World History Ch.5 Sec.1,2
Scientific method
A method of inquiry that promotes observing, measuring, explaining, and verifying as a way to gain scientific knowledge
Voltaire
french philosopher and author; he was a supporter of Deism, the idea that God was no longer involved with the universe after creating it. he also advocated a tolerant approach to religion.
heliocentric theory
scientific theory that has the sun as the center of the universe with the earth rotating around the sun.
social contract
An agreement between a people and their government, stating that people would give up some of their freedom and in return, their government would provide them with peace, security, and order
Ch. 5 sec. 1 #1-2
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ch.5 sec.2 #1-2
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Enlightenment
A time of optimism and possibility from the late 1700s; also called the Age of Reason
Scientific revolution
A transformation in European thought in the 1500s and 1600s that called for scientific observation, experimentation, and the questioning of traditional opinions
2A. What was the heliocentric theory?
All planets including earth are rotating around the sun.
2B. In what way did Galileo's view of the universe differ from Aristotle's view?
Aristotle said more massive object falls faster than a less massive object is incorrect.
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
English mathematician and natural philosophers; he discovered the law of gravity as well as laws on the physics of objects.
John Locke (1632-1704)
English philosopher and founder of British empiricism; he developed political and economic theories during the Enlightenment. He wrote " Two Treatises on Government" in which he declared that people have a right to rebel against governments that do not protect their rights.
Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)
French jurist and political philosopher; he explored democratic theories of government. He proposed a government divided into three branches and greatly influenced the United States Constitution.
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
French philosophers, mathematician, and scientist; his belief that all things should be doubted until they could be proved by reason became one of the underpinnings of the scientific method.
salons
Gatherings in which intellectual and political ideas were exchanged during the Enlightenment
2C. Why do you think the Catholic Church objected to the Galileo's theories so strongly?
I think Galileo is a Christian which is why when he proves something the church automatically thinks he's correct.
1A. What was the enlightenment?
In the 1700s when philosophers believed that they could apply the scientific method and use reason to explain human nature logically.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Italian astronomer, mathematician, and physicist; he discoveries, including the law of motion of falling objects, put him into conflict with the Roman catholic Church.
2B. How did Hobbes and Locke differ in their ideas about government?
John Locke believed in natural rights. He believed in the people and rejected the idea of absolute monarchy.
1B. How did the scientific method change the way people learned about the natural world?
People now learned to answer things based on observation, not just guessing or based on fables and beliefs.
philosophes
Philosophers in the enlightenment
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Polish astronomer; he proposed the heliocentric, or sun-centered, theory of the universe.
Geocentric theory
Scientific theory that has the earth as the center of the universe with the sun and stars revolving around it
Heliocentric theory
Scientific theory that has the sun as the center of the universe with the earth rotating around the sun.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
Swiss-French political philosopher; he valued the social contract and addressed the nature of man in his work, On the Origin of Inequality.
enlightened despots
The absolute monarchs in 18th- century Europe who ruled according to the principles of the Enlightenment
1A. What was the geocentric theory of the universe?
The geocentric theory was the belief that the Earth was the center of the universe and the sun and stars revolved around it.
1C. Why would salons be an effective way to spread Enlightenment ideas?
The salon brought together many different groups of people to share many different ideas.
1C. What effect would the scientific method have on the acceptance of the geocentric theory?
The scientific method works with geocentric except for checking the problems.
1B. Why did philosophers believe reason was important?
They believed it helped people to abandon traditional beliefs.
2A. Who was Leviathan?
Thomas Hobbes