WINK FINAL 2.0
what do igneous rocks with a porphretic texture exhibit
2 different crystal sizes
What percentage of the geological time scale is Precambrian?
75%
Did the planets form before, after, or at the same time as the sun?
After the sun
Who is the "founding father" of the continental drift?
Alfred Wegener
What is the "engine" that drives plate tectonics?
Convection current
How was the first geological timescale created?
Law of superposition
What does chemical structure refer to?
The way atoms are arranged
What are the different ways igneous rocks form
Time, pressure and heat
When were large beavers and animals of that sort alive?
Two million years ago
Crystalization
formation of igneous rocks
What is the principle of original horizontality?
layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position
Describes tenacity's terms: malleability, ductility or brittleness.
malleability-A mineral that may be flattened or deformed by hammering without breaking, Ductility-ability of a material to sustain a large permanent deformation under a tensile load up to the point of fracture, Brittleness-property of a material that fractures when subjected to stress but has a little tendency to deform before rupture
prefix - porphy
many
sediment
matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid
what rock contains folds
metamorphic
regional metamorphism
metamorphism associated with large-scale mountain-building processes
Discontinous Series
olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite. Old People Are Boring
What is tectonic processes?
processes that deform Earth's crust to create major structural features, such as mountains, continents, and ocean basins
What period are we currently in?
quaternary
What is viscosity?
resistance to flow
How do erosion, weathering, water, movement, deposition connect
rocks are ERODED and WEATHERED down to fine grained particles, they are then MOVED by WATER, and DEPOSITED to form a sedimentary rock
groundmass
the matrix of smaller crystals within an igneous rock that has porphyritic texture
What is a convergent boundary?
the place where two plates come together, or converge, the result of a collision
compaction
the process by which sediments are pressed together under their own weight
What is specific gravity?
the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water
What is outgassing?
the release of gases trapped inside the Earth's interior through volcanic eruptions
What is cleavage and fracture?
the way a mineral breaks (smooth planes=cleavage, jagged edges=fracture)
What is the order of particle size from biggest to smallest
conglomerate -> sandstone -> shale
What eon are we currently in?
Phanerozoic
What is the relationship between streak and hardness?
(Idk best guess) a streak is left behind only because its hardness is higher than what it is being scratched upon
Identify galena
Color_Fresh surfaces are bright silver in color with a bright metallic luster, tarnishes to a dull lead gray Streak_Lead gray to black Luster_Metallic on fresh surfaces, tarnishes dull Diaphaneity_Opaque Cleavage_Perfect, cubic, three directions at right angles Mohs Hardness_2.5
Index Fossil
a fossil known to have lived in a particular geologic age that can be used to date the rock layer in which it is found
contact metamorphism
changes in rock caused by the heat from a nearby magma body
What is another name for the formation of the planets?
coalescence
Identify quartz
-A glassy luster. -Hardness 7 on the Mohs scale, scratching ordinary glass and all types of steel. -It breaks into curved shards rather than flat-faced cleavage fragments, meaning it exhibits -conchoidal fracture. -Almost always clear or white.
Identify calcite
-Chemical Classification_Carbonate -Color_Usually white but also colorless -Streak_White -Luster_Vitreous -Diaphaneity_Transparent to translucent -Cleavage_Perfect, rhombohedral, three directions -Mohs Hardness_3
What was the oxygen level during Carboniferous period?
32%
How old is the Earth?
4.6 billion years old
What percentage of minerals come only from eight different elements?
98%
Unconformity
A break in the geologic record created when rock layers are eroded or when sediment is not deposited for a long period of time.
What is uniformitarianism?
A concept that states that present processes also operated in the past
The mid-Atlantic ridges is what type of process?
A divergent process
Principle of Crosscutting Relationships
A feature, such as a rock structure or a fault, that cuts across rock layers is younger than the rock layers.
What is a divergent boundary?
A plate boundary where two plates move away from each other.
What is karst topography?
A ragged surface characterized by caves and sinkholes. It is caused by acid rain failing and weathering away the bedrock (generally limestone)
Parent rock
A rock that is changed into another rock during metamorphism
What are the light silicates?
A silicate mineral that lacks iron and/or magnesium. Light silicates are generally lighter in color and have lower specific gravities than dark silicates. quartz, muscovite and feldspar
glassy texture
A term used to describe the texture of certain igneous rocks, such as obsidian, that contain no crystals.
explosive volcano
A volcano with high silica content in its magma. This makes the magma thick which allows pressure to build and explode outwards. Erupts with pyroclastic material. DOES NOT SHOOT MAGMA LIKE IN MOVIES
porphyritic texture
An igneous rock texture in which large crystals are scattered on a background of much smaller crystals.
When does the North American plate stop?
At the mid-Atlantic ridge
Why don't we use the term continental drift anymore?
Because it is not just the continents moving but the whole plate that they are located on
Principle of Lateral Continuity
Beds originate as continuous layers that extend in all directions until they eventually thin out or grade into a different sediment type
Identify biotite
Biotite is very easy to identify, and with a little experience a person will be able to recognize it on sight. It is a black mica with perfect cleavage and a vitreous luster on the cleavage faces. When biotite is separated into thin sheets, the sheets are flexible but will break upon severe bending. I
Continous Series
Calcium rich Plagioclase feldspar.
Limestone is from what period?
Carboniferous
How are cleavage and fracture different?
Cleavage is the property of a mineral that allows it to break smoothly along specific internal planes (called cleavage planes) when the mineral is struck sharply with a hammer. Fracture is the property of a mineral breaking in a more or less random pattern with no smooth planar surfaces
What is in the carbonate group?
Co3-2. Calcite, dolomite.
felsic
Describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspars and silica and that is generally light in color. also known as granitic
The last mass extinction included what?
Dinosaurs
Describe scoria.
EXTRUSIVE. Extremely course, its color comes from the iron its made out of, reddish. Has pores because of outgassing
Describe obsidian.
EXTRUSIVE. Glassy texture. Forms so fast that no grains can form
Describe Ryholite.
EXTRUSIVE. low specific gravity. Salmon pink, has tiny visible grains in it. Fine grain.
At the top of Bowens Reaction Series, is it described as weathering easier or harder?
Easier, meaning the it is more susceptible to being weathered. That makes the bottom part of Bowens reaction series that it is more resistant to being weathered. *make sure to look at the Bowens Reaction series elsewhere, hard to explain it in a quizlet.
What does the mass dying mark?
End of Permian and the beginning of Triassic
What is the order of geological time?
Eon, era, period, epoch
Is basalt intrusive or extrusive?
Extrusive
Describe basalt.
Extrusive, matte black, high specific gravity rock that MAKES UP THE BOTTOM OF THE OCCEAN. Fine grain texture, rough surface(low Sio2). It is the rock that creates the black sand beaches.
Is it true or false that extrusive rock can demonstrate a coarse grain structure?
False.
What is the principle of a rock inclusion?
Figure 11.7, The principle of inclusions states that any rock fragments that are included in rock must be older than the rock in which they are included.
What evidence did Wegener use to support his hypothesis?
Fossils, glacier triaisions, and mountain ranges
What is the principle of cross-cutting relationships?
Geologic features that cut through rocks must form after the rocks that they cut through, such as a fault line.
What are native elements?
Gold, silver, platinum, copper, sulfur, graphite, diamond. Minerals that are made up of just one element
What era did the moon form?
Hadean
Describe the rock tuff.
Has a super low specific gravity. Same color of the moons surface, gray with darker grey blotches.
How did oxygen (O2) get into Earth's atmosphere?
Helium combined with hydrogen, and out gassing
Describe Mafic(Basaltic).
Mg and Fe is higher. Darker. EX: Gabbro and Basalt.
Principle of Inclusions
INCLUSIONS, or fragments of one rock contained in another, are OLDER than the rock they are found in
What is the most common rock under the crust
Igneous rock
extrusive rock
Igneous rock that forms from lava on Earth's surface
intrusive rock
Igneous rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth's surface.
What is the principle of angular unconformity?
Indicates that there was a pause in deposition, or laying on of sedimentary layers, and that the layers got pushed up and eroded, then deposition resumed. Think of cutting a rainbow in half and adding flat layers on top.
What are plutons?
Intrusion, a massive blob of magma.
Describe Felsic(granitite).
Involved in more explosive volcanoes. High silica content. EX:granite, feldspar-orthoclase, ryholite. Na and K. Sodium and potassium content is going to be high
What does the magnetic field due that helps earth sustain life?
It blocks most of harmful radioactive rays and waves from reaching earths surface
What does it tell us about magma if is thick or has a lot of viscosity?
It contains a lot silica.
What is "Old People Are Boring?"
It describes the order of the discontinuous series from the top to the bottom, olivine at 1200 degrees, to pyroxene at 1000 degrees, to Amphibole at 800 degrees, to Biotite at 600 degrees.
What is the intrusive form of basalt?
It is Gabbro.
What is porphyritic texture?
It is both large and small grains together.*DO NOT form at the same time. Large crystals=Phenocrysts, Small crystals=Groundmass. *PREFIX "porphyry________________."
What is the definition of light transmission?
It is defined as whether a rock is transparent, translucent, or apaque
What is pyroclastic debris?
It is from violent volcanic eruptions that blast enormous amounts of material into the air.
What is extrusive igneous rock?
It is igneous rock that forms from solidified lava or ash, because it comes out(extrudes) onto the earths surface.
What is intermediate?
It is igneous rocks that have chemical compositions, colors, specific gravity, and mineral assemblages between those of Felsic and Mafic rocks.
What is felsic?
It is igneous rocks(from feldspar and silica) that have the most silica and the least iron and magnesium. Felicia rocks are light colored and have low specific gravities.
Describe Gabbro.
It is intrusive rock, that formed in the same crystallization of granite but different type of magma. Has black and white crystallization. *found at OCEAN RIDGES
What is coarse grain texture?
It is large visible crystals, and organized crystals. EX:granite
Why is California so active in terms of earthquakes?
It is located near where two tectonic plates are interacting
What is lava?
It is magma that flows or spatters out on the surface as or it "explodes," often through a crack or a vent in the earth.
What is intrusive igneous rock?
It is other magma that has reached the surface and solidified underground, so called because it squeezes into(intrudes) the surrounding rocks.
Describe pyroclastic?
It is the combination of smaller and very large chunks due to flow. EX: breccia.
What are sills?
It is the formation of thin sheets parallel to the layers of wall rock.
Iidentify flourite
It is the only common mineral that has four directions of perfect cleavage, often breaking into pieces with the shape of an octahedron. It is also the mineral used for a hardness of four in the Mohs Hardness Scale.
What is volcanic ash?
It is tiny grains and particles of an assortment of rock that can either flow down the side of a volcano or be ejected into the air through an eruption of an volcano.
What is paleomagnetism?
It is when rocks that have cooled from sea floor spreading point in the direction of the magnetic poles at that time
What is the principle of non-conformity?
It is when young sedimentary strata overlay older metamorphic or intrusive igneous rock. Think of NON meaning that sedimentary layers lay on top of NON other sedimentary layers.
Describe Diorite.
It is white and black because of the minerals that it is made up of, also is INTRUSIVE. Super rough, not super shiny but all the black spots that are in it stand out a lot.
What is the theory of catastrophes?
It was a theory that earths varied landscapes had been formed primarily by great catastrophes.
Identify muscovite
It was see through Had a pearl shine to it Looked like a square of plastic
What are silicates?
Largest group of minerals. Si04. Feldspar, quartz, mical, olivine, pyroxesc, hornablade.
Silky, greasy, waxy are examples of_______________?
Luster
How does limestone form?
Marine organisms make their shells from minerals in the ocean. When they die, their shells settle onto the sea floor. Then, this sediment is compacted and cemented.
What era were dinosaurs around?
Mesozoic
relative dating
Method of determining the age of a fossil by comparing its placement with that of fossils in other layers of rock
What is the difference between a rock and a mineral?
Minerals are solid, naturally occurring, inorganic, have a fixed chemical formula and an orderly crystal structure. Rocks are made up of one or more minerals and can have organic material.
What is the connection between mineral's and chemistry?
Minerals form as a result of chemical reactions. Chemical reactions are driven mainly by the arrangement and rearrangement of electrons in atoms. In a mineral, the atoms are held together by chemical bonds, which derive from the electrons.
What is the hardness scale?
Mohs scale of hardness:1-10; one being talc, ten being diamond. 9 is corundum
What is halite's formula?
Nacl
Do the tectonic plates end at the edge of each continent?
No they extend to the out and into the ocean
Was Kansas City always located on dry land?
No, we used to be located underwater
What tectonic plate do we live on?
North American plate
How was Alfred Wegeners' theory accepted in his time?
Not very well, scientists wanted a mechanism of how how plates moved
What is in the oxide group?
O-2. Hamalite, magnetite.
Describe intermediate(Andesitic).
Opposite of Felsic is Mafic. Properties of both Felsic and Mafic. Ca will be high. EX:Diorite, andesite.
What created the atmosphere?
Outgassing of rocks
What is the most common and recent supercontinent?
Pangea
Identify feldspar
Pink Puke solid look
What causes sea floor spreading?
Plate tectonics, more specifically, divergent boundaries
Describe vesicular.
Porous structure due to outgassing. EX: Scoria.
vasicular
ROCK THAT CONTAINS GAS POCKETS
What are dark silicates?
Rich in iron and/or magnesium, compared to light silicates they have little silicate minerals. olivine, pyroxene, amphibole and biotite
Where is the youngest ocean floor found?
Right where the openings are for the ridges
What is magma?
Rock in the lower crust or upper mantle that melts to form molten material, which then rises up through the crust.
What is phaneritic texture?
Rocks that are coarse grained
What is aphanitie texture?
Rocks that fine grains
*Basalt is to Gabbro as ryholite is to granite
Ryholite is extrusive and related to granite which is intrusive. Basalt is extrusive and is related to Gabbro which is intrusive.
What is in the sulfides group?
S-2. Galena, pyrite .
What is the most common rock on the surface
Sedimentary
chemical rock
Sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystallize from a solution
Identify halite
Shape: Isometric (crystals usually look like cubes) Luster: Glassy. Color: Clear, white, pinkish, or gray. Streak: White. Hardness: 2.5 on Mohs Hardness Scale. Cleavage: 3 planes of perfect cleavage.
What is in the sulfates group?
So4-2. Barite, gypsum.
Is the core of the earth a solid or is it molten?
Solid
What is fine grain?
Some grain structure, but very small. EX: Basalt.
What is crystalline?
Specimens composed of interlocking grains
What is something that is fragmental?
Specimens that appear to have pieces cemented together are said to be fragmental.
What is a porous texture?
Sponge like mass. Super light, and has lots of mini indents caused by outgassing.
The Atlantic trenches are what type of process?
Subduction
What allowed for elements that earth is made out of to form?
Supernova
What is tenacity?
Term used for a set of physical properties: malleability, ductility or brittleness
What marks the end of the Cambrian?
The Cambrian explosion
What three periods were the dinosaurs located in?
The Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods
What are dikes?
The are intrusions that form thin sheets cutting across layering in the wall rock(the rock around the intrusion)
What is the definition of color in minerals?
The color is a constant and predictable component of the mineral. Allochromatic minerals are "other colored" due to trace impurities in their composition or defects in their structure.
What is streak?
The color of a mineral in powdered form(when you rub a rock, and it leaves a STREAK behind) not always the same color of the rock.
pyroclastic
The expulsion of ash, cinders, bombs, and gases during an explosive volcanic eruption
What are vesicles?
The individual bubbles created by out gassing
Why is the molten outer core important?
The inner core needs to be rotating to create a magnetic field
What is the principle of superposition?
The layers on top are the youngest and layers on the bottom are older
Identify pyrite
The mineral always has a brass-yellow color, a metallic luster and a high specific gravity. It is harder than other yellow metallic minerals, and its streak is black, usually with a tinge of green
What creates a coarse texture?
The outgassing of a rock.
grains
The particles of minerals or other rocks that give a rock its texture.
Uniformitarianism
The physical, chemical, and biological laws that operate today have also operated in the geologic past
cementation
The process by which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together into one mass.
What is crystallization?
The process of igneous rock formation
lithification
The process that converts sediments into solid rock by compaction or cementation.
What caused the collisions of the rocks and eventually the formation of proto-planets?
The proto-planet disc began to move and spin
What is the connection between the speed of cooling and the size of grains?
The slower something cools the larger the grains and vise-versa
How did the first geological time scale go from sort of a guess to more specific?
The use of radioactivity
What are batholiths?
They are composites of several plutons.
What are mafic rocks?
They are igneous rocks that have much less silica, potassium and sodium than felsic rocks but much more calcium, iron, and magnesium. Even fine grained Mafic rocks can therefore be recognized by their dark color and relatively high specific gravity.
How does Glassy texture get its name?
They are shiny, super smooth and look like tinted glass. They contain no grains because of how fast they cool.
We are in what type of atmosphere?
Troposphere
Describe ultramafic.
Very high in magnesium and iron. EX:period it ends.
What are pyroclastic flows?
Violent eruptions allow for situations such as superheated ash to rush down the side of a volcano that and while still hot it will fuse ash fragments together to form rock.
How did water appear on earth?
Water came from meteorites and astroid.
Explain what happens at the oceanic and continental boundaries?
When oceanic crust converges with continental crust, the denser oceanic plate plunges beneath the continental plate. This process, called subduction, occurs at the oceanic trenches. The entire region is known as a subduction zone.
What is a index fossil?
a fossil that is useful for dating and correlating the strata in which it is found.
Disconformity
a gap in the rock record that represents a period during which erosion rather than deposition occurred
What is hardness?
a mineral's resistance to being scratched
What is an Inclusion?
a piece of an older rock that becomes part of a new rock
What is a transform boundary?
a place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions
non-explosive volcano
a volcano that erupts with lava flows. It has low silica content in its magma.
What is relative dating?
any method of determining whether an event or object is older or younger than other events or objects by using objects such as index fossils
What is another name for the upper mantle?
asthenosphere
what do foliated rocks demonstrate
banding
What is crystal habit?
crystal habit is the characteristic external shape of an individual crystal or crystal group. A single crystal's habit is a description of its general shape and its crystallographic forms, plus how well developed each form is.
What is the definition of Luster?
describes the metallic or nonmetallic way that a mineral reflects light from its surface
Fine grain
faster rate of cooling causes this; smaller crystalline grains
what mineral is part of the continuous series
feldspar
another name for granitic is
felsic
How many mass extinctions have there been?
five
vascular texture
has holes
how does metamorphic rock change
heat (not too much), pressure and time
Is gabbro intrusive or extrusive?
intrusive.
Phenocysts
large crystals in a porphyritic igneous rock
strata
layers of rock
Conformable
layers of rock that have been deposited essentially without interruption
Principle of Original Horizontality
layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position
What is another name for the crust?
lithosphere
What are the layers of the earth?
lithosphere, asthenosphere, mantle, outer core, inner core
boens reaction series
look it up and study it there's gonna be a million questions on this
What is the definition of a mineral?
naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and a definite crystalline structure
can sedimentary become igneous
no
what do all metamorphic rocks have
parent rock
what is the only type of rock that fossils are found in
sedimentary
what does lithification make
sedimentary rock
biochemical rock
sedimentary rock that was formed by organisms or contains the remains of organisms
Detrital
sedimentary rocks made from the broken fragments of other rocks that are compacted and cemented together
coarse grain
slower rate of cooling causes this; Larger crystalline grains
rock cycle
starts with magma cooling into igneous rocks that rock is then weathered away, moved and deposited. It eventually compacts and cements to make a sedimentary rock that sedimentary rock is then changed into metamorphic Metamorphic rock melts into magma
Principle of Superposition
states that in undisturbed rock layers, the oldest rocks are on the bottom and the rocks become progressively younger toward the top
What is numerical dating?
the actual age of rock with radioactive determination
pyroclastic flow
the flow of ash, cinders, and gases down the side of a volcano during an explosive eruption
texture
the look and feel of a rock's surface
What is a convection current?
when a warmer molten rock rises (because of density) and a colder molten rock sinks (because of density)
What is a disconformity?
when two sedimentary rock layers are separated by an erosional surface
Angular Unconformity
where horizontally parallel strata of sedimentary rock are deposited on tilted and eroded layers, producing an angular discordance with the overlying horizontal layers
can igneous and sedimentary become metamorphic
yeah
Nonconformity
younger sedimentary strata overlie older metamorphic or intrusive igneous rocks