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what do igneous rocks with a porphretic texture exhibit

2 different crystal sizes

What percentage of the geological time scale is Precambrian?

75%

Did the planets form before, after, or at the same time as the sun?

After the sun

Who is the "founding father" of the continental drift?

Alfred Wegener

What is the "engine" that drives plate tectonics?

Convection current

How was the first geological timescale created?

Law of superposition

What does chemical structure refer to?

The way atoms are arranged

What are the different ways igneous rocks form

Time, pressure and heat

When were large beavers and animals of that sort alive?

Two million years ago

Crystalization

formation of igneous rocks

What is the principle of original horizontality?

layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position

Describes tenacity's terms: malleability, ductility or brittleness.

malleability-A mineral that may be flattened or deformed by hammering without breaking, Ductility-ability of a material to sustain a large permanent deformation under a tensile load up to the point of fracture, Brittleness-property of a material that fractures when subjected to stress but has a little tendency to deform before rupture

prefix - porphy

many

sediment

matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid

what rock contains folds

metamorphic

regional metamorphism

metamorphism associated with large-scale mountain-building processes

Discontinous Series

olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite. Old People Are Boring

What is tectonic processes?

processes that deform Earth's crust to create major structural features, such as mountains, continents, and ocean basins

What period are we currently in?

quaternary

What is viscosity?

resistance to flow

How do erosion, weathering, water, movement, deposition connect

rocks are ERODED and WEATHERED down to fine grained particles, they are then MOVED by WATER, and DEPOSITED to form a sedimentary rock

groundmass

the matrix of smaller crystals within an igneous rock that has porphyritic texture

What is a convergent boundary?

the place where two plates come together, or converge, the result of a collision

compaction

the process by which sediments are pressed together under their own weight

What is specific gravity?

the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water

What is outgassing?

the release of gases trapped inside the Earth's interior through volcanic eruptions

What is cleavage and fracture?

the way a mineral breaks (smooth planes=cleavage, jagged edges=fracture)

What is the order of particle size from biggest to smallest

conglomerate -> sandstone -> shale

What eon are we currently in?

Phanerozoic

What is the relationship between streak and hardness?

(Idk best guess) a streak is left behind only because its hardness is higher than what it is being scratched upon

Identify galena

Color_Fresh surfaces are bright silver in color with a bright metallic luster, tarnishes to a dull lead gray Streak_Lead gray to black Luster_Metallic on fresh surfaces, tarnishes dull Diaphaneity_Opaque Cleavage_Perfect, cubic, three directions at right angles Mohs Hardness_2.5

Index Fossil

a fossil known to have lived in a particular geologic age that can be used to date the rock layer in which it is found

contact metamorphism

changes in rock caused by the heat from a nearby magma body

What is another name for the formation of the planets?

coalescence

Identify quartz

-A glassy luster. -Hardness 7 on the Mohs scale, scratching ordinary glass and all types of steel. -It breaks into curved shards rather than flat-faced cleavage fragments, meaning it exhibits -conchoidal fracture. -Almost always clear or white.

Identify calcite

-Chemical Classification_Carbonate -Color_Usually white but also colorless -Streak_White -Luster_Vitreous -Diaphaneity_Transparent to translucent -Cleavage_Perfect, rhombohedral, three directions -Mohs Hardness_3

What was the oxygen level during Carboniferous period?

32%

How old is the Earth?

4.6 billion years old

What percentage of minerals come only from eight different elements?

98%

Unconformity

A break in the geologic record created when rock layers are eroded or when sediment is not deposited for a long period of time.

What is uniformitarianism?

A concept that states that present processes also operated in the past

The mid-Atlantic ridges is what type of process?

A divergent process

Principle of Crosscutting Relationships

A feature, such as a rock structure or a fault, that cuts across rock layers is younger than the rock layers.

What is a divergent boundary?

A plate boundary where two plates move away from each other.

What is karst topography?

A ragged surface characterized by caves and sinkholes. It is caused by acid rain failing and weathering away the bedrock (generally limestone)

Parent rock

A rock that is changed into another rock during metamorphism

What are the light silicates?

A silicate mineral that lacks iron and/or magnesium. Light silicates are generally lighter in color and have lower specific gravities than dark silicates. quartz, muscovite and feldspar

glassy texture

A term used to describe the texture of certain igneous rocks, such as obsidian, that contain no crystals.

explosive volcano

A volcano with high silica content in its magma. This makes the magma thick which allows pressure to build and explode outwards. Erupts with pyroclastic material. DOES NOT SHOOT MAGMA LIKE IN MOVIES

porphyritic texture

An igneous rock texture in which large crystals are scattered on a background of much smaller crystals.

When does the North American plate stop?

At the mid-Atlantic ridge

Why don't we use the term continental drift anymore?

Because it is not just the continents moving but the whole plate that they are located on

Principle of Lateral Continuity

Beds originate as continuous layers that extend in all directions until they eventually thin out or grade into a different sediment type

Identify biotite

Biotite is very easy to identify, and with a little experience a person will be able to recognize it on sight. It is a black mica with perfect cleavage and a vitreous luster on the cleavage faces. When biotite is separated into thin sheets, the sheets are flexible but will break upon severe bending. I

Continous Series

Calcium rich Plagioclase feldspar.

Limestone is from what period?

Carboniferous

How are cleavage and fracture different?

Cleavage is the property of a mineral that allows it to break smoothly along specific internal planes (called cleavage planes) when the mineral is struck sharply with a hammer. Fracture is the property of a mineral breaking in a more or less random pattern with no smooth planar surfaces

What is in the carbonate group?

Co3-2. Calcite, dolomite.

felsic

Describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspars and silica and that is generally light in color. also known as granitic

The last mass extinction included what?

Dinosaurs

Describe scoria.

EXTRUSIVE. Extremely course, its color comes from the iron its made out of, reddish. Has pores because of outgassing

Describe obsidian.

EXTRUSIVE. Glassy texture. Forms so fast that no grains can form

Describe Ryholite.

EXTRUSIVE. low specific gravity. Salmon pink, has tiny visible grains in it. Fine grain.

At the top of Bowens Reaction Series, is it described as weathering easier or harder?

Easier, meaning the it is more susceptible to being weathered. That makes the bottom part of Bowens reaction series that it is more resistant to being weathered. *make sure to look at the Bowens Reaction series elsewhere, hard to explain it in a quizlet.

What does the mass dying mark?

End of Permian and the beginning of Triassic

What is the order of geological time?

Eon, era, period, epoch

Is basalt intrusive or extrusive?

Extrusive

Describe basalt.

Extrusive, matte black, high specific gravity rock that MAKES UP THE BOTTOM OF THE OCCEAN. Fine grain texture, rough surface(low Sio2). It is the rock that creates the black sand beaches.

Is it true or false that extrusive rock can demonstrate a coarse grain structure?

False.

What is the principle of a rock inclusion?

Figure 11.7, The principle of inclusions states that any rock fragments that are included in rock must be older than the rock in which they are included.

What evidence did Wegener use to support his hypothesis?

Fossils, glacier triaisions, and mountain ranges

What is the principle of cross-cutting relationships?

Geologic features that cut through rocks must form after the rocks that they cut through, such as a fault line.

What are native elements?

Gold, silver, platinum, copper, sulfur, graphite, diamond. Minerals that are made up of just one element

What era did the moon form?

Hadean

Describe the rock tuff.

Has a super low specific gravity. Same color of the moons surface, gray with darker grey blotches.

How did oxygen (O2) get into Earth's atmosphere?

Helium combined with hydrogen, and out gassing

Describe Mafic(Basaltic).

Mg and Fe is higher. Darker. EX: Gabbro and Basalt.

Principle of Inclusions

INCLUSIONS, or fragments of one rock contained in another, are OLDER than the rock they are found in

What is the most common rock under the crust

Igneous rock

extrusive rock

Igneous rock that forms from lava on Earth's surface

intrusive rock

Igneous rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth's surface.

What is the principle of angular unconformity?

Indicates that there was a pause in deposition, or laying on of sedimentary layers, and that the layers got pushed up and eroded, then deposition resumed. Think of cutting a rainbow in half and adding flat layers on top.

What are plutons?

Intrusion, a massive blob of magma.

Describe Felsic(granitite).

Involved in more explosive volcanoes. High silica content. EX:granite, feldspar-orthoclase, ryholite. Na and K. Sodium and potassium content is going to be high

What does the magnetic field due that helps earth sustain life?

It blocks most of harmful radioactive rays and waves from reaching earths surface

What does it tell us about magma if is thick or has a lot of viscosity?

It contains a lot silica.

What is "Old People Are Boring?"

It describes the order of the discontinuous series from the top to the bottom, olivine at 1200 degrees, to pyroxene at 1000 degrees, to Amphibole at 800 degrees, to Biotite at 600 degrees.

What is the intrusive form of basalt?

It is Gabbro.

What is porphyritic texture?

It is both large and small grains together.*DO NOT form at the same time. Large crystals=Phenocrysts, Small crystals=Groundmass. *PREFIX "porphyry________________."

What is the definition of light transmission?

It is defined as whether a rock is transparent, translucent, or apaque

What is pyroclastic debris?

It is from violent volcanic eruptions that blast enormous amounts of material into the air.

What is extrusive igneous rock?

It is igneous rock that forms from solidified lava or ash, because it comes out(extrudes) onto the earths surface.

What is intermediate?

It is igneous rocks that have chemical compositions, colors, specific gravity, and mineral assemblages between those of Felsic and Mafic rocks.

What is felsic?

It is igneous rocks(from feldspar and silica) that have the most silica and the least iron and magnesium. Felicia rocks are light colored and have low specific gravities.

Describe Gabbro.

It is intrusive rock, that formed in the same crystallization of granite but different type of magma. Has black and white crystallization. *found at OCEAN RIDGES

What is coarse grain texture?

It is large visible crystals, and organized crystals. EX:granite

Why is California so active in terms of earthquakes?

It is located near where two tectonic plates are interacting

What is lava?

It is magma that flows or spatters out on the surface as or it "explodes," often through a crack or a vent in the earth.

What is intrusive igneous rock?

It is other magma that has reached the surface and solidified underground, so called because it squeezes into(intrudes) the surrounding rocks.

Describe pyroclastic?

It is the combination of smaller and very large chunks due to flow. EX: breccia.

What are sills?

It is the formation of thin sheets parallel to the layers of wall rock.

Iidentify flourite

It is the only common mineral that has four directions of perfect cleavage, often breaking into pieces with the shape of an octahedron. It is also the mineral used for a hardness of four in the Mohs Hardness Scale.

What is volcanic ash?

It is tiny grains and particles of an assortment of rock that can either flow down the side of a volcano or be ejected into the air through an eruption of an volcano.

What is paleomagnetism?

It is when rocks that have cooled from sea floor spreading point in the direction of the magnetic poles at that time

What is the principle of non-conformity?

It is when young sedimentary strata overlay older metamorphic or intrusive igneous rock. Think of NON meaning that sedimentary layers lay on top of NON other sedimentary layers.

Describe Diorite.

It is white and black because of the minerals that it is made up of, also is INTRUSIVE. Super rough, not super shiny but all the black spots that are in it stand out a lot.

What is the theory of catastrophes?

It was a theory that earths varied landscapes had been formed primarily by great catastrophes.

Identify muscovite

It was see through Had a pearl shine to it Looked like a square of plastic

What are silicates?

Largest group of minerals. Si04. Feldspar, quartz, mical, olivine, pyroxesc, hornablade.

Silky, greasy, waxy are examples of_______________?

Luster

How does limestone form?

Marine organisms make their shells from minerals in the ocean. When they die, their shells settle onto the sea floor. Then, this sediment is compacted and cemented.

What era were dinosaurs around?

Mesozoic

relative dating

Method of determining the age of a fossil by comparing its placement with that of fossils in other layers of rock

What is the difference between a rock and a mineral?

Minerals are solid, naturally occurring, inorganic, have a fixed chemical formula and an orderly crystal structure. Rocks are made up of one or more minerals and can have organic material.

What is the connection between mineral's and chemistry?

Minerals form as a result of chemical reactions. Chemical reactions are driven mainly by the arrangement and rearrangement of electrons in atoms. In a mineral, the atoms are held together by chemical bonds, which derive from the electrons.

What is the hardness scale?

Mohs scale of hardness:1-10; one being talc, ten being diamond. 9 is corundum

What is halite's formula?

Nacl

Do the tectonic plates end at the edge of each continent?

No they extend to the out and into the ocean

Was Kansas City always located on dry land?

No, we used to be located underwater

What tectonic plate do we live on?

North American plate

How was Alfred Wegeners' theory accepted in his time?

Not very well, scientists wanted a mechanism of how how plates moved

What is in the oxide group?

O-2. Hamalite, magnetite.

Describe intermediate(Andesitic).

Opposite of Felsic is Mafic. Properties of both Felsic and Mafic. Ca will be high. EX:Diorite, andesite.

What created the atmosphere?

Outgassing of rocks

What is the most common and recent supercontinent?

Pangea

Identify feldspar

Pink Puke solid look

What causes sea floor spreading?

Plate tectonics, more specifically, divergent boundaries

Describe vesicular.

Porous structure due to outgassing. EX: Scoria.

vasicular

ROCK THAT CONTAINS GAS POCKETS

What are dark silicates?

Rich in iron and/or magnesium, compared to light silicates they have little silicate minerals. olivine, pyroxene, amphibole and biotite

Where is the youngest ocean floor found?

Right where the openings are for the ridges

What is magma?

Rock in the lower crust or upper mantle that melts to form molten material, which then rises up through the crust.

What is phaneritic texture?

Rocks that are coarse grained

What is aphanitie texture?

Rocks that fine grains

*Basalt is to Gabbro as ryholite is to granite

Ryholite is extrusive and related to granite which is intrusive. Basalt is extrusive and is related to Gabbro which is intrusive.

What is in the sulfides group?

S-2. Galena, pyrite .

What is the most common rock on the surface

Sedimentary

chemical rock

Sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystallize from a solution

Identify halite

Shape: Isometric (crystals usually look like cubes) Luster: Glassy. Color: Clear, white, pinkish, or gray. Streak: White. Hardness: 2.5 on Mohs Hardness Scale. Cleavage: 3 planes of perfect cleavage.

What is in the sulfates group?

So4-2. Barite, gypsum.

Is the core of the earth a solid or is it molten?

Solid

What is fine grain?

Some grain structure, but very small. EX: Basalt.

What is crystalline?

Specimens composed of interlocking grains

What is something that is fragmental?

Specimens that appear to have pieces cemented together are said to be fragmental.

What is a porous texture?

Sponge like mass. Super light, and has lots of mini indents caused by outgassing.

The Atlantic trenches are what type of process?

Subduction

What allowed for elements that earth is made out of to form?

Supernova

What is tenacity?

Term used for a set of physical properties: malleability, ductility or brittleness

What marks the end of the Cambrian?

The Cambrian explosion

What three periods were the dinosaurs located in?

The Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods

What are dikes?

The are intrusions that form thin sheets cutting across layering in the wall rock(the rock around the intrusion)

What is the definition of color in minerals?

The color is a constant and predictable component of the mineral. Allochromatic minerals are "other colored" due to trace impurities in their composition or defects in their structure.

What is streak?

The color of a mineral in powdered form(when you rub a rock, and it leaves a STREAK behind) not always the same color of the rock.

pyroclastic

The expulsion of ash, cinders, bombs, and gases during an explosive volcanic eruption

What are vesicles?

The individual bubbles created by out gassing

Why is the molten outer core important?

The inner core needs to be rotating to create a magnetic field

What is the principle of superposition?

The layers on top are the youngest and layers on the bottom are older

Identify pyrite

The mineral always has a brass-yellow color, a metallic luster and a high specific gravity. It is harder than other yellow metallic minerals, and its streak is black, usually with a tinge of green

What creates a coarse texture?

The outgassing of a rock.

grains

The particles of minerals or other rocks that give a rock its texture.

Uniformitarianism

The physical, chemical, and biological laws that operate today have also operated in the geologic past

cementation

The process by which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together into one mass.

What is crystallization?

The process of igneous rock formation

lithification

The process that converts sediments into solid rock by compaction or cementation.

What caused the collisions of the rocks and eventually the formation of proto-planets?

The proto-planet disc began to move and spin

What is the connection between the speed of cooling and the size of grains?

The slower something cools the larger the grains and vise-versa

How did the first geological time scale go from sort of a guess to more specific?

The use of radioactivity

What are batholiths?

They are composites of several plutons.

What are mafic rocks?

They are igneous rocks that have much less silica, potassium and sodium than felsic rocks but much more calcium, iron, and magnesium. Even fine grained Mafic rocks can therefore be recognized by their dark color and relatively high specific gravity.

How does Glassy texture get its name?

They are shiny, super smooth and look like tinted glass. They contain no grains because of how fast they cool.

We are in what type of atmosphere?

Troposphere

Describe ultramafic.

Very high in magnesium and iron. EX:period it ends.

What are pyroclastic flows?

Violent eruptions allow for situations such as superheated ash to rush down the side of a volcano that and while still hot it will fuse ash fragments together to form rock.

How did water appear on earth?

Water came from meteorites and astroid.

Explain what happens at the oceanic and continental boundaries?

When oceanic crust converges with continental crust, the denser oceanic plate plunges beneath the continental plate. This process, called subduction, occurs at the oceanic trenches. The entire region is known as a subduction zone.

What is a index fossil?

a fossil that is useful for dating and correlating the strata in which it is found.

Disconformity

a gap in the rock record that represents a period during which erosion rather than deposition occurred

What is hardness?

a mineral's resistance to being scratched

What is an Inclusion?

a piece of an older rock that becomes part of a new rock

What is a transform boundary?

a place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions

non-explosive volcano

a volcano that erupts with lava flows. It has low silica content in its magma.

What is relative dating?

any method of determining whether an event or object is older or younger than other events or objects by using objects such as index fossils

What is another name for the upper mantle?

asthenosphere

what do foliated rocks demonstrate

banding

What is crystal habit?

crystal habit is the characteristic external shape of an individual crystal or crystal group. A single crystal's habit is a description of its general shape and its crystallographic forms, plus how well developed each form is.

What is the definition of Luster?

describes the metallic or nonmetallic way that a mineral reflects light from its surface

Fine grain

faster rate of cooling causes this; smaller crystalline grains

what mineral is part of the continuous series

feldspar

another name for granitic is

felsic

How many mass extinctions have there been?

five

vascular texture

has holes

how does metamorphic rock change

heat (not too much), pressure and time

Is gabbro intrusive or extrusive?

intrusive.

Phenocysts

large crystals in a porphyritic igneous rock

strata

layers of rock

Conformable

layers of rock that have been deposited essentially without interruption

Principle of Original Horizontality

layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position

What is another name for the crust?

lithosphere

What are the layers of the earth?

lithosphere, asthenosphere, mantle, outer core, inner core

boens reaction series

look it up and study it there's gonna be a million questions on this

What is the definition of a mineral?

naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and a definite crystalline structure

can sedimentary become igneous

no

what do all metamorphic rocks have

parent rock

what is the only type of rock that fossils are found in

sedimentary

what does lithification make

sedimentary rock

biochemical rock

sedimentary rock that was formed by organisms or contains the remains of organisms

Detrital

sedimentary rocks made from the broken fragments of other rocks that are compacted and cemented together

coarse grain

slower rate of cooling causes this; Larger crystalline grains

rock cycle

starts with magma cooling into igneous rocks that rock is then weathered away, moved and deposited. It eventually compacts and cements to make a sedimentary rock that sedimentary rock is then changed into metamorphic Metamorphic rock melts into magma

Principle of Superposition

states that in undisturbed rock layers, the oldest rocks are on the bottom and the rocks become progressively younger toward the top

What is numerical dating?

the actual age of rock with radioactive determination

pyroclastic flow

the flow of ash, cinders, and gases down the side of a volcano during an explosive eruption

texture

the look and feel of a rock's surface

What is a convection current?

when a warmer molten rock rises (because of density) and a colder molten rock sinks (because of density)

What is a disconformity?

when two sedimentary rock layers are separated by an erosional surface

Angular Unconformity

where horizontally parallel strata of sedimentary rock are deposited on tilted and eroded layers, producing an angular discordance with the overlying horizontal layers

can igneous and sedimentary become metamorphic

yeah

Nonconformity

younger sedimentary strata overlie older metamorphic or intrusive igneous rocks


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