World War II

• Even if ________________ was necessary, the U.S. did not give enough time for word to filter out of its devastation before bombing _______________. • The bomb was used partly to justify the _______ spent on its development.

$2 Billion

The Holocaust was known as Hitlers, "_______ ________" At least ____ killed.

"Final Solution" 6M

With only two bombs ready (and a third on the way by late August 1945) it was too risky to "waste" one in a _____________ over an unpopulated area.

demonstration

Guadalcanal is a 2,510 square mile island in the ______ Ocean and a province of the _______ Islands

Guadalcanal is a 2,510 square mile island in the Pacific Ocean and a province of the Solomon Islands

(Women during the war) During the war women fill the void left in the workforce by some ____ million men who were in uniform

12

______ Japanese Americans were placed in internment camps during WWII

127 K

1915-1917- U.S. loaned Germany ______; loaned UK ____, 85X as much; it was in the U.S. commercial interests for the UK not to lose

1915-1917- U.S. loaned Germany $27 M; loaned UK $2.3 B, 85X as much; it was in the U.S. commercial interests for the UK not to lose

After FDR's death on _______ ____, Truman learned of the ________ _________.

After FDR's death on April 12, Truman learned of the Manhattan Project

After the December 7, 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, President __________ issued Executive Order _______; mandating mass _____________ and _________________ of most Japanese Americans, most of whom were U.S. citizens or legal permanent resident aliens.

After the December 7, 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066;mass evacuation and incarceration of most Japanese Americans, most of whom were U.S. citizens or legal permanent resident aliens.

All attempts at stopping Japan through _________ _______ failed in the 1930s; Japan continued to use _____ ___________ to support their invasions into _____, ______, Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)

All attempts at stopping Japan through diplomatic pressure failed in the 1930s; Japan continued to use U.S. resources to support their invasions into China, Korea, Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)

(The Fall of the Third Reich) Allied forces sought to finally open a _____ _______ on Europe's ____________ side to hem in the Germans

Allied forces sought to finally open a second front on Europe's western side to hem in the Germans

(The Fall of the Third Reich) Allied troops reach the German stronghold of ________ ________ by May of _____-after about a year of fighting the allied forces reached ________ and Italy surrendered soon after

Allied troops reach the German stronghold of northern Italy by May of 1943-after about a year of fighting the allied forces reached Rome and Italy surrendered soon after

American authorities declared Guadalcanal secure on _______ ___ , ______, after more than six months of combat

American authorities declared Guadalcanal secure on February 9th, 1943, after more than six months of combat

American refusal to modify its "___________ _____________" demand to allow the Japanese to keep their emperor, needlessly ______________ Japan's resistance.

American refusal to modify its "unconditional surrender" demand to allow the Japanese to keep their emperor needlessly prolonged Japan's resistance.

Stalingrad (Volgograd) Raged for.... Fought between ____ and _____ troops

August 1942- February 1943 199 days- Largest single battle in human history Fought between Axis and soviet troops

August _____, _____ the foreign ministers of _____ and ______ signed a ____-__________ ______

August 24th, 1939 the foreign ministers of Russia and Germany signed a Non-Aggression pact

(DATE)- U.S. dropped the atomic bomb "_____ _____" on Hiroshima- killed _______ people instantly and poisoned thousands more with ________

August 6, 1945- U.S. dropped the atomic bomb "Little Boy" on Hiroshima- killed 80K people instantly and poisoned thousands more with radiation

(DATE)- US dropped atomic bomb"____ ________" on Nagasaki- ____ killed

August 9, 1945- "fat man" was dropped on Nagasaki- 40K killed

_________ of ______, US-British relations were furthered by a meeting between _________ __________, prime minister of GB and Roosevelt- at these secret meetings, held in ________ ________ off the coast of Newfoundland aboard warships the two men drew up the _____________ _____________.

August of 1941 US-British relations were furthered by a meeting between Winston Churchill, prime minister of GB and Roosevelt-at these secret meetings, held in Argentina Bay off the coast of Newfoundland aboard warships the two men drew up the Atlantic Charter

August of _____, Americans launched their first offensives in the Pacific by capturing the ________ _________ as well as ____________

August of 1942 Americans launched their first offensives in the Pacific by capturing the Solomon Islands as well as Guadalcanal

Why didn't Blitzkrieg work against Britain?

Because Britain is an island.

By May of ______ a third of the million British and ______ troops had been pushed back to the ______ beaches of ________.

By May of 1940 a third of the million British and French troops had been pushed back to the Atlantic beaches of Dunkirk

(AA during the war) By mid-______ however, black officers were trained and graduated from officer candidate schools at a rate of _____ a month- more than 80 black pilots won the ________ _______.

By mid-1942 however, black officers were trained and graduated from officer candidate schools at a rate of 200 a month-more than 80 black pilots won the Flying Cross

By spring of _________ Hitler captured _________ and _________ to protect ____ lanes; Belgium and _______ fell quickly as well in the German blitzkrieg or "lightning war"

By spring of 1940 Hitler captured Denmark and Norway to protect sea lanes; Belgium and Holland fell quickly as well in the German blitzkrieg or "lightning war"

Why did the Brits win the Battle of Britain?

Developed array of Radar Stations.

(Stalingrad) Each side (axis & soviet) suffered more casualties than the ______________ did during the entire war- roughly ________ Axis troops as well as approximately ______ Soviet soldiers died, not to mention the unknown number of civilians killed

Each side suffered more casualties than the Americans did during the entire war-roughly 500,000 Axis troops as well as approximately 1M Soviet soldiers died, not to mention the unknown number of civilians killed

FDR won the election of ______ by claiming the US will not enter the war, but become the ______ __________ ___ ___________; certainly supplied an ________ to Britain at this point

FDR won the election of 1940 by claiming the US will not enter the war, but become the great arsenal of democracy; certainly supplied an arsenal to Britain at this point

Hitler's Invasion of Western Europe

Fall of 1939-June 1940

Few countries, including the ______, would accept Jews when they were permitted to leave in ______- reflected widespread ______-____________.

Few countries, including the US, would accept Jews when they were permitted to leave in 1941- reflected widespread anti-Semetism

(Italy)- Forces under the Italian dictator _______ _________ invaded ________ with tanks, planes, and well armed troops; under the leadership of Emperor ______ ___________, Ethiopian troops fought with _______ and _______

Forces under the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini invaded Ethiopia with tanks, planes, and well armed troops; under the leadership of Emperor Hailie Selassie Ethiopian troops fought with spears and horses (Hailie Selassie is believed by Rastafarians to be the second coming of Christ, or Messiah)

Who threatened the Suez canal?

General Erwin Rommel (the desert fox)

German U-boats called the first six months of 1942 "_____ _______ _________"- they sank over ____ allied ships

German U-boats called the first six months of 1942 "American Hunting Season"- they sank over 400 allied ships

(Stalingrad) Germans lost momentum after this battle and _______ forces went on the offensive capturing ________, Poland and ________

Germans lost momentum after this battle and Stalin's forces went on the offensive capturing Ukraine, Poland and Romania

Hitler conquered _________ Poland while Stalin's forces crushed the Polish in the _______ in under ______ weeks

Hitler conquered western Poland while Stalin's forces crushed the Polish in the east in under three weeks

Three days after Pearl Harbor....

Hitler declares war on the US and the US was thrust fully into the war

Hitler, rather shockingly, in ______ of _______ invaded the ______ _________; Hitler, along with the allies expected a quick Russian collapse- Roosevelt extended the ______-______ deal to the Soviet Union AKA

Hitler, rather shockingly, in June of 1941 invaded the Soviet Union; Hitler along with the allies expected a quick Russian collapse Roosevelt extended the lend-lease deal to the Soviet Union AKA Hitler's Blunder

• ____________ use of the bomb convinced the world of its horror and __________ future use when nuclear stockpiles were far larger. • The bomb's use impressed the ________ ________ and halted the war quickly enough that the USSR did not demand ________ occupation of _______.

Immediate use of the bomb convinced the world of its horror and prevented future use when nuclear stockpiles were far larger. The bomb's use impressed the Soviet Union and halted the war quickly enough that the USSR did not demand joint occupation of Japan.

In ____ Japanese agents staged an explosion on a _____ ____ in _______ that was meant to appear as if carried out by _______ nationalists; this provided Japan with an excuse to occupy the whole province and eventually Manchuria was turned into a _______ _______ called _________.

In 1931 Japanese agents staged an explosion on a rail line in Manchuria that was meant to appear as if carried out by Chinese nationalists; this provided Japan with an excuse to occupy the whole province and eventually Manchuria was turned into a puppet state called Manchukuo

Why the bomb was not needed, or unjustified: • Japan was ready to call it _______ anyway. More than _____ of its cities had been destroyed by conventional ________, the home islands were being ____________ by the American Navy, and the _________ __________ entered the war by attacking Japanese troops in __________________.

Japan was ready to call it quits anyway. More than 60 of its cities had been destroyed by conventional bombing, the home islands were being blockaded by the American Navy, and the Soviet Union entered the war by attacking Japanese troops in Manchuria.

Japanese expansion was virtually _________ by the US as they set their sights on ___________; by _________ 1941, Japan controlled most of the coast of ______, all major cities in China, French Indochina (Vietnam) and the ____ rich _____ ________ _________.

Japanese expansion was virtually ignored by the US as they set their sights on Germany; by summer 1941 Japan controlled most of the coast of China, all major cities in China, French Indochina (Vietnam) and the oil rich Dutch East Indies

Battle of Britain

July and August of 1940 thousands of German fighter planes and heavy bombers struck targets in England (this was an attempt by Hitler to soften up London for an invasion from occupied France)

Battle of Midway (date) - to extend _______ defenses, they attempted to capture Midway, a small island guarding the approach west of _____ • The battle of midway broke Japanese _____ ________ in the Pacific and stalled all offensive measures

June 1942 * to extend Japan's defenses, they attempted to capture Midway, a small island guarding the approach west of HI * The battle of midway broke Japanese naval supremacy in the Pacific and stalled all offensive measures

(The Fall of the Third Reich) D-Day: (date) invasions of the beaches at _____________ in the northern coast of __________

June 6, 1944: invasions of the beaches at Normandy in the northern coast of France

Many of these women had been initially discouraged from taking jobs during the ______ ____________ but now these mostly married women fill the void- * average age ___ - ___ years old * percentage of female workers went from ___% to ___%

Many of these women had been initially discouraged from taking jobs during the Great Depression but now these mostly married women fill the void- * average age 55-65 * percentage of female workers went from 25% to 33% (Not patriotism alone fueling these women but a sense of self worth)

Lend-Lease aid (date)

March 1941 - Developed by FDR, it proposed a scheme to "lease, lend or otherwise dispose of" arms, and supplies to countries whose defense was vital to the US

Moderate Japanese leader replaced in October with the militant General ________ ______; led to the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the morning of Sunday ______ ______.

Moderate leader replaced in October with the militant General Hideki Tojo; led to the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the morning of Sunday Dec 7th

Most nations were _______ with the _______ ______ ; _______, the ________ _________, ______ , ___________, and __________ tried to achieve in WWII what they sought at ______ in ______

Most nations were dissatisfied with the peace accords; Germany, the Soviet Union, Italy, Poland, and Japan tried to achieve in WWII what they sought at Versailles in 1918

NYE Committee hearings- investigated the widespread belief that ____________ ____________ and commercial _________ pushed the U.S. into the _____ war; ______ ________ called them the "_________ ____ __________"

NYE Committee hearings- investigated the widespread belief that weapons manufactures and commercial interests pushed the U.S. into the first war; Vladimir Lenin called them the "merchants of death"

prohibited American citizens from selling arms to belligerents, but not materials such as oil and steel;

Neutrality Act 1935

Observing strict ______ silence, the Japanese fleet roared across the _________ and for more than an hour pounded the harbor and nearby airfields-____ ships were sunk or battered-most all of the aircraft destroyed; aircraft carriers were at sea and remained in tact

Observing strict radio silence, the Japanese fleet roared across the Pacific and for more than an hour pounded the harbor and nearby airfields-19 ships were sunk or battered-most all of the aircraft destroyed; aircraft carriers were at sea and remained in tact

Operation Torch (date) • British and American forces to invade North ______ by the end of ______ • Operation Torch gave the Allies substantial _______ in North Africa- large-scale amphibious landings under hostile fire

October 1942- 1943 * British and American forces to invade North Africa by the end of 1942 * Operation Torch gave the Allies substantial beachheads in North Africa- large-scale amphibious landings under hostile fire

On _________ __, _______ German tanks and troops surged into _________; within days, __________ and ___________ declared war on Germany and war began in Europe

On September 1, 1939 German tanks and troops surged into Poland; within days France and Britain declared war on Germany and war began in Europe

Turning Points of WWII

Operation Torch, Midway, Guadalcanal, Stalingrad, and D-Day

_______ was open for the taking; on June ____, less than ____ weeks after the German invasion the French capital; only ________ stood between Hitler and the _________

Paris was open for the taking; on June 22, less than six weeks after the German invasion the French capitulated; only Britain stood between Hitler and the Atlantic

the refusal of the US to acknowledge the Japanese takeover

Policy of non-recognition

Potsdam Declaration- ______ ___; U.S., British, and ________ meeting in which the U.S. declared its intent to ______________ Japan and reintroduce Japan to the international community; also failed to guarantee that Emperor _______________ would not be charged with war crimes- this caused Japanese official to _______ talk of surrender

Potsdam Declaration- July 26; U.S., British, and Soviet meeting in which the U.S. declared its intent to democratize Japan and reintroduce Japan to the international community; also failed to guarantee that Emperor Hirohito would not be charged with war crimes- this caused Japanese official to reject talk of surrender

Summer of ______ the ____ and ______ were on the verge of war; American destroyers had begun to escort ______ ships as far as _______

Summer of 1941 the US and Germany were on the verge of war; American destroyers had begun to escort British ships as far as Iceland

(AA during the war) Prejudice remained high and the army was strictly _________ and generally assigned black soldiers to ____-_______ roles; the navy accepted them only as cooks or _______ to officers; the American Red Cross kept separate "white" and "black" _______

Prejudice remained high and the army was strictly segregated and generally assigned black soldiers to non-combat roles; the navy accepted them only as cooks or servants to officers; the American Red Cross kept separate "white" and "black" blood

Japan surrendered formally on...

September 2, 1945

A demonstration explosion over _______ _________ would have convinced Japan's leaders to quit without killing many people.

Tokyo Harbor

Why the bomb was needed: • The Japanese had demonstrated near-fanatical ___________, fighting to almost the last man on Pacific islands, committing mass suicide on ________ and unleashing kamikaze attacks at _________. Fire bombing had killed _________ in Tokyo with no discernible political effect. Only the atomic bomb could jolt Japan's leadership to surrender.

The Japanese had demonstrated near-fanatical resistance, fighting to almost the last man on Pacific islands, committing mass suicide on Saipan and unleashing kamikaze attacks at Okinawa. Fire bombing had killed 100,000 in Tokyo with no discernible political effect. Only the atomic bomb could jolt Japan's leadership to surrender.

The ________ were amassed outside the Soviet Union's three major cities (________, Moscow and Stalingrad)

The Nazis were amassed outside the Soviet Union's three major cities (Leningrad, Moscow and Stalingrad)

The U.S. again chose to remain _______ at the beginning of the war; rejected ________ in the ___________ ___ ____________.

The U.S. again chose to remain neutral at the beginning of the war; rejected membership in the League of Nations

The Yalta Conference- _________ ______; __________, _______, and ____________ debated a postwar world; _______ controlled most of eastern Europe for declaring war on ______ and opening another front to Japan's west

The Yalta Conference- February 1945; Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill debated a postwar world; USSR controlled most of eastern Europe for declaring war on Japan and opening another front to Japan's west

The pact freed Hitler to invade ______ without having to fight a war with enemies attacking on _____ fronts; in return ______ could extend his western borders by bringing Poland, the _____ states (Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania), parts of Romania and Finland under a ______ control

The agreement freed Hitler to invade Poland without having to fight a war with enemies attacking on two fronts; in return Stalin could extend his western borders by bringing Poland, the Baltic states (Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania), parts of Romania and Finland under a Soviet control

The Atlantic charter was an unofficial statement of war aims and put ___________ values ahead of _________ values- as late as September of 1941 ______ out of ten Americans __________ entering hostilities

The charter was an unofficial statement of war aims and put humanitarian values ahead of narrow values-as late as September of 1941 eight out of ten Americans opposed entering hostilities

The next day Roosevelt makes a speech claiming this day will be a "____ _____ _____ _____ __ ______"

The next day Roosevelt makes a speech claiming this day will be a "date which will live in infamy"

The third reich fell within a matter of ________, and Russian forces took ___________.

Third Reich fell within a matter of months; Russian forces took Berlin.

Three weeks after this declaration was issued the Chinese port city of ______ was shelled by Japan's imperial _____; when _______ by the ______ of _______ for its actions, Japan withdrew from the ______

Three weeks after this declaration was issued the Chinese port city of Shanghai was shelled by Japan's imperial navy; when condemned by the League of Nations for its actions, Japan withdrew from the League

(Germany) Two weeks after Congress renewed the ______ _____ in ______ Hitler invaded the ___________ area ____ of the ______ ______ in clear violation of the _________ __ ____________.

Two weeks after Congress renewed the neutrality act in 1936 Hitler invaded the demilitarized area west of the Rhine River in clear violation of the Treaty of Versailles (No action was taken by the British, French or Americans; Russia's call for action fell on deaf ears)

Internationalists- argued for a policy of _____ _____ and wished to work actively with other _________.

argued for a policy of collective security and wished to work actively with other nations

The US had committed itself to an _____ _____ ______ in China. This was designed to prevent China from being _______ ___ among ______ powers

open-door policy This was designed to prevent China from being divided up among foreign powers

problem with the Neutrality act was illustrated during the _______ invasion of ______, Germany's early invasions, _____ civil war, Japanese ________

problem with the act was illustrated during the Italian invasion of Ethiopia, Germany's early invasions, Spain's civil war, Japanese aggression

Hitler was determined by 1939 that he intended to...

recapture territory lost to Poland after World War I

Germany's economy was shattered by the...

reparations and sanction imposed on it by the loss in the war

Low countries fell in only 23 days, giving....

the Germans a clear route to France

This was a direct threat to the open door policy, but the US was not willing to go to war with Japan over China; the only response at the time from the US government was __ ________ __________.

the Stimson Doctrine

Before the outbreak of war, the world was still recovering from...

the first world war; the victorious countries were as vanquished as the defeated

Isolationists- united by a firm __________ to the war and the conviction that the U.S. should avoid _______ with other _______.

united by a firm opposition to the war and the conviction that the U.S. should avoid alliances with other nations

An invasion of Japan would have caused __________ on both sides that could easily have exceeded the toll at __________ and ____________. • The two targeted cities would have been firebombed anyway.

• An invasion of Japan would have caused casualties on both sides that could easily have exceeded the toll at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

(The Fall of the Third Reich) DDAY : • Involved ________ men, ______ aircraft and more than 2000 vessels- Hitler miscalculates assuming the Allies would storm ____________ (an area further to the NE) • Advance from Normandy is ______ and took almost _____ months; August of _______ the Allied forces reach ______ and by mid-September the Germans were driven from ________ and ________ • ______________ of 1944 Germans mount one last offensive campaign that initially has some gain but is eventually repelled

• Involved 3M men, 11K aircraft and more than 2000 vessels-Hitler miscalculates assuming the Allies would storm Calais (an area further to the NE) • Advance from Normandy is slow and took almost two months; August of 1944 the Allied forces reach Paris and by mid-September the Germans were driven from France and Belgium • December of 1944 Germans mount one last offensive campaign that initially has some gain but is eventually repelled

Korematsu v. United States • _____ _________ leaves internment camp and is placed in jail; after the war he challenges his detention in court which led to this ___________ __________ case • In a __-___ decision, the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order leading to Japanese American Internment was not ____________ • No Japanese Americans committed any act of espionage or sabotage, and none were ever charged with a crime and the Korematsu case has never been overturned

• Korematsu v. United States • Fred Korematsu leaves internment camp and is placed in jail; after the war he challenges his detention in court which led to this Supreme Court case • In a 6-3 decision, the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order leading to Japanese American Internment was not unconstitutional. • No Japanese Americans committed any act of espionage or sabotage, and none were ever charged with a crime and the Korematsu case has never been overturned

• (Spain)- in _____ of _____ General _______ ________ revolted against the newly elected Poplar Front Government • The civil war that followed became a staging ground for _______ • Hitler and ______ sent supplies, weapons and troops to Franco's Fascists and ______ and Mexico aided the left-leaning government • Despite the turmoil, __________ refuses to intervene and by __________ the Spanish republic was under control of Franco

• Spain- in July of 1936 General Francisco Franco revolted against the newly elected Poplar Front Government • The civil war that followed became a staging ground for WWII • Hitler and Mussolini sent supplies, weapons and troops to Franco's Fascists and Russia and Mexico aided the left-leaning government • Despite the turmoil, Roosevelt refuses to intervene and by 1939 the Spanish republic was under control of Franco

• The two cities were of limited _________ ________. __________ outnumbered troops in Hiroshima ______ or _____ to one. • Japanese lives were sacrificed simply for _______ ________ between the U.S. and the __________ ___________. • Conventional ______________ would have caused as much significant damage without making the U.S. the first nation to use nuclear weapons

• The two cities were of limited military value. Civilians outnumbered troops in Hiroshima five or six to one. • Japanese lives were sacrificed simply for power politics between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. • Conventional firebombing would have caused as much significant damage without making the U.S. the first nation to use nuclear weapons

(Jap/Amer Internment) They were detained for up to ____ years, without due process of law or any factual basis. They were forced to live in bleak, _______ camps behind barbed wire and under the surveillance of armed guards.

• They were detained for up to 4 years, without due process of law or any factual basis. • They were forced to live in bleak, remote camps behind barbed wire and under the surveillance of armed guards.