World History Chapter 10: Medieval Kingdoms Review (Set A)
What is a carruca?
A kind of heavy plow important to medieval agriculture in Northern Europe. It used a heavy iron plowshare to turn heavy soil and may have required a team of eight oxen.
What is a vassal?
A man who served a lord in a military capacity
What was a knight?
A noble who served as a mounted warrior for a lord.
What is the Feudalism Pyramid?
A system that has monarchs at the top and goes like this:
Who were the Magyars?
An ethnic group in Hungary.
What was the status of medieval women?
Aristocrat women could own property legally, but mostly remained under the control of their fathers or husbands, they had an improvement in opportunities
What were tournaments?
Competitions in which knights participated and trained.
What was feudalism, and how did it influence medieval Europe?
Feudalism was a political and social order that people began to turn to local land aristocrats to protect them. To find a lord for protection and the people would give them their services in war.
How was the Carolingian Empire divided after Charlemagne's death in 814?
It was divided among his three grandsons, into three major sections: The West Frankish lands, Eastern Frankish lands, and Middle Kingdom
Who owned the land that serfs farmed?
Lord owned the land, or manor which was an agriculture estates that a lord ran and peasants worked in
What caused an increase in population during the Middle Ages?
New technologies, increased industrialization and more complex populations
How did increased trade give rise to commercial capitalism?
New trading companies and banking firms were set up to manage exchange and sale of goods. These new practices led to the rise of commercial capitalism
Who were the Norsemen, and what effect did they have on western Europe?
Norsemen, or Northern men, of Scandanavia also called Vikings. They were superb shipbuilders and sailors and started building settlements in Western Europe.
What benefits did guilds offer craftspeople?
Set standards/prices for merchandise, perfecting the crafts, and limiting the amount of people in trade routes
What were the rights and responsibilities of lords?
Some rights were the serfs not leaving the manor with out the lords permission, the right to try the peasants in their own court, the responsibilities of the lord was to protect his serfs, giving them the safety to the farm land
What was a lord?
Someone who granted a fief (piece of land) to a vassal.
What conditions and factors let to the growth of independent medieval cities?
Technology, population growth, improving of crafts, increased trade, which led to development
Why and how did feudalism develop?
The Vikings constantly threatened Europe, people began to turn to local aristocrats, or nobles, to protect them. To survive they needed a powerful lord who could offer protection. This led to feudalism.
What change in crop rotation increased farm yields?
The change in crop rotation improved food production. Instead of dividing their land into two fields like they once did but was unsuccessful, they divided it into three. Keeping their social, fertile, while allowing people to grow more crops.
What is chivalry?
The code of honor that knights had to follow.
What was the feudal contract?
The feudal contract was sealed by an oath of omage and fealty sealed it. It was the granting and receiving of feifs which was confirmed by a contract. This contract lasted until death, the exchange of rights over land given by a lord for military and other honorable services given by a vassal. It determined the relationship between a lord and a vassal.
What is a fief?
The grant of land made to a vassal
Who were the nobility during the Middle Ages?
The kings, dukes, barons, counts and even bishops who had political power
How did the use of iron affect medieval farming?
The use of iron made farming grow, caruca was the first tool made out of iron, helping farming expand. It also increased food production and made farming more efficient
In what ways were knights central to feudalism?
They were the backbone of the aristocracy, powerful nobles who took ownership of land. They fought, feudalism would have not developed without them
What was the status of medieval vassals?
They were wealthier than others because they were higher on the hierarchy
When did townspeople gain new rights and why?
Towns people gained new right in 1100. Towns people needed freedom for trade. They wanted their own unique laws and willing to pay for it
How did the concept of chivalry influence medieval life?
Under the influence of catholic church, chivalry was the idea of civilized behavior which gradually evolved. A knight was to defend the church and defenseless people, not captivate people in dungeons, and treat aristocrat women with tenderness and respect
Where are Europe's main medieval trading centers?
Venice in Italy and towns in Flanders along the coast of present day Belgium and northern France
What is commercial capitalism?
an economic system in which people invested in trade and goods for profit