Writing, Speaking, and Listening Part 3
Is this APA or MLA? Documentation occurs not only with an in-text citation, but also after the document as part of the References page. The author of the writing must include proper publication information of all references, alphabetized according to the author's last name. The entry on the references page would look like the following: Tolman, A. (1902). The revival of English grammar. The School Review, 10(2), 157-165.
APA
Is this in-text citation MLA or APA? The general trend in the early 1900s was to consult the student, an action that had, up to that time, been looked upon as "soft pedagogy" (Tolman, 1902, p. 159). Can include some citation information in the text itself: The general trend in the early 1900s was to consult the student, an action that had, up to that time, been looked upon as what Tolman (1902) called "soft pedagogy" (p. 159). The parenthetical citation refers to the author (Tolman), the year of publication (1902), and the page number from the referenced text (p. 159).
APA
Teachers will share with students on how they will be held _____ for their contributions to a class discussion or debate. May take the form of a rubric-based grade, a follow-up assignment, or a related project that requires tangible output.
Accountable
Break the product down so that points are assigned by components. Useful when it comes to highlighting areas of improvement.
Analytic rubrics.
_____ writing is intended to convince the reader to agree with a certain perspective or opinion.
Argumentative
_____ is the most important factor a writer must consider when embarking on a new project.
Audience
_____ provides an online outlet for the expression of personal ideas, experiences, and opinions.
Blog
_____ have become popular communication tools in classrooms. An online format that allows the owner of the webpage to share their thoughts and ideas in the form of journal-type entries, the can rely primarily on words, or they can enhance their posts using images, videos, sound clips, and hyperlinks. Readers exchange ideas between the blogger and the reader and between the readers themselves.
Blogs
Organization begins by discussing the causes or reasons for a given phenomenon and ends with the revelation of the effect.
Cause and effect
Employed when a writer organizes events in a text in the order in which they occured.
Chronological order
Proper _____ have two parts; first, the original source must be credited within the document itself (in-text citation)l then the source must be credited at the end of the document using a reference page, a bibliography page, or a works cited page.
Citation
Refers to the logical progression of words, sentences, and paragraphs. It is important to write as clearly as possible to allow the reader to follow the logic and progress of the text.
Coherence
_______ is when partners or small groups of students work together to complete segments of writing together.
Collaborative writing
Organization starts by highlighting the similarities between two things and then address their differences.
Compare and contrast
_____ leaves the reader with a sense of closure by reiterating the author's thesis and sometimes providing the reader with a summary of their main points.
Conclusion
A teacher may assign a ____ in order to text students' abilities to speak intelligently on topics they have researched and defend their positions with evidence; a debate will also test the students' ability to handle stress and respond to academic arguments. Requires a student(s) to take a side on a particular issue and provide evidence as to their reasoning. Can be one-on-one, small group, or whole class.
Debate
_______ can pose a bigger challenge, as the internet provides little-to-no oversight regarding who can post information online or its reliability. Students must remain especially aware of inaccuracies and bias when using the internet for research; teachers must direct them to credible sources. Credible sources include: peer-reviewed journals or reputable news outlets and blogs.
Digital and online resources
A teacher may assign a _____ in order to assess students' informal speaking and listening abilities as well as their verbal reasoning skills. ____ in general, allow participants to gain a deeper understanding of a specific topic or text- but otherwise are varied in format.
Discussion
Sources that are primarily accessed online are ______.
Electronic sources
____ is a short piece of writing that, like a professional journal, addresses a scholarly audience. Writer explores a single topic in order to inform or persuade the reader.
Essay
_____ exist to ensure that fairness and truth are employed in the pursuit of knowledge. Some research practices that might be considered unethical are the following: buying and selling research papers for purposes other than the dissemination of knowledge; knowingly using and disseminating biased material that falsely spreads shallow, unsubstantiated claims as academically-researched empirical evidence; using resources that stem from a company's desire to sell something or to promote a private agenda; removing a fact or piece of writing from its context in order to manipulate an audience's interpretation of it; and passing off the writing as your own.
Ethical rearch practices
_____ are daily, work, homework, quizzes and assignments that are given leading up to the summative assessment.
Formative assessment
Provide a grade based on the overall effectiveness of the project.
Holistic Rubric
______ witing, the writer provides the reader with information on a given topic.
Informative
Almost all writing begins with an ____, which sets the tone, topic, direction, style, and mood for the writing that is to follow. Provides the first impression of the writer to the reader.
Introduction
Is this citation MLA or APA? Lewis, C.S. The Chronicles of Narnia. New York: Harper Collins: 1994. Print. This format requires that the author of the writing task include the publication information of his or her source in a Works Cited page, alphabetized according to the source author's last name (or the first significant word in a title if there is no author).
MLA
Is this in-text citation MLA or APA? He went to the store, "MMM I am very hungry" (Lewis 114). If the writer includes the name of the author to introduce the quotation, the reference only contains a page number.
MLA
______ are examples of writing, which the teacher uses to highlight certain qualities or characteristics. The teacher may show a particular skill by practicing the skill, along with the thought process, aloud in front of students.
Models
What does MLA stand for? Used in the fields of sciences, history, literature, and art.
Modern Language Association Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing
_______ writing tells a story; it includes a plot and characters, and its purpose may be to entertain the reader.
Narrative
_____ is an overall map of the content of a text; it may be informal or formal, phrasal or clausal. A formal ___ for a written essay should include the following elements: an introduction, a thesis statement, main points in grammatically similar structure, sub-points in grammatically similar structure, active voice, action verbs, a restatement of the thesis, and a conclusion.
Outline
Can be used to make sure students are receiving frequent feedback on their work.
Peer reviews
Compromised of articles on a given subject, in which professionals provide colleagues with research-based conclusions about their fields of study.
Personal Journals
_____ is an outlet for a writer to record his or her experiences and thoughts; this type is usually intended only for the writer, not outside readers.
Personal journal
When it comes to computer-based media for presentation support: using ______ (like Microsoft PowerPoint of Prezi), a speaker may integrate into his or her presentation slides and images, videos and movie clips, charts and graphs, songs and sound clips, or any combination of these to emphasize his or her main points. A skill that will continue to benefit them throughout their educational careers and into the workplace.
Presentation software
______ may be more credibly because they go through numerous reviews before arriving in the hands of the researcher. Print resources include: books, magazines, newspapers, and journals.
Print resources
Organization starts by introducing a problem and concludes by exploring solutions to that problem.
Problem and solution
_____ involves instructing students in the use of a clear process for writing and in the use of techniques and strategies for completing each part of the process. Planning (brainstorming, outlining, mapping); drafting (writing); revising (adding and deleting, rewriting, reorganizing), and editing (editing and proofreading).
Process writing
What does APA stand for? Used in the fields of education, psychology, and other sciences.
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
In order to produce meaningful work, a writer must first have a clear understanding of its ______.
Purpose
It is crucial for a research writer to form a specific and answerable _______ as part of the planning process. This question will focus the author's research. Example: The topic 'education' is too broad to result in meaningful research findings. The writer must narrow the topic to 'higher education' or even further to 'higher education in the twenty-first century'.
Research question
____ are assessment tools that teachers use to objectively assign scores to projects or assignments whose merits are difficult to quantify, especially writing assignments.
Rubric
If the writer hopes to express his or her creativity, he or she might produce a narrative in the form of a ______ or _____.
Short story or novel
_______ discussions also allow for a level of safety, as students are asked to share on a smaller scale. They are helpful in classes where students may be unwilling to speak in front of a large group. It can also be helpful in classes that are large or particularly vocal with getting every student engaged and giving everyone the opportunity to share.
Small group
_____ format, in which a leader (the teacher or a student, depending on the classroom culture) prompts discussion solely by asking questions and allowing the class to share and then respond to and build upon one another's ideas.
Socratic Seminar
Employed when a writer organizes information according to its position in space.
Spatial sequence
Teacher may assign a ______ in order to test students' formal public speaking abilities and to observe their fluency and their ability to communicate emotionally with an audience. Requires students, usually one at a time, to stand in front of a group and speak on a particular topic. Can range in length and formality depending on purpose, audience, and topic.
Speech
Writers may also construct a piece of short writing that is intended to be delivered orally: a _______.
Speech
____ functions as guidebooks for the documentation of sources within a written document.
Style manuals
____ are those assignments (tests and exms) that are most commonly thought of as assessments- tasks that are intended to asses a student's overall mastery of a long-term objective.
Summative assessments
For less complex topics, one-on-one discussions may be assigned in the form of ________, in which students have the opportunity to first share briefly with a partner before sharing their responses with the whole class. ______ are appropriate when everyone in the class can be expected to comment on the topic without much prompting, when every student can be expected to have a response; they are also helpful in new classes, when students are still getting to know their classmates and might feel safer if they have the chance to test their responses our on just one classmate first.
Think-pair-share
Throughout the writing process, it is essential that a writer ensure ___ in a text. ___ demands that the details included in a sentence, paragraph, or text share a main idea: all ideas within a paragraph, for example, must support the main idea that is expressed in the paragraph's topic sentence.
Unity
______ discussions, especially when conducted in classrooms that are safe, can be useful for taking on broad, complex ideas that require many perspectives. Larger questions related to the human condition, for example, can be explored in more dimension when a larger number of students participates.
Whole class
____ provide an avenue for groups of people with similar interests to exchange ideas and information in an online forum. _____ usually are not controlled by one or two individuals, but they are intended to be collaborative communities, in which all participants can contribute to the group's collective knowledge and understanding. Students should understand, that the collaborative nature of wikis can make them less reliable in terms of accuracy.
Wikis
Is to help each student improve his or her writing skills by highlighting individual strengths and honing in on the areas needing improvement.
Writing conferences
The ____ typically involves five steps. 1. Planning (mapping or brainstorming) 2. Drafting (writing and constructing) 3. Revising (moving, cutting, replacing, and adding) 4. Editing (checking grammar and punctuation) 5. Proof-reading (checking the final draft for typos)
Writing process
_______ is an approach that integrates instruction, practice, and assessment in a consistent, daily schedule. First a sound is signaled to show the beginning, then a teacher teaches a mini-lesson on a particular skill or segment of the writing process. Next, students have time to work on their writing independently or in small groups while the teacher circulates to do one-on-one and small group conferences. Finally, students share their work from the day.
Writing workshop
