World War 1 Review
ultimatum
(n.) a final proposal or statement of conditions
What were the main causes of the US entry into World War 1?
- In May 1915, German UBoats sunk the commercial ship Lusitania in which many Americans died. - The Zimmerman Telegram was intercepted. - German summaries sunk US merchant ships.
Why did the U.S. enter World War I?
-Germany was attacking American ships -Violating international law (germany) - The Zimmerman note
What are the effects of the Treaty of Versailles and the end of World War 1?
-Many new countries are formed in Europe. -The old Empires of Germany and Austria-Hungary ended -Resentment led to the rise of Hitler's Nazi party and WW2.
Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles?
1)stripped Germany of all military 2) Germany had to repair war damages($33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manefacture any weapons.
Stalemate
A situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible. (neither side can win a clear victory)
Alsace-Lorraine
A territory with both French and German people, taken by the Germans after the Franco-Prussian war, French get back after WWI
War of Attrition
A war based on wearing down the other side with constant attacks and heavy losses, such as World War 1.
The United States was able to overcome the threat of German U-boats by using what?
Airplanes
Woodrow Wilson
American President during WWI - had 14 point plan - key figure in League of Nations.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I.
No-man's land
Area between opposing trenches
Central Powers
Austria-Hungray, Germany, and Ottoman Empire
What is ShellShock
Battle Fatigue
gallieni
French military commander in French Colonies and WWI, credited with being the intelligence that won the First Battle of the Marne in 1914.
George Clemenceau
French prime minister in last years of WWI and during Versailles Conference of 1919. Pushed for heavy reparations from Germans. Wanted to make Germans suffer and help break Germany up.
nivelle offensive
Frenchmen Nivelle put together a campaign to drive Germany out, but half of french army resisted (widespread mutiny) and so did factory workers (49 mutineers shot)
John J. Pershing
General that commanded the first U.S. troops as part of WWI. Commander of American Expeditionary Force of over 1 million troops who insisted his soldiers fight as independent units so US would have independent role in shaping the peace
The Big Four
Georges Clemenceau- France Vittorio Orlando- Italy David Lloyd George- Britain Woodrow Wilson- U.S. (The Big 4 met at Versailles Palace outside of Paris to come up with a treaty)
falkenhayn
German General, replaced Moltke after he failed at the Marne. Very cruel General, in favor of poison gas.
Wilhelm II
German leader who thought Germany could get though Belgium to get to France before Russia could mobilize their troops and the war would be over in 6 months
Which situation was the immediate cause of the United State's entry into World War 1 in 1917?
German submarine sank United States merchant ships.
Zimmerman Note
German telegram sent to Mexico proposing an alliance- stated that Germany would help Mexico reconquer the lose territory of New Mexico. Telegram from German officials to Mexico pledging U.S. territory in return for pledged support in the war. A telegram that was sent to Mexico by Germany in WW1. Within the message there was a deal that asked Mexico to attack America and they would get part of America in return. This message was found by the U.S. and was one of the reasons they went into war.
brusilov offensive
Offensive from the Russians; failure because of poor army performance and weak industrialization
Lusitania
On May 7, 1915. a British passenger ship sunk by German U-Boats - 1200 people died including 128 American Citizens. (The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans.)
Henry Cabot Lodge
U.S. Senator who wanted the Treaty of Versailles changed so the U.S. troops could not be sent to war by the League of Nations
American Expeditionary Force
U.S. troops who were sent to the front lines in Europe, led by General John J. Pershing
annie oakley
United States sharpshooter who was featured in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show (1860-1926)
Western Front
Zone of fighting between German and French/British troops. Trench Warfare.
Eastern Front
Zone of fighting between Russia and Germany/Austria-Hungary. In WWI, the region along the German-Russian Border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks.
Victory Garden
a Vegetable kitchen garden planted during wartime to relieve food shortages and increase food production during the war
Liberty bonds
bonds sold by the U.S. to raise money to provide loans to the Allies. provided loans to the Allies to allow them to purchase food and war supplies.
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
created by Wilson to increase public support for the war effort
Inflation
direct result of switching from wartime economy back to consumer economy. prices rise but wages stay the same
U-boats
german submarines, were the worlds largest and most advanced, causing heavy losses to Allied shipping
Franz Ferdinand
heir to throne in Austria who was assassinated by a Serb nation alisted(started war). Austria-Hungary's heir to the throne: assassination in Bosnia by a Serbian nationalist starts the war. Archduke of Austria hungry who's assassination in 1914 sparked World War I.
National War Labor Board
helped workers and management avoid strikes and reach agreements
propaganda
information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause
Selective Service Act
law requiring men between the ages of 21 and 30 to register to be drafted. The U.S. draft that randomly selected men from 18 to 45 to fight in the war. Created during World War 1 to ensure a steady supply of Troops in case of war.
petain
leader of the new French government which sued for armistice from Germany
Underlying causes of WWI
militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism
Doughboys
nickname given to American soldiers in WW1
War Industries Board (WIB)
oversee the conversion to a wartime economy and the production of wartime goods
reparations
payments for war damage
Communists
people who seek the equal distribution of wealth and an end to all forms of private property. people who want the equal distribution of wealth and the end of all forms of private ownership
When war broke out, the US _____ and tried to broker peace.
practiced isolationism
Zimmermann Telegram
secret telegram from the Germans to Mexico offering to help Mexico regain land lost to the U.S. during the Mexican-American War
armenian genocide
the Turkish government organized the department of the armenians in the Ottoman Empire and over a million were murdered or starved - one of the first genocides of the 20th centuries
polish corridor
the strip of territory cut through Germany to allow Poland access to seaport, from Versailles, led to Baltic Sea
Triple Alliance, Triple Entente
the triple alliance was made up of germany, italy, and austria hungary and the triple entente was made up of russia france and great britain. Italy eventually switched sides to the tiple entante, which made up the majority of the world power
What were some distinguishing factors of the Eastern Front?
The Eastern Front was marked by mobility, rather than fighting from trenches. As a result however, the cost in lives was great.
Which of the following led to a US declaration of war on Germany during WW1?
The Zimmerman Telegram to Mexico from Germany.
Explain the circumstance and situation of the Zimmerman Telegram.
The Zimmermann Telegram intercepted. In it, the German ambassador to Mexico was instructed to offer an alliance if the US appeared ready to enter the war. Mexico would get help reclaiming land lost in Mexican-American War.
militarism
The aggressive strengthening of armed forces. policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war
When did the Russia exit the war?
1917
When did the United States join the war?
1917
Sussex Pledge
A Promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking ships without warning. Germany broke their promise.
Verdun
A battle in WWI. Is considered some of the bloodiest fighting in WWI and the German offense was stopped; offensive battle on the western front initiated by Germany in which they hoped to crush France and taken them out of the war, however France was in a very good defensive position and French held it for 10 months. Nearly a million killed. French drew reserve troops from the Somme to help defend. No territory was gained; Battle in WWI that ended in massive casualties and had little direct result
Somme
A five-month offensive between July and November 1916 in the Somme river area in France. It began with a massive week-long British artillery barrage that proved futile, since the Germans just sheltered in their dug-outs until the shelling stopped, then machine-gunned waves of British troops who were crossing no-man's land. On the first day alone the British lost 60,000 men. The battle ended in a stalemate, after torrential rain turned the trenches into a quagmire. There were more than 650,000 casualties on both sides, and although British had relieved the French at Verdun, they had only advanced about five miles.
Alliance System
A formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another's defense in case of war.
Isolationism
A policy of remaining apart from the political affairs of other Countries
Lloyd George
British prime minister, although he was re-elected for his popular campaign of making Germany pay for the war, he ended up fighting the most for German interests in the Versailles Treaty because he feared communism
What are the Balkans made of?
Bulgaria Serbia The Ottoman Empire
Douglas Haig
Controversial British commander on the Western Front and the driving force behind some disasters like Somme and Paschendaele
Creditor Nation
Country that lends more money than it borrows. shifts Americas Global Economic Status
Nationalism
Extreme pride in one's country. Patriotic feelings, principles, or feelings of superiority over other countries. A feeling that people have of being loyal to and proud of their country often with the belief that it is better and more important than other countries.
big bertha
Famous German long-range guns
Red Scare
Fear of Communism after WWI, caused by: Russian Revolution, labor strikes post WWI, nativism; led to a crackdown on immigrants and radicals (suppression of rights)
Treaty of Versailles
Final peace settlement of World War I (harsh on Germany). (1919) treaty ending World War I; required Germany to pay huge war reparations and established the League of Nations, left much bitterness that would eventually lead to World War 2.
Influenza
Flu virus that kills half a million Americans right after World War 1
Trench Warfare
French + German armies built protective ditches- they dug simple holes or complex networks with rooms for sleeping and eating. A system of fighting a war from ditches dug to slow down the enemy and protect infantry soldiers from enemy fire, very little advances were made.
nivelle
French Military Leader Lead the Battle of Verdun
Marne
Germans had taken over the River and pushed back Britain and France in a series of attacks; Battle near paris that ended Germany's hope of swift victory, the first battle of WWI happened where the French and British stopped the Germans and the Schlieffen Plan.
What were zeppelins and what was their fatal flaw?
Germans used zeppelins to bomb London and eastern England. While they caused little damage, it frightened many people. The issue with this type of airship was that they were filled with hydrogen gas, and could be engulfed in flames when hit by antiaircraft guns.
Which country was responsible for WW1?
Germany
Blank check
Germany swears to support Austria-Hungary in any actions it takes against Serbia
Schlieffen Plan
Germanys plan for a fast attack on France then an attack on Russia(Belgium slowed them down). Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schlieffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.
Contraband
Goods that have been imported or exported illegally.
What are the countries of The Triple Entente?
Great Britain France Russia
Allies
Great Britain, France, and Russia- Later joined by Italy
Vittorio Orlando
He was the Italian representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the 14 points.
Tannenburg
In 1914 during World War I a German army under the command of Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg won an important victory over two Russian armies in the Second Battle of Tannenberg who had invaded East Prussia.
What are the countries of The Triple Alliances?
Italy Germany Austria-Hungary
What did Italy claim the purpose of the Triple Alliance was?
Italy claimed that the Triple Alliance was for defensive purposes only and that Germany and Austria-Hungary began the war on offensive purposes.
What were some alliance changes during the war?
Italy signed a secret agreement with France in 1902 to remain neutral.
caporetto
Italy vs. Austria-Hungary; largest Italian defeat
Emperor Franz Joseph
Last emperor in Austria-Hungary and he ruled from 1848-1916. He adopted liberal policies in Hungary and became king in 1867
Vladimir Lenin
Leader of the Russian Revolution and head of first Communist Government in Russia. Leader of the Communist Revolution in Russia and set up the USSR.
Who is Red Baron
Manfred Von Richthofen
When did the Italy join the war?
May of 1915
Dough Boys
Nickname for American foot soldiers
When did the Ottoman Empire join the war?
November of 1914
League of Nations
Organization of nations formed to settle international disputes and maintain peace (failed - US did not join, no military force). A group of nations whose mission was to work to settle disputes between countries and encourage democracy. an international congress of nations designed to settle disputes and protect democracy
Espionage & Sedition Act
People could be imprisoned for speaking/writing against the war or the president. Gave the post office the right to censor mail, made it illegal to make false statement to obstruct the draft or military operations.
Wilson's 14 Points
Plan for world peace, divided into 3 parts, 1-5=issues addressed to avoid war, 6-13 dealt with boundery changes, 14th point called for the creation of the League of Nations; rejected by Allies.
hindenburg
President of Germany who died and was replaced by Hitler
Russian Revolution
Russians overthrew Czar Nicholas II due to high taxes, poor working conditions and lack of political expression in 1917; also known as the Bolshevik Revolution.
"Reservationists"
Senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made - led by Henry Cabot Lodge
Battle of the Somme
The battle was one of the largest of World War I, in which more than 1,000,000 men were wounded or killed, making it one of the bloodiest battles in human history and the Allies only gained about 5 miles of territory.
What was the main strategy and method of warfare on the Western Front?
The main strategy, the "Schlieffen Plan", called for the German army to surround and defeat most of the French army. It turned into a stalemate due to trench warfare as neither the Germans or French could defeat each other from the trenches they had dug.
Mobilization
To prepare or organize a military. The process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war
What are the two alliances?
Triple Alliance Triple Entente
Armistice
Truce that ended the war- 11th hour, 11th day, 11th month of 1918(Veterans Day). A temporary agreement to conclude fighting.
Imperialism
When one country takes over another country economically and politically. A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.
Fourteen Points
Wilsons ideals after war, freedom of ships on the seas, smaller armies, end of secret agreements between nations. a system devised by Wilson to avoid future wars and providing plans for post-war Europe. peace without victory. Wilson's Proposal to eliminate the causes of war through disarmament, freedom of the seas, and open communication
when did the war begin/end?
World War 1 began on July 28, 1914 and lasted until November 11, 1918.
Explain how World War 1 became a war of attrition.
World War 1 on the Western Front became a war of attrition as the elaborate system of trenches provided protection for the defensive strategy. However, attacks rarely worked as when men advanced, they could be fired at by the enemy. The great loss of people and resources in these offensive attacks are what define it as a war of attrition.
wilson's peace plan
this was called the fourteen points. this was meant to pervent international problems from causing another war. the first point in this was to end secret agreements. next the on wilson thought was most important was the league of nations which was to protect any nation large or small for independence.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war.
unrestricted submarine
type of warfare used by Germany in WWI where they attacked any ship with no warning
Belgium in ww1
was used as a back door for germany after they conquered it but belgium had britan allies so english got into the war
