World History Midterm Study Guide CHAPTER 6

Despite the differences, modern democracies share the Athenian ideal of what?

"rule by the people"

What does democracy mean? (simple)

"rule by the people"

How did the Athenian democracy work?

- All 45,000 Athenian male citizens were allowed to participate in government - Some citizens were part of the assembly and from there would be chosen to be part of the boule - citizens could also serve as juries (decided rulings in trials) -citizens could also be chosen to serve as archons (served as judges) - once citizens were in the boule, they could be chosen to be part of the council of subcommittees (handled finances and religious rituals)

Around ________ BCE, a new military __________called the __________was introduced

1) 700 2) formation 3) phalanx

Even ordinary objects such as vases and jugs were carefully ________and ______________. Why?

1) crafted 2) designed They did this because they had such a profound appreciation for beauty that even ordinary objects deserved to be beautiful

Explain why a direct democracy would never work in the United States.

A direct democracy involves active and direct citizen involvement in the government. This means that all citizens have to work together and meet with each other to come up with solutions to problems and listen to everyone's opinions. This could never work in the United States because there are way too many citizens to be able to meet in one place and listen to each individuals thoughts. That is why the United States, and most other countries, follow a representative democracy. This is when citizens elect someone to represent them in government and listen to their thoughts. Even though direct and representative democracy work in different ways, they both still follow "rule by the people".

What is a democracy?

A form of government in which hold political power

The roots of modern theater go back to where?

Ancient Greece

Ancient Greek literature was linked with what? Religious festivals often included contests between who?

Ancient Greek literature was linked with religion, with religious festivals often including contests between poets

Artemis was the sister of

Apollo

What happened as ordinary citizens began to want power? What did tyrants do?

At first, tyrants, or strong leaders, emerged to champion the interests of ordinary citizens

Describe how the development of the phalanx led to a change in the way that the Greek city-states governed themselves.

At one point in Greek history, the outcome of battles depended on one individual soldier, however, over time a new military formation arose. This new formation was called the phalanx and it was a group of heavily armed foot soldiers that moved together as a unit. As this formation became more common and more people began to rely on it, people began to believe that they too deserved a voice in government. This was what sparked "rule by the people" (along with education and citizenship) and began to lead people to believe that citizens should also be able to participate in decision making.

Where did democracy begin?

Athens

What did the Greeks have a strong appreciation for?

BEAUTYYYYYYYYYY

Who is Poseidon?

Brother of Zeus; god of the sea

What did comedies end with? What did they often deal with?

Comedies ended happily and dealt with current events, often making comedic observations about Greek society

Who is Athena?

Daughter of Zeus and goddess of wisdom (protector of cities)

Why is direct democracy less practical in larger countries? Why are most democracies representative today?

Direct democracy is less practical in larger countries like the United States because citizens live too far apart to meet. For this reason, most democracies today are representative democracies

What is one of the more notorious aristocratic leaders? What did he create?

Draco, he created a legal code that specified harsh punishments for all offenses, both serious and minor crimes

the term that describes unnecessarily harsh laws and punishments is____

Draconian

During the Olympic games, what would happen between city-states?

During the Games, all conflicts between city-states ceased

What two things helped promote the idea of democracy in Greece?

Education and the idea of citizenship

T or F: Athenian democracy was a representative democracy.

FALSEEEEEE

Who is Ares?

God of war

Who is Aphrodite?

Goddess of love and beauty

What is a phalanx?

Greek military formation of heavily armed foot soldiers who moved together as a unit

What happens in an oligarchy? The people in an oligarchy were part of what?

In an oligarchy, political power is held by a small group of people. This small group was a council of leaders who were a part of the aristocracy, they were aristocrats.

What are the Olympic Games?

In ancient Greece, an athletic competition held every four years in honor of Zeus

In contrast to other ancient civilizations and kingdoms, what did the Greeks give their people?

In contrast, the Greeks gave ordinary people the right to help make governmental decisions

In earlier times, the outcome of battles depnded on what?

In earlier times, the outcome of battles depended on fights between individual warriors

The process of power shifting towards the people in many Greek city-states may have been sparked by what?

In many city-states, the power began to shift towards the people. This process may have been sparked by a change in the way that Greek armies were organized

In Athens' democracy, what other political body was there along with the assembly and boule?

Lastly, there was the court system. There were many different courts that ruled on various different types of cases

What did many Greek poets engage in? What were these?

Many Greek poets engaged in lyric poetry, or poetics songs that would be performed while playing an instrument

The city-states in Greece, did all of them adopt democracy?

Many city-states adopted tyranny, but some moved toward democracy

Why were tyrants eventually replaced with other forms of government?

Many tyrants ruled harshly and were eventually replaced with other forms of government

Why were members of the boule chosen at random?

Members of the boule were chosen at random, so every male citizen had a chance of serving on the council

Name one similarity and one difference of the Athenian and Spartan governments. (Don't have to know this)

One similarity between the Athenian and Spartan governments is that they both had assemblies open to any free, male citizen to speak their mind. However, a few differences were that the Spartan government was led by two military rulers who were part of the council of 28 men. The main political body of the Athenian government was the assembly, while in the Spartan government it was the council of 28 men. Another difference between these two governments was that in Sparta there were 5 elected ephors, while in Athens there were no ephors (because it was not necessary).

What do some historians believe about how the phalanx sparked a shift of governmental power towards the people?

Some historians believe that as city-states began to rely on the phalanx for defense, more men began to believe that they deserved a voice in governmental decision making

What did students begin to receive?

Students began to receive an education that would turn them into well-rounded citizens

When did the Olympic games take place?

The games took place every four years

In Athens, what was the main political body? Everyone who attended this had the right to what?

The main political body was the assembly, which all adult male citizens had the right to attend. Everyone who attended the assembly had the right to speak

The most famous religious festival was called? Who did it honor?

The most famous of these events was the Olympic Games, which honored Zeus

In Athens, there was a council, what was it called? How many people were part of it? What would they decide on?

Then, there was a 500 person council known as the boule. The council would decide on issues that were presented in the assembly

How did the Greeks express their appreciation for beauty? (Through what?)

They expressed this in their painting, sculpture, and architecture

What were Greek gods portrayed as in both art and literature?

They were portrayed as human-like in both art and literature

What were tragedies? What did they often follow?

Tragedies often followed the downfall of a heroic figure. They were always sad

Who is Artemis?

Twin sister of Apollo; goddess of hunting and childbirth

Tyrants were usually members of what? How did they win popular support? Did tyrants allow others to play a strong role in government?

Tyrants were usually members of the aristocracy, but by promising land and other benefits to ordinary citizens, they won popular support Tyrants did not allow others to play a strong role in government

Who is Hera?

Wife of Zeus and is the goddess of marriage

Elsewhere in the ancient world, were people ruled over as subjects?

Yes

Name every Greek god that we studied as well as what they are the god of

Zeus: father of all gods and god (or conjurer) of the sky (including storms) and justice, Hera: Zeus' wife and goddess of marriage, Athena: Zeus' daughter and goddess of wisdom, Poseidon: Zeus' brother and god of the sea, Apollo: god of prophecy, poetry, music, and light, Artemis: Apollo's twin sister and goddess of hunting, Ares: god of the war, and Aphrodite: goddess of love and beauty.

What is mythology?

a collection of myths and stories that people tell about their gods and heroes

Athenian democracy depended on what?

active citizen involvement

The council of 500 in Athens was called the_______

boule

Some religious festivals included athletic contests that included what?

boxing, wrestling, and running

What is a representative democracy?

democracy in which people elect representatives to make the nation's laws

A political system in which citizens participate directly in decision making is called a _________________

direct democracy

Who is Apollo?

god of music, poetry, prophecy, and the sun (or light)

What is an oligarchy?

government in which a small group of people rule

What is a direct democracy?

government in which citizens take part directly in the day-to-day affairs of government

The main purpose of the ancient Olympic Games was to

honor the god Zeus

Unlike the gods of Egypt, Greek gods were believed to look and behave like what? human beings

human beings

Today, people still use the term draconian to describe what?

laws that are unnecessarily harsh or severe

Poetic songs performed while playing an instrument are called

lyric poetry

What is citizenship?

membership in a state or community which gives a person civil and political rights and obligations

Apollo is the god of

music and poetry

Collections of myths or stories that people tell about their gods and heroes are called

mythology

Greeks expressed their religious beliefs in their?

mythology

what is lyric poetry?

poetic songs

What do the ancient Greeks practice?

polytheism

Who is Zeus?

the god of all gods; and god of storms, the sky, and justice

What is polytheism?

the worship of many gods or deities

Although most of the Greeks' paintings have not survived, what has happened to their statues and buildings?

their statues and buildings have been admired for thousands of years

Greek playwrights wrote two types of plays. What were they?

tragedies and comedies

What is tyranny?

unjust use of power, or in ancient Greece a government run by a strong ruler

Ares is the god of

war