World History: Chapter 8
In the system of enlightened -, rulers tried to follow Enlightenment principles while keeping their royal -.
Absolutism, powers
What does laissez-faire mean, and who explained it in The Wealth of Nations?
Adam smith explained laissez-faire in The Wealth of Nations. It is the doctrine that the state should not regulate the economy
The Great War for Empire, fought between - and France, took place in - and North America.
Britain, India
The constitutional convention of 1787 created a - system in which the national and state governments shared power.
Federal
How did Galileo revolutionize the field of astronomy?
He was the first to use the telescope and discovered the heavenly bodies were not orbs of light but made of material like earth.
Who discovered the universal law of gravitation?
Isaac Newton
Austria's - implemented radical reforms; he abolished - and eliminated the death penalty.
Joseph II, serfdom
Using - ideas, the government was separated into three branches: executive, legislative, -.
Montesquieu's, judicial
The Treaty of - was signed in 1763 and left control of India to the -.
Paris, British
Where was Earth in Ptolemy's and Copernicus' conceptions of the universe?
Ptolemy thought it was earth-centered, geocentric. Copernicus thought it was sun-centered, heliocentric
What made the rococo style of art different from the earlier baroque style?
Rococo style art was secular and emphasizes grace, charm, gentle, and lightness action rather than grandeur and power
New ways of thinking, the invention of new instruments, and an emphasis on mathematics led to the --.
Scientific revolution
What two reasons did Mary Wollstonecraft present for giving women equal rights?
She argued that men's arbitrary power over women was wrong and women as human beings who had reason deserve equal rights
Support from -, -, and the Dutch Republic helped the colonists win the American Revolution.
Spain, France
The enlightened absolutists were guided mostly by their interest in the power and welfare -.
State
What instruments made scientific discoveries possible and helped ideas spread quickly?
Telescope, microscope; the printing press helped spread scientific ideas
George Washington was commander in chief of the - army.
continental
The - of Confederation created an excessively - central government.
Articles, weak
Important breakthroughs in -,-, and - occurred.
Astronomy, medicine and chemistry
Eighteenth century rulers concern with the - of power among states led them to use their armies to conquer new lands,
Balance
What is the scientific method, and why did Francis Bacon develop and promote it?
It is a procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence, Bacon believed the scientific method would lead to practical discoveries that would help people
How did Locke's and Newton's ideas influence Enlightenment intellectuals?
Locke's idea of a tabula rasa and Newtons emphasis on natural law led thinkers to focus on creating a better, even ideal, society
After the Seven Years' War, Britain imposed the -- and other taxes in an effort to cover its expenses.
Stamp Act
The war of Austrian - took place in Europe, Asia, and -
Succession, North America
In 1748, the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was signed, which guaranteed that all - would return to their original powers, except -, which remained in the hands of Prussia.
Territories, Silesia
How does Rousseau's The Social Contract describe Liberty?
The social contract argues that Liberty is achieved when an entire society agrees to be governed by the general will; people are "forced to be free"
The states later approved ten - to the Constitution known as the ---.
amendments, Bill of Rights