country or region. Countries or regions controlled by another country are called colonies
Ceylon
another word for modern-day Sri Lanka that was common in the 19th and 20th centuries
imperial
having to do with an empire or an emperor
manufactured goods
items produced from raw materials
natural resources
materials the occur in nature and can be used for economic gain (to make money) like forests, water, fertile land, oil, or coal
cultural
of or relating to culture
economic
related to the use a country or region's wealth and resources
colonial
relating to colonies
Direct Rule
system of colonial government in which the imperialist power controlled all levels of government and appointed its own officials to govern the colony.
British Raj
the British government that ruled India from 1858 to 1947
submission
the act of giving being obedient and compliant
domination
the act of harsly controlling someone or something
humiliation
the act of making someone feel embarrassed or shameful
oppression
the act of treating someone or a group of people in a cruel or not fair way
mutilate
the destroy by cutting or tearing off a necessary part
territory
the land and waters that belong to a government
Industrial Revolution
the period in which the production of goods shifted from hand production methods to complex machines. This period of industrialization resulted in social and economic changes. The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain around 1750. The process of industrialization spread throughout the world in the following centuries.
White Man's Burden
the popular idea in the 19th and 20th centuries that Europeans and people of European descent (like Americans) had the responsibility to bring their culture to other parts of the world to "civilize" them. The term was coined by Rudyard Kipling in an 1899 poem entitled "The White Man's Burden."
colonization
the process of dominating a country's political, economic, and/or cultural life
amputation
the removal of a body part
consume
to eat
westernize
to make something or someone more European or American
cruel
willing to cause pain or suffering