Wiley Chapter 6

Unlike carbohydrates and triglycerides, _____are not stored.

amino acids and proteins

End products of protein digestion include:

amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides

An amino group can combine with hydrogen to form _____ which is toxic.

ammonia

Amino acids found in the amino acid pool of the body:

are used to synthesize both protein and non-protein molecules.

Individuals with the genetic disorder phenylketonuria (PKU) should limit their intake of foods containing:

aspartame

Adverse reactions including flushing, headache, rapid heartbeat, chest pain and weakness have been reported after the consumption of:

monosodium glutamate

Amino acids can be used to synthesize proteins that the body needs to become _________ hormones, and blood.

muscle, enzymes

A(n) ____________ bond links one amino acid to the next.

peptide

Linkage of amino acids in a protein molecule is accomplished by:

peptide bonds

Which of the following terms can be used to describe a protein?

polypeptide

The primary source of protein for most of the world's population is:

grains and vegetables

The AMDR for protein intake is _______% of energy intake.

10-35

Proteins regulate which of the following body processes?

Acid-base balance, fluid balance, muscle contraction

_____, dipeptides, and tripeptides are absorbed at the mucosal cells of the small intestine

Amino acids

What is true about the protein in the modern American diet?

Approximately 2/3 of the dietary protein comes from meat.

Which of the following is a physical characteristic associated with Kwashiorkor?

Bloated abdomen

How are protein needs met through complementation?

Combining two plant proteins, rice and beans, will provide the essential amino acids needed.

How are protein needs determined?

Compare nitrogen consumed with the amount excreted by the body.

The specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is determined by

DNA found in the nucleus of cells.

Why is the shape of a protein important?

It determines the protein's function.

Kwashiorkor is a form of protein-energy malnutrition in which a deficiency of energy in the diet causes severe body wasting. T/F

False

Negative nitrogen balance occurs when there is an increase in total body proteins. T/F

False

Protein digestion begins in the mouth. T/F

False

Protein-energy malnutrition occurs more frequently in adults than young children, as a result of decreased physical activity. T/F

False

Which nutrient is found in plant protein foods but not in animal protein foods?

Fiber

A person eats large amounts of protein sources in the diet but yet ends up with an amino acid deficiency. How could this occurrence happen?

Increased absorption of competing amino acids that use the same transport system.

Vegan vegetarians may not get enough of which nutrient(s)?

Iron & zinc, vitamin B12, and calcium & vitamin D

What is a benefit of a vegetarian diet?

It is low in saturated fat.

Which of the following is most likely to result from a chronic deficiency of protein and energy?

Marasmus

______a stomach enzyme, initiates the break-down process by fragmenting proteins into peptides.

Pepsin

Which structure(s) is/are involved in protein translation?

Ribosome and tRNA

Which of the following is TRUE of protein needs in athletes? All

Strength and endurance athletes may require 50-100% more protein than the RDA, Protein supplements are not typically necessary as long as kcal needs are met, It is unlikely that protein requirements in excess of the AMDR would be required.

Why must some amino acids be consumed in the diet?

They cannot be synthesized by the body.

As long as vegetarians consume high quality proteins in the diet, there is little risk to develop a protein deficiency. T/F

True

Protein consumption is associated with stimulation of immune response in humans. T/F

True

__________________ are at increased risk of not getting adequate vitamin B12 in their diet.

Vegan vegetarians

Hemoglobin is an example of:

a transport protein

The synthesis of glucose from certain amino acids involves:

deamination

To estimate protein requirements, you must know a person's:

body weight

Protein complementation is a technique which:

combines proteins from different sources so that essential amino acids requirements are met.

Protein differs from carbohydrate and lipid in that protein:

contains the element nitrogen.

Complete protein sources can be found in which MyPyramid food group?

dairy

Vegetarians have a lower risk of:

diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and high blood pressure

Protein digestion continues in the_____ of the ____intestine

duodenum, small

A chemical score is calculated by comparing the amount of the limiting amino acid in the test protein with the amount of that amino acid in a reference protein such as:

egg protein

Amino acids that cannot be made by the adult human body are termed:

essential

If the shape of a protein is altered due to a genetic mutation, the _______________ of the protein may be affected.

functionality

The pH lowering effects of ______convert pepsinogen to pepsin

hydrochloric acid

Positive nitrogen balance can occur:

in a rapidly growing child.

Food allergies can result when a protein in the diet:

is absorbed without being completely digested.

A limiting amino acid:

is present in short supply relative to the body's need.

The amino acid pool refers to amino acids:

present in body tissues and fluids and that are available for protein synthesis or to generate ATP.

Which nutrient(s) found in animal protein foods is not found in plant protein foods?

saturated fat

The three-dimensional shape of a protein is determined by the:

sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

Kwashiorkor is best characterized by:

severe protein deficiency in young children.

Transamination refers to:

the transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to a carbon-containing molecule to form a nonessential amino acid.

The process of ___________ involves copying the DNA code from the gene to a molecule of mRNA.

transcription

Excess amino acids can be converted into fatty acids and stored as _______ in _____tissue. This can contribute to weight gain.

triglycerides, adipose

Deamination is the removal of the amino group NH2 and converted to the less toxic ______ molecule. This occurs in the liver.

urea

The waste product resulting from the deamination of a protein is:

urea

A pattern of food intake that eliminates all animal products is called:

vegan vegetarian