WPR1 PL250

Acetylcholine (Ach

); a major small-molecule neurochemical used at the neuromuscular junction, in the automatic nervous system, and in the central nervous system.- movement, autonomic function, learning and memory.

The peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves that exit the brain and the spinal cord and serve sensory and motor functions for the rest of the body.

1. The somatic nervous system 2. The autonomic nervous system a. The sympathetic nervous system b. The parasympathetic nervous system

Dura mater;

; The outermost layer of the three layers of meninges found in both the central nervous system and the peripheral nerves is called the dura mater. i. Composed of leather like skin that follows the outlines of the skull bones

Depolarization

; a change in membrane potential in a more positive direction.

Ecstasy

; a closer relative of amphetamine that produces its behavioral effects by stimulating the release of serotonin and oxytocin.

limbic system

; a collection of forebrain structures that participate in emotional behavior, motivated behavior, and learning. hippocampus amygdala

GABA;

; a major inhibitory amino acid neurochemical. Inhibition, mood, seizure threshold.

Dopamine;

; a major monoamine and catecholamine neurotransmitter implicated in motor control, reward and psychosis. Movement, reinforcement, planning.

Cytoskeleton;

; a network of filaments that provides the internal structure of a neuron.

Interneuron;

; a neuron that serves as a bridge between sensory and motor neurons.

Bipolar neuron;

; a neuron with two branches extending from the cell body: one axon and one dendrite.

Subarachnoid space

; a space filled with cerebrospinal fluid that lies between the arachnoid space and the pia mater.

Motor neuron;

; a specialized neuron that communicates with muscles and glands

Sensory neuron;

; a specialized neuron that translates incoming sensory information into electrical signals.

Diencephalon;hypothalamus

; a structure found in the diencephalon that participates in the regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggression; part of the limbic system.

Diencephalon;Thalamus

; a structure in the diencephalon that processes sensory information, contributes to states of arousal, and participates in learning and memory.

Hindbrain;Metencephalon;Cerrebelum

; a structure located in the metencephon that participates in balance , muscle tone, muscle coordination, some types of learning, and possibly higher cognitive functions in humans.

Magnetoencephalography

; a technology used for recording the magnetic output of the brain.

Functional MRI;

; a technology using a series of MRI images taken one to four seconds apart in order to assess the activity of the brain.

Hindbrain; Myelencephalon;Medulla

; also known as the myelencephalon, the most caudal part of the hindbrain does the stuff with breathing and heart rate.

Endorphins

; pain reduction, feelings of well-being.

Agonist;

; substance that promotes the activity of a neurochemical

Antagonist

; substance that reduces the action of a neurochemical.

Axon;

; the branch of a neuron that generally receives information from other neurons.

Midbrain; Mesencephalon

; the division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and forebrain, including the superior and inferior colliculi, periaqueductal gray, red nucleus, and substantia nigra i. Hindbrain and midbrain make up the brain stem.

Autonomic nervous system

; the division that directs the activity of the glands, organs and smooth muscles of the body.

Sodium channels

; the first consequence of reaching a cell's threshold is the opening of voltage-dependent sodium channels. Once the sodium gates are open, sodium is free to move into the cell, and both diffusion and electrostatic pressure ensure that it does so rapidly.

Optogenetics

; the genetic insertion of molecules into specific neurons that allows the activity of the neurons to be controlled by light.

Hindbrain

; the most caudal division, including the medulla, pons and ia

Positron emission technology (PET

An imaging technique that provides information regarding the localization of brain activity.

Arachnoid layer

Below the dura mater is the arachnoid layer Middle Layer i. Looks like a spider's web in connection

histology

Histology refers to the study of microscopic structures and tissues. Histological methods provide means for observing the structure, organization and connections of individual cells. The machine used to create thin slices of brain is called a microtone

LSD; lysergic acid diethylamide,

LSD is chemically similar to serotonin and, along with other hallucinogens, appears to act as a serotonergic agonist in the cerebral cortex. Produces tolerance but not withdrawal.

telencephalon;four lobes

Occipital lobe; eyesight Parietal lobe; movement, sense of location in the world, primary motor cortex, Temporal lobe; speech, audition, language comprehension. Frontal lobe; decision-making, emotions, "personality" (?), abstract complex thinking.

Autonomic; parasympathetic

Parasympathetic nervous system the division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for rest and energy storage. i. Provides rest, repair, and energy storage homeostasis

Autonomic; Enteric nervous system

Serves the gastrointestinal tract, I'm hungry or not hungry. Tired or not tired.

Action potential begins at the axon hillock and propagates down the length of the axon.

Stimulated by electrical shtuff, relative to chemical balance. Before an action potential, inside negative outside positive. The action potential happens and they switch. Its in a polarized Resting potential average -70mV 100 billion neurons and several thousand synapses in the brain.

Macroglia; Schwann cells;

a glial cell that forms the myelin on axons in the peripheral nervous system. (PNS)

Macroglia; Oligodendrocytes,

a glial cell that forms the myelin on central nervous system axons. (CNS)

Macroglia; Include astrocytes

a large star shaped glial cell of the central nervous system, responsible for structural support, isolation of the synapse, control of the extracellular chemical environment at the synapse, and possibly communication. i. Structural and nutritional support for neurons ii. Isolation of the synapse iii. Debris cleanup iv. Blood-brain barrier v. Participation in chemical signaling.

Serotonin;

a major manoamine and indoleamine neurochemical believed to participate in the regulation of mood, sleep, aggression, social status, and appetite.

Norepinephrine;

a major monoamine and catecholamine neurotransmitter. Arousal and vigilance, mood.

Multipolar neuron;

a neuron that has multiple branches extending from the cell body, usually one axon and numerous dendrites.

Unipolar neuron;

a neuron with one branch that extends a short distance from the cell body then splits into two branches.

Hindbrain;Metencephalon;Pons

a structure between the medulla and midbrain that participates in the management of states of consciousness.

Repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS);

a technique for stimulating the cortex at regular intervals by applying a magnetic pulse through a wire coil encased in plastic and placed on the scalp.

Electrical synapse;

a type of synapse in which a neuron directly affects an adjacent neuron through the movement of ions from one cell to another.

Chemical synapse;

a type of synapse in which messages are transmitted from one neuron to another by chemical neurotransmitters.

Meninges

a. Meninges the layers of membranes that cover the central nervous system and the peripheral nerves.

Hindbrain; Myelencephalon;• Reticular formation

a. Reticular Formation; a collection of brainstem nuclei, located near the midline from the rostral medulla up into the midbrain, that regulate sleep and arousal.

Autonomic; Sympathetic

a. Sympathetic nervous system the division of the autonomic nervous system that coordinates arousal. As well, as fight or flight apparently.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

an imaging technique that provides very high resolution structural images.

Computerized Tomography (CT)

an imaging technology in which computers are used to enhance x-ray images

Glia

are cells in the nervous system that support the activities of neurons.

Alcohol;

at lower doses, alchohol dialates blood vessels, providing a warm, flushed feeling. It reduces anxiety, promotes assertiveness and reduces behavioral inhibitions. At higher doses, however, assertiveness becomes aggression, and disinhibition can lead to overtly risky behaviors. Motor coordination drops, leading to alcohol-induced carnage on the streets and highways. At very high doses it, coma and death can occur. Or general brain damage.

Cocaine and amphetamine;

cocaine acts as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor by blocking dopamine transporters, wheras amphetamine has a dual action at synapses that use dopamine and neropinophrene. Amphetamine, and its widely abused form is known as methamphetamine, stimulate dopamine and neropiphrene release or inhibit their reuptake

telencephalon; Cerebral Cortex

highest level of sensory and motor processing- highest cognitive activity.

The peripheral nervous system consists of

i. The cranial nerves ii. The spinal nerves iii. The autonomic nervous system

Refractory periods

i. The frequency with which neurons can fire is limited. ii. Absolute refractory period; the period in which an action potential will not occur in a particular location of an axon regardless of input. iii. Relative refractory period; the period following an action potential in which larger than normal input will produce a second action potential but in which normal input will be insufficient.

Caffeine;

increases blood pressure and heart rate, improves concentration and wards of sleepiness. Acts as an antagonist to adenosine.

Nicotine

increases heart rate and blood pressure, promotes the release of adrenaline into the circulation, reduces fatigue, and heightens cognitive performance.

Pia mater;

innermost layer of meninges, nearly transparent membrane on the outside of the brain.

Resting Potential

o Propagation o Electrical vs. Chemical Synapses o Excitatory vs Inhibitory

Lesions

pathological or traumatic damage to tissue. i. Behavior observed prior to the lesion can be compared with behavior occurring after the lesion, which changes attributed to the area that was damaged.

Stimulants

stimulant drugs share the capacity to increase alertness and mobility.

Marijuana;

the behavioral effects of cannabis are often so subtle that many people report no changes at all in response to its use. Most individuals experience some excitation and mild euphoria, but others experience depression and social withdrawal. At higher doses, cannabis produces hallucinations, leading to its classification as a hallucinogen.

Dentrites;

the branch of a neuron that generally receives information from other neurons.

Forebrain ;

the division of the brain containing the diencephalona and the telencephalon

Somatic nervous system

the division that brings sensory input to the brain and spinal cord and returns commands to the muscle.

Threshold

the level of depolarization at which an action potential is initiated. Like pulling the trigger of a gun.

Cell Body/Soma

the main mass of a neuron, containing the nucleus and many organelles.

Electroencephalogram (EEG);

the recordings of the brain's electrical activity through electrodes placed on the scalp

Propagation

the replication of the action potential down the length of the axon.

Cerebrospinal fluid

the special plasma-like fluid circulating within the ventricles of the brain, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the subarachnoid space

Opioids;

the term opioid is used to describe all substances that interact with endorphin receptors. Include morphine, and codeine. Opioids produce a sense of euphoria, pain relief, a lack of anxiety, muscle relaxation and sleep in small doses. Larger doses result in tremendous euphoria or rush.