World History Chapter.23
Concordat
(agreement) between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII. Showed church's influence, but gave them no power on national affairs.
What did Napoleon consider his greatest triumph in domestic policy?
His Napoleonic Code.
What did the constitution that Louis sign in Sept. of 1791 have on the government?
It limited monarchy power
What was the long-term legacy of the Congress Of Vienna?
It maintained a balance of power, diminshed the size and power of France, started the spread of Nationalism in Western Europe leading to more revolutions and new nations
Congress Of Vienna
It was a series of meetings in Vienna to set up policies to create a new European order. (security)
Holy Alliance
It was an agreement between emperor of Austria and czar of Russia and king of Prussia. They pledged to base their foreign relations on Christian principles. It was aimed at combatting the forces of revoultion.
Where did france conquer during napoleons reign in the army?
Italy and austrian netherlands
Robespierre killing Danton would be like
Jefferson killing Adams
Storming of the Bastille
July 14, 1789 when mob and some of the king's soldiers attacked the Bastille which was a jail where the gun powder was kept the effect was the people getting left out, only 7 but the impact was great and all the guards got killed
Flight to Varenne
June 20-22 1791, Louis XVI and family fled to Belgium because Marie was from Austria and they were going to be with her emperor brother, a postmaster recognized them in Varenne and they were forced back, this plan would have succeeded but the children were sick and Marie Antoinette would not leave without them
Why did people in other European countries resist Napoleon's efforts to build an empire?
Because they didn't want him taking over their country and due to Napoleon's mistakes, he never did take over and he lost.
Why was the congress of vienna considered a sucess?
Because they eventually set up a new European order
Why were the members of the Third Estate dissatisfied with their way of life under the Old Regime?
Because they thought that all men were born and created equal and it wasn't fair that the first and second estate had more rights and power than them and they wanted equality. They wanted to abolish the three estates and have everyone be treated equally and all be able to have the same amount of rights, such as participation in government and being allowed to vote.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Born 1769 in Corsica. Became a military leader at the age of 16.
Main Naval Power in Europe
Britain
Who were the constitutional monarchies?
Britain and france
Battle of Toulon
British took port of Toulon with navy, artillery captain (France) Napoleon Bonaparte re-takes Toulon causing Bonaparte to become a hero at a young age
Scorched-earth policy
Burning crops and killing livestock so the enemy had nothing to eat.
Africans fought under the leadership of Touissaint L' Ouverture
Civil war
Blockade
Closed all the ports to stop trade and communication from happening between Europe and Great Britain.
Developed by metternich, ensured nations would intervene to prevent revolutions
Concert of europe
European leaders wanted a plan to stabilize power in europe
Congress of vienna
Radical Lawyers in the Jacobin Club
Danton, Robespierre, Desmoulins, St. Just
The Crowning of Napoleon
December 2, 1804, Napoleon was crowned emperor. He walked down the aisle at Notre Dame, and there the pope handed him a crown, and he crowned himself making a gesture that he had more power than the church.
Klemens Von Metternich
Decisions made in Vienna were done secretly by five great powers; King Frederick William III of Prussia, Czar Alexander I of Russia, Emperor Francis I of Austria, Britain and France by Foreign ministers, and Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria—the most powerful. Metternich distrusted democratic ideals of the French Revolution. Napoleon's dictatorship was a result of experiments with democracy.
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Declaration of Rights of Man was a statement of Revolutionary Ideals which reflected the influence of enlightenment ideas. "Men are born free and Remain equal in Rights". The declaration did not apply to women.
"Men are born and remain free and equal in rights"
Declaration of the rights of man
What was the most advanced European country in the 1700's?
France
Estate
France's population was divided into three groups based on their wealth, the first, second and third estate
Bourgeoisie
French middle class or city-dweller
Gentry
French upper class
Marie Antoinette
From Austria (enemy) Louis XVI wife, led France into debt by spending money gambling and on hairdos and jewelry.
Berger
German city-dweller
Bergermister
German mayor
In your opinion, was Napoleon the creator or the creation of his times.
He was the creator because he was doing things that some people had not done before and he succeded in some of them
Klemens von Matternich
He was the most influencial person, foreign minister of Austria.
System of law, sacrificed individual rights for national stability, restored control and slavery to french colonies in the carribean
Napoleonic code
Continental System
Napoleons name for his set of blockades.
Who sent Robespierre to be executed?
Nation convention
3rd estate reforms into the
National Assembly
After the legislative assembly disbanded, what was the new governing body called?
National convention
If you had been a member of the bourgeoisie, would you have been satisfied with the results of Napoleon's actions?
No, because even though he did things that were beneficial to France, he made three very stupid mistakes that cost him everything and he eventually was exiled away and left to die.
Emigres
Nobles and others who fled France during the peasant uprising. They hoped to undo revolution.
Emigre
Nobles and others who had fled France and hoped to undo the revolution and restore the Old Regime.
Wrote declaration of rights of women,was declared enemy of the revolution and was executed
Olympe de gouges
Who became leader of jacobins in the early 1793 & later a dictator of france?
Robespierre
M. Robespierre
Robespierre and his followers set out to build a government of virtue. He tried to erase France's past, no household item would go unnoticed. He became the leader of the Committee of Public Safety. He governed France almost as a dictator, and his reign was called the Reign of Terror. The famous victim was the former queen, Marie Antoinette. Fellow revolutionaries challenged his leadership. The National convention feared defending him, but joined in condemning him to death. Thousands of people were sentenced to death under the flimsiest charges.
When there was a republic
Robespierre made a new calander
Ruling Family of Rusia
Romanovs until 1919
Great Fear
Rumors of nobles hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants were circulating. A wave of senseless called the great fear hit. Many ordinary citizens became outlaws. Women rioted and killed two guards. The king and his servants had to leave, and never saw the magnificent palace Versailles again.
Great Fear
Rumors spread that nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants. Peasants destroyed and burned nobles houses and attacked Versailles and demanded the king and queen move back to Paris.
What similarities and differences do you see between these political factions in the Legislative Assembly and those in the U.S. government today?
The Legislative Assembly represented different points of view (conservatives, moderates....) Today, our government represents different points of views such as republicans and democrats.
How did Napoleon become a hero in France
The National Convention told a young Napoleon to defend the delegates. Napoleon greeted thousands of royalists with a cannonade and within minutes, attackers fled the field in panic and confusion. He was known as the hero of the hour.
Coup d etat
The directory lost control of the political situation in France, but their control over the Army kept them in power. Napoleon was urged to seek political power with his wife Josephine. They tried to influence the directory to give them power, but the next day, negotiations ended and his army drove members out of the chamber. Three consuls were developed, and Napoleon was head of one of them. Coup d'etat is a sudden change of power. When he took power, France was at war. He took his troops to fight, and eventually a treaty was signed making peace. It had been 10 years since France wasn't fighting. Napoleon worked on restoring order to France.
How did the slogan "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" sum up the goals of the Revolution?
The goal of the revolution was to make everyone equal and the same and the slogan is three things that the revolution hoped would happen as an outcome.
Who did Napoleon's reforms help?
The little people, lower class, because he did not like the upper class/aristocracy because they made fun of him as a kid
Tennis Court Oath
The national assembly met together in a tennis court and refused to leave until they instituted a new constitution.
Reign Of Terror
The period of time when Robespierre ruled.
Legitimacy
The principle that as many as possible of the rulers that Napoleon displayed would be restored to power.
Old Regime
The social and political system of France, three estates- first, second and third
Coup d'etat
When a military leader forces the government out of power and becomes a dictator.
How did the Reign Of Terror come to an end?
When the National Assembly eventually became frightened by Robespierre and he was guillotined.
From France's point of view, do you think the Congress Of Vienna's decisions were fair?
Yes, because in the end, they did many things that benefited France such as maintain a balance of power in France.
Do you think this chain of events could have been changed in any way?
Yes, if certain people had not gotten involved. Such as Robespierre, he was a dictator who had many people beheaded, even those who were supporters of the revolution. He thought that any problem could be solved by having a few people killed.
Do you think that changes in the French government were inevitable?
Yes, if they had a better ruler that was more prepared to take over and if that ruler cared and listened to his people, things could have change. People would not go to the extreme of killing each other over a piece of bread.
Hundred Days
a brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming the emperor of France.
Committee of Public Safety
a committee established during the French Revolution to identify "enemies of the republic"
Jacobin Club declared France
a constitutional monarchy
Blockade
a forcible closing of ports, Napoleon signed in November 1806. Prevented trade and communication between Great Britian and other European nations
Bastille
a jail
What did Louis inherit from the previous kings?
a large amount of debt
Code Napoleonic/Napoleonic Code
a law code that mainly addressed civil matters, reformed marriage/divorce, reformed ownership of land by ending feudalism and serfdom, reformed the army
Death of Robespierre brought in
a more conservative era
Danton
a revolutionary leader who was devoted to the Rights of Paris's poor people, joined the club as a talented speaker.
Congress of Vienna
a series of meetings in Vienna were called to set up policies to establish long-lasting peace and stability. Metternich had 3 goals at the Congress of Vienna; Prevent future French aggression -surrounding them with strong countries, Balance of Power—no country a threat to others, and restore royal families to the thrones before Napoleon's conquest
At the Estates General meeting of 1789, the Third Estate...
called for a constitutional monarchy which was influenced by England NOT America - there was a vote taken but the First and Second Estates voted together and the Third Estate's vote only counted as much as either the First or Second Estate even though they had more people so Third Estate ignored the outcome
Estates General of 1789
called in spring of this year because Necker pushed to get it together causing King Louis XVI to call it and it was the first time in 175 years, since 1614
Friends with Robespierre's brother -
caused Bonaparte to not be in the army at first
What did napoleon restore to france?
church properties
During the Revolution what were people encouraged to call each other?
citoyen
Battle of Trafalgar
combined French and Spanish fleet was defeated by the British fleet led by Horatio Nelson in this naval battle, Nelson died during the battle and now there is a statue of him in Trafalgar Square
Admiral Horatio Nelson
commander of the British fleet that defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar.
Right Side
conservative
Napoleon became emperor by a
coup d'etat, seizing power with 2 cohorts whom he soon dropped as they were only there to make it seem like Napoleon was not power hungry, he did this because he thought government was not solid
guillotine
device used during the reign of terror to execute
faction
dissenting group of people
Trial and Execution of the Monarchs
during the Reign of Terror, execution - payback
napoleonic code
economic reform; body of french civil laws
Committee of Public Safety
established to control other committees of convention, Jacobins under Robespierre set up trials and executions, Robespierre/Danton - committee supervisor, during the Reign of Terror was responsible of thousands of executions including Dantons
What were France's social classes called?
estates
Clergy, tax exempt, owned 10% of land
first estate
Exile to Elba
following the Treated of Fontainebleau, Napoleon was exiled to Elba after a forced abduction, he was there 300 days before leaving, allowed to rule there
What were the king and queen known for?
their extravagant spending
Riots break out in Paris because of Necker's firing
there are mob attacks including the storming of the Bastille
What was the second estate's response to being told they were going to be taxed?
they called a meeting of the Estates-General
Napoleon's Date of Death
May 5, 1821
Jacobin
Members of radical or political or specific organization.
Marie Antoinette spent a lot of government money to pretend to be a _________________
Milk Maid
Jacobins
Most radical group in 1792, where violent speech making was the order of the day. They wanted to remove the king and establish a republic
Who did france assign to command their army?
Napoleon
Who escaped from exile in Elba, was emperor of france again, but eventually defeated by british and prussian troops?
Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte went to Military School at the age of 9, and finished at the age of 16 when he became a lieutenant in the artillery during the revolution. Napoleon was handed his fate when an official told him to protect the delegates. The attackers fled in panic and confusion as he was called the hero of the hour. He was appointed to lead an army against Austria. He won a series of battles, and crushed the Austrian threat to France. He went to Egypt where he was pinned down, but made sure that General was only related to Napoleon.
Hundred Days
Napoleon came back from his exile in Elba and made himself emperor again and had battles with the counties who had defeated him to prove his strength, but failed at the Battle of Waterloo so was again exiled
Egyptian Campaign
Napoleon decides to take the Middle East to piss off England so he invades Egypt, he wins against the Turks on land, British Admiral Horatio Nelson destroys Bonaparte's fleet at Nile Delta leaving the troops stranded in the desert
Napoleon's French
Napoleon did not hear French until age 8, made fun of for his accent, and in his diary as he was dying he said that he would never get the hang of the language
What percent of their income did the first estate pay to taxes?
2%
What percent of the land did the nobles own?
20%
Reign of Terror
30,000 killed and mostly from the upper class, angry with clergy so they made them take oaths to France because they were against the revolution so some of the people killed were also of the church, it lasted 1 1/2 years, originally Danton but Robespierre put him to death when Danton accused Robespierre of being to radical and losing it and he lost it for good when he killed Danton, Robespierre also put Desmulins to death, Robespierre thought that Danton and his followers had relaxed methods of dealing with emergencies, time when few men tried to govern France, time of war and crisis, time that should be associated with poor people filling the court and cheering on people's executions, Austria, England, Russia invade so their people do not hear about what is happening in France because the royal houses are scared, they do not want their people hearing "liberty, equality, fraternity," Robespierre and Danton governed, financial problems worsen, thousands arrested and executed, members of Convention had Robespierre killed out of fear that he would turn against them, other members were hung
The Directory
3rd Constitution written, placed power firmly in the hands of the upper middle class and called a two-house legislature and an executive body of five men. The five men were moderates, not revolutionary idealists.
Tennis Court Oath
3rd Estates found themselves locked out of meeting room so they broke into a Tennis Room and stayed until a new Constitution was written.
Women's March
6,000 Women rioted over the rising price of Bread. Men and Women broke into Versailles and ordered Louis, Marie, and the kids out and banished them to Paris.
What percent of the population were the peasants?
80%
About what percent of people belonged to the third estate?
97%
Maximilien Robespierre
A dictator who's rule was known as the Reign Of Terror and believed all problems could be solved by beheading people. Many people became afraid of him.
Legislative Assembly
A legislative body that had the power to create laws and approve or reject declarations of war. However, the king still held the power to enforce laws.
Guillotine
A machine that beheaded people in a quick and humane manner.
Middle class, well educated, no privileges but could be very wealthy
bourgeoisie
Pain
bread in French
national assembly
made up of third estate
Camille Desmoulins
man who got up and said "to arms" causing the storming of the Bastille for gunpowder
Citoyen
means citizen, makes people seem equal, got nobles angry but they could not do anything about it
jacobins
members of the radical group; middle class
bourgeosie
middle class/top of the third estate
Scorched Earth Policy
military tactic where people voluntarily burn land and run away to prevent attacking groups from being sustained of their supplies
Marat
most prominent radical leaders. During the Revolution he edited a radical Newspaper. His fiery editorials called for "five or six hundred heads cut off: to rid France of the enemies of the Revolution.
Concert of Europe
nations would help each other in case of revolutions.
Balance of Power
no country a threat to others. Leaders of Europe wanted to weaken France, not take to much so they wouldn't seek revenge. Breaking up France could give another country great power. All land gained by Napoleon would be given taken away from France.
Marie Antoinette
not popular with people, spends all money, named Madame Deficit
cahier
notebook used during french revolution to record grievances
tennis court oath
oath made in tennis court by third estate vowing to never separate
Change is in the air because...
of political events in England and America (the American Revolution), writings of the Enlightenment Thinkers, calls for change in France, Estates General
In relation to Napoleon's age, Josephine was ______
older
emigre
person who flees their country for political reasons
Sans-Cullote
poor people - literally means without fancy pants
nationalism
pride in ones country
Louis XVI fires Necker
public upset because now they know that he is not planning on using Necker's ideas
How did the first and second estates view the enlightenment ideas?
radical ideas that threatened their status and power
The Flight to Varenne gives
radicals supremacy because it shows the king's lack of faith, shows that he does not care, and it was a stalemate until this
What three groups were the legislative assembly split into?
radicals, moderates, and conservative
What did the national assembly vow to do?
reform the french government for the people
Time when Robespierre executed as many as 40,000
reign of terror
What did the creation of the National Assembly begin?
representative government
legitamacy
restoring hereditary monarchs that were unseated
What did the fall of the Bastille come to symbolize for the French people?
revolution
Girondins
right, conservatives
Small business owners that waned more changes
sans culottes
Rich nobles, owned 20% of land, 2% of the population, nearly tax exempt, and held government offices
second estate
Coup d'etat
seize of government power through force
Why was Marie unpopular?
she was a member of the Austrian royal family
Napoleon promoted based on...
skill rather than nobility - disliked nobles because he got made fun of as a child
In response to the tennis court oath and national assembly, what did Louis do/
stationed his mercenary army around Versailles
bastille
symbol of tyranny, (july 14th 1789), tore apart the social hierarchy
concert of europe
system in which countries met to discuss problems
Old Regime
system of Feudalism left over from the Middle Ages. Noblemen helped sweep away feudal privileges of First and Second Estate making commoners and peasants equal to nobles. They were motivated far more by fear than idealism.
republic
system of government in which officials are chosen by people
Evolution
takes time, what the Girondins/conservatives/right siders wanted
National assembly would not stop until they had a new constitution
tennis court oath
estate
term for social class in france
Napoleon's captors did not just kill him because...
that would have made him a martyr
Estates
the 3 social classes in France before the French Revolution
American Revolution was influenced by
the Enlightenment Thinkers
We won the American Revolution because...
the French helped us win
Fraternity in the Jacobin Club Motto said that
the Jacobin club was a mens club and there were no women
What was the social and political system of France in the 1700's called?
the Old Regime
Example of Napoleon's huge Ego
the Pope traveled from Rome to crown Napoleon emperor and while the Pope is reaching for the crown, Napoleon takes the crown and crowns himself
What three groups made up the third estate?
the bourgeoisie, the workers, and the peasants
Why is there no Louis XVII?
the children of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette died of mysterious circumstances in prison and the next Louis took the title Louis XVIII out of respect
Who made up the first estate?
the clergy
What was the first deliberate act of revolution?
the creation of the national assembly
5 men executive body
the directory
Considered a Possible Cause of Napoleon's Death
the enemies of Napoleon could have told his cooks at St. Helena to gradually poison him with arsenic, eventually leading to his death
Which two estates had privileges?
the first and second
Words are dangerous
the kings and royal families of neighboring countries did not want their people hearing "liberty, equality, fraternity" and about the republic so they attacked
Who were the bourgeoisie? (describe what they did/ education/ enlightenment views/ taxes/ felt)
the middle class (bankers, factory owners, merchants, professionals, and skilled artisans), were well educated and believed strongly in the enlightenment ideals; paid high taxes; felt that their wealth entitle them to a greater degree of social status and political power
ancien regime
the name used for the old order of french society
What did the estates declare themselves?
the national assembly
Who made up the second estate?
the nobles
Ancien Regime
the old system
What was the largest group in the third estate?
the peasants
Reign of Terror
the period from mid-1793 to mid-1794, when Rospierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed.
suffrage
the right to vote
waterloo
the term waterloo now means final defeat
Staple Food
the thing that fills you up, throughout history it has been mostly grains and starch
What was the tennis court oath, and why was it called that?
the third estate delegates were locked out of their meeting room so they instead met on a tennis court, promising not to leave until they had created a new constitution
Why did the third estate want to change the rules of the estates-general?
the two privileged estates could always outvote the third estate
Criminal Law
the type of law that someone gets tried for if they break a law
Who was the poorest group in the third estate?
the urban workers
Scorched Earth Policy
burning grain fields and slaughtering livestock so as to leave nothing the enemy could eat.
left, right and center
left: radicals right: conservatives (emigres) center: moderates (sans-cullotes)
Moderates
"right wing" Upheld the idea of a limited monarchy, wanted few changes in government.
estates-general
legislative body made up of representatives of each of the three estates
Conservatives
"centrists" Wanted some change in government, but not as much as Radicals.
Radicals
"left wing" opposed the King/Monarchy, wanted LOTS of change in government and proposed that common people have full power in a republic
What percent of the land did the first estate own?
10%
Last Estates General Meeting
1614, the year after Henry was stabbed and his son (Louis XIV) came to power in 1613
The estates-general meeting was the first in how many years?
175
Revolutionary France
1791-1799, National Assembly during a constitutional monarchy, the National Assembly was trying to work with the king but the Bourbons did not want to work with Parliament, radicals - Jacobins - left, conservatives - Girondins - right, Brissots under Girondins, radicals wanted a republic
Napoleon made himself emperor in
1802
The Louisiana Purchase took place in the year ______
1803
Which group belonged to which estate/%
1st Estate is Clergy(high office, didn't pay taxes, made up of Roman Catholic Church) payed 2% of taxes, 2nd Estate is Nobility(high office, didn't pay taxes) payed no taxes, 3rd Estate is Peasants (3 Groups) payed 1/2 of income to Nobles
What percent of the population were the nobles?
2%
Jacobin Club Motto
liberty, equality, fraternity
Concordat
Agreement with Pope Pius VII the recognized the influence of the church but rejected church control.
Concert Of Europe
Alliances devised by Matternich to ensure other nations would help out if other revolutions would break out.
Estates-General
An assembly of representatives from all three estates. Hadn't been held in 175 years. Each Estate had one vote.
Louis XVI's attempted Escape
As the relationship between Church and State, Louis XVI pondered his faith as a monarch. Advisers warned him that he and his family were in danger. Many supporters of the Monarchy, left the country. Louis tried to escape to Austria, and was recognized by a postman. His family was escorted by guards back to Paris where he sealed his doom.
Waterloo
At the battle of Waterloo, Napoleon and his troops held the British until the Prussian army came, and they sent the French troops running. That ended his 100 days of rule.
Waterloo
Battle in Belgium where European allies were fighting against Napoleon, British and Prussian forces chased him from the field and had him sent to St. Helena but was exiled back to Elba where he died.
Why was Napoleon's delay of the retreat from Moscow such a great blunder?
Because he had decided to stay longer during the winter months, the weather was extremely harsh and he and his army were not prepared. Due to the scorched-earth policy, they also had no food to eat or drink. Napoleon lost many of his men to do harsh weather conditions, starvation, or desertion.
Why did Napoleon have trouble fighting the enemy forces in the Peninsular War?
Because his fleet was split into 2 and captured and he was forced to give up all of his plans to invade Great Britain and was unable to invade Great Britain.
Why did liberals and conservatives differ over who should have power?
Because if the liberals had the power, they would create new things and ideas but if the conservatives had power, they would want everything to go back to the way it used to be.
Why is Parliament called Parliament?
Because in French as in Italian a form of Parli or (parlare in Italian) means to speak or to be heard meaning that Parliament existed so the people would be heard
Why do you think some members of the First and Second Estates joined the National Assembly and worked to reform the government?
Because like the third estate, these people also wanted change in the government and to abolish the estates completely and have everyone be treated fair and equal.
Tennis Court Oath
Because of their want for radical reforms, the Third Estate was locked out of their meeting hall by the King so they reconvened at an indoor tennis court and made an oath not to disband until they got the change they wanted
How did the purpose of the meeting of the Estates-General in 1789 change?
Each representative from each estate had one vote so that one person was representing their entire group and they should have gotten more votes.
Latin for I
Ego
Napoleon left his troops in
Egypt and returned to France
Monarchists that fled France which wanted to restore monarchy
Emigres
John Locke's Natural Laws
life, liberty, property
What did the colonists demand in 1789?
End of slavery
Who attacks France to end French Revolution?
England, Prussia, Austria-Hungary
In effort to isolate britain from europe, what did Napoleon do?
Established blockade system
What did the radicals want?
Extreme reforms
Why was Bonaparte an enigma?
Famous Frenchmen- not French but Italian, he saved the French Revolution and then became emperor
Battle of Trafalgar
Fighting the British navy and he split the French army and captured half their ships which made it impossible for him to invade Great Britain again.
Estates General
First Estate (1% of the population made up of the clergy-church), Second Estate (2% of the population, composed of nobility), Third Estate (97% of the population, everyone else)
Lycee
Government-run public schools to train government officials
How did Great Britain combat Napoleon's naval blockade
Great Britain responded with their own set of blockades and still ignored Napoleon's blockade's and smuggled goods into France anyway.
Wars of Expansion were mainly with
Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, Prussia, and Russia
Legitimacy
Great powers affirmed the principle of legitimacy, they restored the leaders that had lost their thrones to Napoleon. The Congress of Vienna believed that restoring the original rulers would help promote peace and stability between the nations. The Congress was a political triumph—no one felt they had been cheated. For once, the political powers of an entire continent were in agreement. The European nations had temporarily assured a balance of power.
Ruling Family of Austria-Hungary
Hapsburg
What factors led to Robespierre becoming a dictator?
He believed that all problems could be solved by chopping peoples heads off. He had many people guillotined including enemies of the revolution and supporters of the revolution who questioned him.
How was Napoleon able to control the countries neighboring the French Empire?
He fought them and in a series of brilliant battles, he crushed the opponent and forced the other countries to sign peace treaties.
Elba
He surrendered, and was sent to an island, Elba, off the coast of Italy, and found it hard to retire at age 45.
Peninsula War
His second mistake was invading Portugal because they weren't following the Continental System. Napoleon put his brother Joseph on the thrown enraging loyalists. The French attacked the church by outlawing the Spanish Inquisition. Guerilla attacks were common in Spain since people disagreed. During the Peninsula War, 300,000 men were killed which weekend the French. Other people conquered by the French were turning against the French.
Ruling Family of Prussia
Hohenzollen
Napoleon had no choice but to invade Russia. Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not?
I do not agree with this statement at all. Napoleon decided to invade Russia because Russia refused to stop selling grain to Great Britain. Even though he wanted them to stop, there was nothing really that he could do about it but if he HAD to do something about it, then the only choice may have been to invade Russia. He "didn't want to" but because Russia refused to stop selling grain, but he didn't really have much of a choice but to if he wanted them to stop.
Do you think that Napoleon was a great leader?
I think he was an okay leader because he did good things such as put in government run public schools but he also did not so smart things such as allowing slavery again and using his three mistakes which in the end, ended up costing him everything.
Napoleon had to deal with forces both inside and outside the French Empire. In your judgment, which area was more important to control.
I think inside the French Empire because he is the ruler and he should keep his area safe and peaceful and going right instead of controlling forces outside of France even though that was also important.
What do you think is meant by the statement that the French Revolution let the "genie out of the bottle"?
I think it means that everything is fine until someone does something that leads to something bigger that can have both good and bad concequences. In the genie in the bottle case, I think everything is okay until someone lets the genie out. He gives you three wishes which you must be super precise about because you will not always get what you wish for so what happens may be good or bad, but there is always a trick or concequence. In the French Revolution, "the genie", is the idea of democracy where people should be allowed to overthrow their rulers.
Which of these events do you think had the greatest impact on Napoleon's rise to power.
I think the Napoleonic code because it was his set of laws and his laws are what he followed which eventually led to his rise to power and then to his defeat later on.
France in a state of bankruptcy because...
King Louis XVI (and wife Marie Antoinette) spent lavishly, Versailles, wars
Holy Alliance
Late in 1815, Czar Alexander, Emperor Francis I of Austria, and King Fredrick William III of Prussia entered a league or agreement that loosely bound them together.
What was the revolution's slogan (didn't apply to women)?
Liberty, equality, and fraternity
What did the conservatives want?
Limited monarchy
"I am the state" -_______________
Louis XIV
"After me the flood" -____________
Louis XV
Who were the king and queen of France?
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
How did Louis XVI's weak leadership contribute to the growing crisis in France?
Louis XVI was a terrible ruler. One growing crisis in France was debt that was getting worse and worse and the lack of food. People had started fighting even for bread. He did nothing to help his people and did not listen to them or give a thought about them. Like his wife, he was also a main reason France was in debt. He spent a lot of money on expensive clothes and shoes.
Necker
Louis XVI's finance minister who was fired for suggesting less spending
Bastille
Louis tried to make peace by yielding to the National Assembly and ordered everyone to follow their rules. French citizens formed a mob, attacked Bastille, and took the city. This was considered an act of freedom, and is considered the 4th of July of France.
Who created the legislative assembly?
Louis xiv
Who became king of france after Napoleon?
Louis xviii
What was Marie known as?
Madame Defecit
What did Robespierre & his supporters believed everything should be governed by logic, what did they do?
Made calendars without sundays and closed churches in france
"Let them eat cake" -_____________
Marie Antoinette meaning crumbs
The Improvements of Napoleon
Napoleon kept many of the changes from the revolution, and France had order and stability. Setting up a good economy was key, and Napoleon set up a new tax policy. He wanted to rid the government of corrupt officials, and he created lycees— government run public schools, all children were able to attend. A concordant was signed which showed church's influence, but gave them no power on national affairs. He had a Napoleonic code which had a uniform set of laws, eliminated injustices, limited liberty, and promoted order and authority over individual rights. Laws were restricted rather than expanded
Continental System
Napoleon ordered a blockade to stop all trade between Great Britain and other European Nations. He called this system the continental system since it was supposed to make Great Britain more self sufficient. Some people disregarded this rule and were able to get product from Britain to Europe. The British made their own blockade that taxed ships coming to Europe. This was an inconvenience to the U.S., thus starting the War of 1812. The Continental System hurt Napoleon more than his enemies.
Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States for $15 million, some say bad move but the truth is that Louisiana belonged to Spain but was given to France because Napoleon's brother was on Spain's throne, the money was for the war effort
Italian Campaign
Napoleon trained and led a peasant army to victory in Italy against Austria-Hungary, 30,000 troops, successfully trained peasants, he did it with them (slept where they slept, ate what they ate, marched with them, etc.) winning the respect and confidence of his men, he won all of Northern Italy with his trained peasant army and stopped the threat to France by stopping army
Why is the Battle of Waterloo ironic?
Napoleon was beaten partially by his own tactics
Exile to St. Helena
Napoleon was exiled to a barren island in the South Atlantic so he could not escape, he was miserable because he could not rule or fight, was depressed, wrote memoirs, died there, followed by an English officer at all times, his health was declining
Napoleon's Downfall
Napoleon's enemies were quick to take advantage of France's Weakness, all his major enemies were against him. Napoleon's personality proved to be the greatest danger for his future. His drive for power raised him, and his love for power led to his doom. Within a few months, he had constructed a new army that was inexperienced. His empire quickly crumbled, and when he wanted to fight, his generals refused. He surrendered, and was sent to an island, Elba, off the coast of Italy, and found it hard to retire at age 45. Almost immediately, there was opposition to the new ruler, citizens feared he would undo changes from the revolution. Napoleon escaped, and gathered an Army of loyalists, who then regained the throne in a matter of days. At the battle of Waterloo, Napoleon and his troops held the British until the Prussian army came, and they sent the French troops running. That ended his 100 days of rule. Then he was sent to a remote island, St. Helena, where he spent 6 years in exile. Napoleon was a military genius, but his success must be measured by the amount of lives lost.
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon's last defeat causing his exile for good, 1815
Napoleonic Code
Napoleon's name for his set of laws
Josephine
Napoleon's wife, later she was divorced
Which of Napoleon's mistakes was the most serious and why?
Out of the three mistakes he made, I think the worst was when he tried to take over Russia, because during that period of time, he lost over 10,000 of his men and he stayed in Russia for an extra month, so he himself was suffering from the weather and lack of food. This also cost him because it led to Waterloo where he was exiled to Elba and died.
Sans-culottes
Parisian wage-earners and small shop keepers who wanted to keep a voice in government.
Sans-Culotte
Parisian workers and small shopkeepers who wanted the Revolution to bring even greater changes to France.
War betwen France and spanish, britain helped spanish
Peninsula war
What did the divisions in the Legislative Assembly say about the differences in French society?
People had mixed views about society. There were people who wanted new change, people who wanted things to go back to the way they were, and people in the middle.
Hundred Days
Period where he came back from Elba and tried to take over the rest of Europe and lost.
Louisiana Purchase
President Jefferson's administration agreed to purchase the land for 15 million. Napoleon was delighted. He would gain money to finance operations in France, and he would further punish his British enemies.
What 3 things did Prince Von Metternich (Prince of austria) want the congress of vienna to do?
Prevent france from gaining power, balance of power in europe, and restore monarchies
Louis XVI
Put off dealing with debt until France was almost broke. Imposed taxes on nobles, who called for meeting of Estates-General.
Left Side
Radicals - Jacobins - Caused the term leftist
What did the moderates want?
Reforms
Invasion of Russia
Russia did not follow the Continental System, somewhere between 500,000 and 600,000 troops (mostly French but also a combination of troops from other countries) invaded Russia, Russians retreated and the French followed them to Moscow, the French were poorly supplied and the Russians used scorched earth tactics, winter came and Napoleon tried to go home, he returned to France with less than 100,000 troops, leaving about 5/6 of his troops dead, his enemies rise up and make him surrender
Scorched Earth Policy in Russia
Russia used this tactic by being one step ahead of the English and having the Russians take all they could with them and fleeing then burning the land because they knew that the French troops were poorly supplied and would not be able to survive the dreaded winters therefore leaving the French cold and hungry, the Russians retreated East
Who did napoleons army fight against that were jealous of frances' growth?
Russia, austria, and sweden
Who were the 5 great powers?
Russia, britain, france, prussia, and austria
Who had absolute monarchs?
Russia, prussia, and austria
Russians way to make sure France didnt find any supplies
Scorched earth policy
What spokesperson suggested the creation of a national assembly?
Seiyes
Marie Antoinette
She contributed to the French Revolution because she was the queen of France during that time. She was the wife of Louis XVI and was one of the main reasons France was in great debt. She spent over a million dollars on jewlery, gambling and hairdo's and did nothing to help her people.
Napoleon put his brother Giuseppe on the throne of...
Spain and put other family members on other thrones
Guerrila
Spanish peasant fighters that fought in small groups. Used ambush technique
National Assembly
The third estate were influenced by the enlightenment, and were eager to change the government. The King sided with the nobles and ordered the estates general to follow medieval rules. The third estate was gaining more power. The third estate people call themselves the National Assembly, and pass laws and reforms in the name of the French people. They voted to establish the national assembly, and on the 3rd day, they were locked out of their meeting room. They broke down the door and said they would not leave till there was a new constitution.
What major reforms did the National Assembly introduce?
They made a new constitution in 1791 and it took away a lot of the kings power and made the legislative assembly have more power. It made significant changes in France. They created three groups, radical, moderate and conservative.
How were the storming of the Bastille and the women's march on Versailles similar? How were they different?
They were both worried that they would be terrorized. During the storming of the Bastille, people were massacring guards. During the attack on Versailles, the people were mainly after the king and queen, however they killed anyone in their way.
National Assembly
Third Estate delegates came together to pass reforms and laws in the name of the French people
Balance Of Power
This was a new political situation where all the countries were equally strong, which allowed greater security throughout Europe.
Battle of Trafalgar
This was the only battle lost by Napoleon, and was the most important battle than any other. He lost his sharpshooter(Horatio). The destruction of the Navy had two major results; The British Navy had supremacy for the next 100 years, his extravagant efforts to crush Britain would lead to his own undoing.
What was the overall effect of Metternich's plan on France?
To surround France so they couldn't take over again and to make all the countries equally strong.
2 Major Battles of 1805
Trafalgar and Austerlitz
Where was the Estates-General meeting?
Versailles
Women of Paris marched to
Versailles to convince the king to return
Plebiscite
Vote of the people approved of Napoleons new constitution.
What were the three points of Metternich's plan for Europe?
Wanted to surround France so they couldn't take over again. Wanted all the countries to be equally strong. Wanted to put royal families back on the throne.
Peninsular War
War against Spain where he attacked Spain and replaced their king. People were afraid that he would attack their church so gurrellias got together in small groups and attacked French troops. Lasted 6 years.
Olympe de Gouges
What about women? Objected to the Declaration not applying to women, was executed later for it.
Napoleonic Code
a uniform set of laws, eliminated injustices, limited liberty, and promoted order and authority over individual rights.
Plebiscite
a vote of the people, in order to choose a new constitution. It gave all real power to Napoleon.
What was the Great Fear?
a wave of senseless panic caused by rumors that the nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants
How much did peasants pay in taxes?
about half of their income
What did the creation of the National Assembly end?
absolute monarchy
annex
add a territory to an existing state or country
How much taxes did the nobles pay?
almost none
Estates-general
an Assembly of Representatives from all 3 of the Estates in France
What was the estates-general?
an assembly of representatives from all three estates
congress of vienna
assembly of european leaders that met after napoleon age
What was the National Assembly?
assembly that could pass laws and reforms in the name of the French people
Napoleon's schooling
attended military school in France, he was unpopular yet brilliant, made fun of in school for his accent, his upper middle class but not not a noble or aristocracy, short "Little Corporal"
What were some of the causes of great unrest in France?
bad harvests, high prices, high taxes, and disturbing questions raised by the enlightenment
plebiscite
balots when votes have a say
Guerrillas
bands of peasant fighters struck at French armies in Spain. Napoleon could not defeat them in battle b/c they were ordinary people who attacked then fled into hiding.
Battle between France and britain, napoleon lost to British naval commander Horatio Nelson
battle of trafalgar
Battle of Austerlitz
battle that took place in the heart of Europe, Napoleon defeated a combined force of Russia, Prussia, and Austria-Hungary making him the master of Europe, Napoleon has Pratzen Heights - higher ground, Napoleon faked a retreat and so old military leaders on the other side said do not fall for it but Alexander wanted to get him so they attack and Napoleon troops defeat them and the leaders are forced to surrender
Civil Law
between people violating other's rights, suing
continental system
blockade designed by napoleon to hurt england by closing european parts
Time when Napoleon was born
born in Corsica during th time that France bought where he was living, his father was originally against this but he later decided to send Napoleon to French military school, Napoleon did not hear French until age 8
Rosetta Stone
found during Napoleon's control in Egypt, showed good in Napoleon's rule in Egypt, now in a museum in London, Jean-Francis Champolion translated it making hieroglyphs readable, had Hieroglyphs, Demotic, and Greek
marseilles
french port city, troops marched to
How did the queen hurt Louis?
gave him poor advice and interfered in government matters
Grief can cause someone's hair to...
go from black to white overnight
Continental System
good idea in theory, Napoleon wanted to economically attack Britain after realizing he could not defeat their navy so he wanted to block trade from England and the rest of Europe during the Industrial Revolution, 1806 to 1814, embargo, it failed because it hurt Europe more than England
London newspapers are known for
gossip
Lycees
government run public schools, all children were able to attend.
What prompted clergy & nobles to support ending feudalism in France?
great fear
Legislative Assembly
had power to create laws and approve or prevent any war declared on other nations
Josaphine cheated
he wrote a letter to her telling her how he felt betrayed but it was on a ship that the English took over so it was in all of the London newspapers causing Napoleon's embarrassment and eventually they divorced
Guillotine
head-cutter. Thousands were executed by it during the French Revolution.
Revolution
immediate, what the left side/Jacobins/radicals wanted
Where was napoleon exiled to?
isolated island
Rights of Man
issued in August 1789
Elba was a bad place to exile Napoleon because...
it was right in between Corsica, his hometown, and Italy, which was ruled by his brother, and it was not far from France
Thomas Jefferson's Rights
life, liberty, pursuit of happiness
The Old System
things were bad for over 90% of French people, it was an absolute monarchy, nobility had wealth and land but no real power, small middle class composed of city dwellers (lawyers, doctors, and artists), France was in a state of bankruptcy, peasantry lived in extreme poverty
97% of population, had several levels
third estate
Who forced Marie and Louis from Versailles and how?
thousands of Parisian women rioting over bread stormed the palace and forced Louis and Marie to return with them to Paris
reign of terror
time period when people were arrested for not supporting the revolution and were later killed
What did Louis borrow money heavily for?
to help the American revolutionaries in their war against Great Britain
What was Louis solution to the growing debt?
to tax the nobility
How did Louis react to the nation's growing debt?
was indecisive and allowed matters to drift
Louis XVI
weak leader, became king in 1774, inherited debt from previous rulers, funding for American Wars took lots of money
deficit spending
when government spends more money than it takes in
St. Helena
windy, barren island of the coast of Africa
Vin
wine in French
sans-culotte
working class who made french revolution more radical, (wore pants instead of knee length)
