World History II (Test 4)

The Black Toussaint Louverture (1743-1803) Died at 50

- African Nobility born in San Domingue - Military genius, administrative genius - 1799 T. takes control of Haiti - 1801 declares himself governor for life - 1801 Haiti declared its independence → T. writes the first constitution - Taught by godfather, specialized in math - Restricted privilege - Military regime/ desire to be part of the world economy - Captured and sent to France on Créole

The White Toussaint Louverture (1769-1821) Died at 52.

- Italian Nobility born in Corsica - Military genius, administrative genius - 1799 N. takes control of France - 1804 declares himself Emperor for life - Code Napoleon written by N - Received his education at Écode Militaire in Paris (specialized in math) - Privileged - Military regime - Sent to Elba by the French and he escapes, later sent to St. Helena

Vincent Ogé (1755-1791)

- Wealthy educated free man of color - Quadroon: ¼ African, ¾ French - Educated in Bordeaux - Leased high end urban property, Traded coffee + imported luxury goods - In Paris during when the Revolution broke out.

What was the attitude towards the French revolution by these people?: Slaves/Africans.

1) Domestic slaves (100,000) 2) Field hands (400,000) 3) Maroons - 10s of thousands of runaways lived in the mountains → Marronage - to run away

What was Napoléon's childhood like?

1) Family: born in 1769 → Napoleone di Buonaparte: Was born on the Mediterranean Island of Corsica and was born into nobility. → Father involved in independence movement → France invaded and took Corsica as a French province 2) He went to Paris for schooling at École Militaire

What were the three goals that Klemens Von Metternich had for the Congress of Vienna?

1) First goal: He wanted to prevent future French aggression by surrounding France with strong countries. 2) Second goal: He wanted to restore a blance of power, so that no country would be a threat to others. 3) Third goal: He wanted to restore Europe's royal families to the thrones they had held before Napoleon's conquests.

Coup d'etat

1) It is a French term that translates into "to blow the state." 2) It is a type of revolution, where the illegal and overt seizure of a state by the military or other elites within the state apparatus occurs.

What was the attitude towards the French revolution by these people?: Petit Blancs.

1) Less revolutionary, more loyal to France. 2) These were tradespeople: shopkeepers, merchants, overseers, the former indentured servants who had gotten their freedom and now worked in smaller aspects of the economy. 3) They were poor white people.

May Decree 1791

1) Oge's death shocked the french 2) Citizenship to all free colores born of free parents in the colonies.

What were the causes of Romanticism?

1) Radical concepts of politics + society accompanied by changes in lit and art 2) Revolt against classicism + Enlightenment Classicists believed Greeks and Romans had discovered eternally valid aesthetic rules Enlightenment rationality, order restraint Rousseau was influential because he believed in emotion, freedom, feeling, and natural goodness

What were the characteristics of Romanticism?

1) Raw emotion 2) Inner feelings 3) Supernatural 4) Imagination 5) Grotesque 6) Heros 7) Folk tradition

What steps did the Congress of Vienna take to make the weak countries around France stronger?

1) The former Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Republic were united to form the Kingdom of the Netherlands 2) A group of 39 German states were loosely joined as the newly created German Confederation, dominated by Austria. 3) Switzerland was recognized as an independent nation 4) The Kingdom of Sardinia in Italy was strengthened by the addition of Genoa.

Blockade

A forcible closing of ports.

Guerrillas

A member of a small independent group taking part in irregular fighting, typically against larger regular forces.

Creoles

A person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean.

Legitimacy

Agreeing that as many possible of the rulers whom Napoleon had driven from their thrones be restored to power.

King Louis XVIII

Also, known as "The Desired", was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a period in 1815 known as the Hundred Days.

Kaiser

An emperor

What was with the Unification of Germany? What were the important dates? Who were involved? What were the General Strategy?

Dates - 1866 → Austria declared war on Prussia after being provoked. July 19, 1870 → The French declare war on Prussia. September 1870 → The Prussian army surrounded the main French force at Sedan. 1871 → South German states joined Prussia forming a German empire. 1871 → France was conquered. Names involved - Wilhelm I - He elected Otto Von Bismarck, which would lead to the unifying of the German states. Otto Von Bismarck - He was the prime minister who was also a realpolitik which factored into the unifying of the German states. General Strategy - 1) Otto Von Bismarck then caused border tensions with Austria because of Schleswig and Holstein. 2) That led to the Seven Week's War which led to Prussia taking over northern Germany and Austria losing badly. 3) The last point of the German unification was the Franco-Prussian war, which caused the people to have nationalistic fever, and for them to finally accept Prussia as their leader.

What was with the Unification of Italy? What were the important dates? Who were involved? What were the General Strategy?

Dates: 1858 → Napoleon III agrees to helping Italy with driving Austria out of the northern Italian provinces. 1860 → Led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italy finally captured Sicily 1870 → The papal states became the final territory that the Italian forces took over. Names involved: Camillo di Cavour: He had a lot to do with gaining control of northern Italy for Sardinia by using expert diplomacy and making smart alliances. Napoleon III: He helped drive out Austria from northern Italian provinces. Giuseppe Garibaldi: He was an Italian Nationalists and a soldier who led the capture of Sicily. General Strategy: Realizing that Austria was blocking northern Italy, Cavour had Napoleon III agree to help drive Austria out of northern provinces. Cavour then pushed the Austrians into starting a war with the Italians. This led to the French-Sardinia army having two victories and Sardinia having northern Italy, without Venetia. During the process of Cavour taking over Northern Italy, Cavour also started to help rebels in southern Italy who were nationalists. With the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi, Cavour ended up gaining Sicily. While in Sicily, Giuseppe Garibaldi and his soldiers crossed towards the Italian mainland and marched north. Giuseppe Garibaldi combined areas he had conquered in the south of Italy with the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia.

Ascetic

Denying yourself of riches

What was the Haitian Revolution like (Early stages)

Early History: 1) Pre- 1492 Haiti inhabited by the Taino tribe, Arawakan people - (gone by 1600) → The spanish are working them to death → In 1550 their champion Bartholomé de las casas, suggested the Spanish import Africans 2) Island was a spanish colony 1670's → By 1675, French taken the Western end of the island of Hispaniola. → War between the colonies, when it is really an issue between Spain and France. 3) In 1865 Louis XIV issues a directive to the French on San Domingue → Directive called "code noir" (code black) - Specific laws that slaves had to follow.

If the statement is true, write "true" on the line. If it is false, change the underline word or words to make it true. In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte made himself the "president" of France. _______________________________________.

Emperor.

Radical

Favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people. They believed that governments should practice the ideals of the French Revolution—liberty, equality, and brotherhood.

Aesthetic

Having to do with looks.

How did Otto Von Bismarck violate the constitution?

He violated the constitution because he asked the king to bypass parliament without the consent of parliament

Otto Von Bismarck

He was a conservative Junker who was chosen by Wilhelm to be prime minister. Bismarck was a master of what came to be known as realpolitik.

Camillo di Cavour

He was a prime minister that elected by Sardinia's king, Victor Emmanuel II. He used skillful diplomacy and well-chosen alliances he set about gaining control of northern Italy for Sardinia.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

He was an Italian nationalists and a visionary soldier that led his army to capturing Sicily.

Klemens Von Metternich

He was the most influential of these representatives was the foreign minister of Austria.

Louis-Napoleon

He was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and he won the presidential election.

Alexander II

He was the son of Nicholas, who was a Czar.

Elba

In April 1814, he accepted the terms of surrender and gave up his throne. The victors gave Napoleon a small pension and exiled, or banished, him to Elba, a tiny island off the Italian coast.

Plebiscite

It is a vote of the people

Nationalism

It is the belief that people's greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history.

What does Gens de couleur mean?

It means free people of color.

Realpolitik

It was a German term that means "the politics of reality." The term is used to describe tough power politics with no room for idealism.

Continental System

It was a policy made by Napoleon that was supposed to make continental Europe more self-sufficient. Napoleon also intended it to destroy Great Britain's commercial and industrial economy.

Russification

It was a policy that forced Russian culture on all the ethnic groups in the empire. This policy actually strengthened ethnic nationalist feelings and helped to disunify Russia.

The Balkans

It was a region that included all or part of present-day Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and former Yugoslavia.

Waterloo

It was a village in Belgium where the British army, led by the Duke of Wellington, prepared for battle.

Concordat

It was an agreement.

What was the mortality rate for the slave population in Haiti?

Mortality Rates: a) Average - ½ of Africans arriving died within 1 year b) 5-6% of slaves died each year c) 3% birth rate → Midwives would kill children so they wouldn't have to live as slaves → Short term gain was the focus - made more sense to work slaves to death then to buy new → Expenses were cut on food, clothing, and medical care (all decisions money driven)

Liberal

Mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants. They wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only the educated and the landowners would vote.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.

If the statement is true, write "true" on the line. If it is false, change the underline word or words to make it true. Napoleon introduced a system of laws called the "Declaration of rights." _______________________________________.

Napoleonic Code

Who originated the political style known as realpolitik?

Otto von Bismarck

If the statement is true, write "true" on the line. If it is false, change the underline word or words to make it true. As part of his reform program, Napoleon set up lycées, or "national banks." _______________________________________.

Public Schools

St. Helena

That was the second place Napoleon was imprisoned there in exile by the British.

What did the Habsburg possessions include in 1789?

The Habsburg possessions included Hungary and chunks of the Holy Roman Empire.

What was the long-term legacy of the Congress of Vienna?

The long-term legacy of the Congress of Vienna was that it inspired future generations by changing the power and size of France, increasing the power of Britain and Prussia, influencing nationalism, and they influenced the democratic world. The Congress of Vienna start off by changing the power and size of France. They changed the power and size of France by decreasing it, while increasing the power in Britain and Prussia. The Congress of Vienna also helped spread Nationalism. By doing this, Nationalism spread all the way to Italy, Germany, Greenec, and other places that were a part of the Congress of Vienna. Lastly, due to the French Revolution, more and more people thought that a democracy was a more efficient and better way for the people.

Great Britain responded with a _________________________ against France, which became the major cause of a war between Great Britain and the United States. a) Blockade b) Guerillas c) Hundred Days d) Peninsular War e) Scorched-earth policy f) King Louis XVIII g) Battle of Waterloo h) Continental System i) Elba j) Creoles k) Czar Alexander I l) St. Helena

a) Blockade

All of the following were members of the Holy Alliance EXCEPT: a) Italy b) Russia c) Austria d) Prussia

a) Italy

As a result of actions taken by the Congress of Vienna, the monarchy was restored on the basis of "legitimacy" in: a) Spain b) Russia c) Prussia d) Great Britain

a) Spain

Which event did Otto von Bismark use to gain support from Germans in the south? a) The Franco-Prussia War b) The German confederation c) The Seven Weeks War d) The Defeat of the Junkers

a) The Franco-Prussia War

What was the attitude towards the French revolution by these people?: Grand Blancs.

a) These were the plantation owners and the elite. b) Wanted independence from France c) Trade restrictions would be lifted - "exclusif" d) Resented having no representation in France's legislative body. e) Pro slavery

How was Napoleon able to control the countries neighboring the French Empire?

There were multiple reasons of how Napoleon was able to control the countries neighboring the French Empire. One of the first reason were due to fear. Due to his enormous numbers of victories, many countries were afraid that if they oppose Napoleon, they would be crushed just like their neighboring countries. This would force them to be under Napoleon's hand. Another reason was due to connections since Napoleon was related to some of these neighboring countries. The last reason was due to a thirst for winning. Napoleon was getting a lot of fame due to his victories. So many countries wanted to be able to say that they were behind him. Although these are one of the many reasons, some countries were unpredictable and weren't totally under Napoleon's control.

Lycées

They are government-run public schools.

Napoleonic Code

They were a comprehensive system of laws made by Napoleon.

Congress of Vienna

They were a series of meetings in Vienna, that were called to set up policies to achieve this goal.

Junkers

They were strongly conservative members of Prussia's wealthy landowning class.

Battle of Waterloo

This Battle was in response to the newly regained power of Napoleon. After Napoleon escaped from Elba and landed in France, The European allies quickly marshaled their armies. The British army, led by the Duke of Wellington, prepared for battle near the village in Belgium.

Battle of Trafalgar

This battle took place in 1805 off the southwest coast of Spain. The British commander, Horatio Nelson, was as brilliant in warfare at sea as Napoleon was in warfare on land. This was the only major battle that Napoleon lost.

Nation-state

This defends the nation's territory and way of life, and it represents the nation to the rest of the world.

Czar Alexander I

This man was involved with Napoleon's want of invading Russia. Although he was Napoleon's ally, this russian czar refused to stop selling grain to Britain. In addition, the French and Russian rulers suspected each other of having competing designs on Poland. Because of this breakdown in their alliance, Napoleon decided to invade Russia.

Peninsular War

This war all started because, in an effort to get Portugal to accept the Continental System, he sent an invasion force through Spain.

Scorched-earth Policy

This was a policy practiced by Russians. This involved burning grain fields and slaughtering live-stock so as to leave nothing for the enemy to eat.

Balance of Power

This was created by Klemens Von Metternich to make sure that no country would be a threat to others.

Hundred Days

This was the last defeat that ended Napoleon's last bid for power.

If the statement is true, write "true" on the line. If it is false, change the underline word or words to make it true. In Egypt and later in the Battle of "Saint Domingue", Napoleon suffered rare military defeats at the hands of the same man, British Admiral Horatio Nelson. _______________________________________.

Trafalgar

If the statement is true, write "true" on the line. If it is false, change the underline word or words to make it true. A "coup d'état" describes a sudden, forceful seizure of governmental control. _______________________________________.

True

If the statement is true, write "true" on the line. If it is false, change the underline word or words to make it true. At first, in an attempt to appear to be a constitutionally chosen leader, Napoleon held a vote of the people or "plebiscite." _______________________________________.

True

If the statement is true, write "true" on the line. If it is false, change the underline word or words to make it true. Napoleon became a hero of the French republic when he led troops against a group of royalists _______________________________________.

True

If the statement is true, write "true" on the line. If it is false, change the underline word or words to make it true. To restore good relations between France and the Roman Catholic Church, Napoleon and the pope signed a "concordat", or agreement. _______________________________________.

True

Conservatives

Usually wealthy property owners and nobility. They argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe.

What was the attitude towards the French revolution by these people?: Gens de Couleur.

a) They were the products of white plantation owner fathers and slave mothers. What's interesting is that they had their freedom, and they were recognized by their fathers, and sent by their fathers to be educated in France. Then they would come back to Haiti and own plantations and slaves of their own. The b) They looked like the grand blancs, they dressed like them, and for the most part they lived like them, but there were still restrictions on the work they could do, and even on the way that they could dress. c) They still had a pretty good life, but they still wanted the rights and privileges of their planter parents. d) ½ former black slaves - either purchased their own freedom or were freed c) All were often wealthy (more than petit blancs) → Owned plantations, owned slaves, educated, spoke French, devout Catholics → Often sent sons to France to be 'polished' d) No franchise e) Sumptuary laws applied to them → Law prevented them from dressing in certain fabrics → 1764 - theater at Ar Cap Francais forbid attendance by people of color f) Pro-slavery

French actions in Spain led to armed resistance by _________________________ and a long and draining conflict called the _________________________. a) Blockade b) Guerillas c) Hundred Days d) Peninsular War e) Scorched-earth policy f) King Louis XVIII g) Battle of Waterloo h) Continental System i) Elba j) Creoles k) Czar Alexander I l) St. Helena

b) Guerillas d) Peninsular War

Napoleon's last bid for power, called _________________________, ended with his defeat at the _________________________. a) Blockade b) Guerillas c) Hundred Days d) Peninsular War e) Scorched-earth policy f) King Louis XVIII g) Battle of Waterloo h) Continental System i) Elba j) Creoles k) Czar Alexander I l) St. Helena

c) Hundred Days g) Battle of Waterloo

What was the title given to the ruler of the new, unified German empire? a) Czar b) Reich c) Kaiser d) Junker

c) Kaiser

What city became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy after the conquest of the Papal states? a) Venice b) Lombardy c) Rome d) Piedmont-Sardinia

c) Rome

The actions of the Congress of Vienna helped to generate an independence movement in: a) Africa b) North America c) South America d) Asia

c) South America

Which of the following is largely identified with the artistic movement known as romanticism? a) Chamber music b) The Daguerreotype c) The Gothic Novel d) The scientific method

c) The Gothic Novel

Which country suffered the most lost territory as a result of the unification of Italy? a) France b) Russia c) Prussia d) Austria

d) Austria

Which of the following was the leader of the Red Shirts? a) King William I b) Camillo di Cavour c) Otto von Bismark d) Giuseppe Garibaldi

d) Giuseppe Garibaldi

The person most responsible for the accomplishments of the Congress of Vienna was: a) Czar Alexander I of Russia b) Emperor Francis I of Austria c) King Frederick William III of Prussia d) Prince Klemons von Metternich of Austria

d) Prince Klemons von Metternich of Austria

The accomplishments of the Congress of Vienna included all of the following EXCEPT: a) Reinstating the royal families dethroned by Napoleon. b) Creating a balance of power among European nations c) Surrounding France with strong neighboring countries. d) Signing the alliances that made up the Concert of Europe.

d) Signing the alliances that made up the Concert of Europe.

In 1812, Napoleon and 400,000 troops encountered severe difficulties as a result of the _________________________ used by the Russian leader in response to France's invasion. a) Blockade b) Guerillas c) Hundred Days d) Peninsular War e) Scorched-earth policy f) King Louis XVIII g) Battle of Waterloo h) Continental System i) Elba j) Creoles k) Czar Alexander I l) St. Helena

e) Scorched-earth policy

After escaping from exile, Napoleon gathered volunteers from the French countryside and seized power from _________________________. a) Blockade b) Guerillas c) Hundred Days d) Peninsular War e) Scorched-earth policy f) King Louis XVIII g) Battle of Waterloo h) Continental System i) Elba j) Creoles k) Czar Alexander I l) St. Helena

f) King Louis XVIII

Because Portugal refused to honor the _________________________, Napoleon sent an army through Spain to invade Portugal. a) Blockade b) Guerillas c) Hundred Days d) Peninsular War e) Scorched-earth policy f) King Louis XVIII g) Battle of Waterloo h) Continental System i) Elba j) Creoles k) Czar Alexander I l) St. Helena

h) Continental System

In 1806, Napoleon attempted to make Europe more self-sufficient through the use of what he termed the ________________________. a) Blockade b) Guerillas c) Hundred Days d) Peninsular War e) Scorched-earth policy f) King Louis XVIII g) Battle of Waterloo h) Continental System i) Elba j) Creoles k) Czar Alexander I l) St. Helena

h) Continental System

After suffering defeat at the hands of King Frederick William III of Prussia and _________________________ of Russia, Napoleon was exiled to the island of _________________________. a) Blockade b) Guerillas c) Hundred Days d) Peninsular War e) Scorched-earth policy f) King Louis XVIII g) Battle of Waterloo h) Continental System i) Elba j) Creoles k) Czar Alexander I l) St. Helena

k) Czar Alexander I i) Elba