Psych unit 1 quiz
Basic research
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
Applied research
Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
Psychology
The science of behavior and mental processes Behavior is anything an organism does (any action we can observe and record) Mental processes are the internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior (sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings)
Experimental psychology
The study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method
evolutionary psychology
The study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection Webbed hand Darwin How the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?
Empiricism
The view that knowledge originates in experience and that schools, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
Psychiatry
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy Applied research
Counseling psychology
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being help people to cope with challenges and crises (including academic, vocational, and marital issues) and to improve their personal and social functioning Applied research
Psychodynamic
a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders Freud Thumb How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts How can someone's personality traits and disorders be explained by unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?
Developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span Study changing abilities from womb to tomb Basic research
Clinical psychology
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders Basic and applied research
Humanistic psychology
a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow Drew attention to ways that current environmental influences can nurture or limit our growth potential, and to the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied How we meet our needs for love and acceptance and achieve self-fulfillment How can we work toward fulfilling our potential? How can we overcome barriers to our personal growth?
SQ3R
a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review
Human factors psychology
an I/O psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use Applied research
biopsychosocial approach
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
Ivan Pavlov
discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell Pioneered the study of learning Russian physiologist
Testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning
Charles Darwin
22-year-old voyager who pondered the species variation he encountered, including tortoises on one island that differed from those on nearby islands His 1859 On the Origin of Species explained this diversity by proposing the evolutionary process of natural selection: From among chance variations, nature selects traits that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment
A humanistic psychologist working with some poets might ask which of the following questions? A. How can we get them to reach their highest potential? B. How did their childhood experiences impact their current behavior? C. How have rewards and punishments shaped their behavior? D. How do society's attitudes affect their writing topics? E. How do their brains differ from those of other successful people?
A
A psychologist investigates the methods teachers use to enhance student learning. With which of the following subfields is the psychologist most likely aligned? A. Educational psychology B. Experimental psychology C. School psychology D. Social psychology E. Forensic psychology
A
Which of the following professionals is required to have a medical degree? A. Psychiatrist B. Psychologist C. Clinician D. Counselor E. Psychotherapist
A
Which of the following psychologists most strongly emphasize that human behavior is powerfully influenced by the interaction between people and their physical, social, political, and economic environments? A. Community B. Clinical C. Counseling D. Industrial-organizational E. Rehabilitation
A
Which perspective would be most useful when explaining how people from different countries express anger? A. Social-cultural B. Psychodynamic C. Behavioral D. Functionalist E. Biological
A
Which school of psychology focused on the adaptive nature of thinking and how our consciousness evolves to meet our needs? A. Functionalist B. Structuralist C. Behavioral D. Humanistic E. Psychodynamic
A
Who among the following would most likely study the interaction of people, machines, and physical environments? A. Human factors psychologist B. Personality psychologist C. Industrial-organizational psychologist D. Counseling psychologist E. Experimental psychologist
A
Community psychology
A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups Applied research
According to the behaviorist perspective, psychological science should be rooted in what? A. Introspection B. Observation C. Cultural influences D. Growth potential E. Basic needs
B
Which of the following psychologists would most likely conduct psychotherapy? A. Biological B. Clinical C. Industrial-organizational D. Cognitive E. Evolutionary
B
Which of the following statements is the best example of applied research? A. Investigating personality traits B. Using psychological concepts to boost worker productivity C. Experimenting with how people perceive different stimuli D. Studying the changing abilities of children from ages 2 to 5 E. Exploring the neural changes that occur during adolescence
B
Which philosopher proposed that nerve pathways allowed for reflexes? A. Socrates B. René Descartes C. John Locke D. Aristotle E. Plato
B
Which psychological principle best explains why studying an hour a day for a week is more effective than one 7-hour study session? A. Testing effect B. Distributed practice C. SQ3R D. Retrieval practice effect E. Psychometrics
B
By seeking to measure "atoms of the mind," who established the first psychology laboratory? A. Sigmund Freud B. John B. Watson C. Wilhelm Wundt D. G. Stanley Hall E. William James
C
Self-reflective introspection about the elements of experience best describes a technique used by which school of psychology? A. Darwinists B. Empiricists C. Structuralists D. Behaviorists E. Psychiatrists
C
The study of the importance of satisfying love and acceptance needs best describes which school of psychology? A. Behavioral B. Functionalist C. Humanistic D. Psychodynamic E. Structuralist
C
Which field of psychology is most interested in studying the link between mental activity and brain activity? A. Humanistic psychology B. Gestalt psychology C. Cognitive neuroscience D. Psychodynamic perspective E. Evolutionary perspective
C
Which of the following best describes research typical of Wilhelm Wundt's first psychology laboratory? A. Examining the unconscious to determine behavior motivation B. Using a brain-scanning device to determine the impact events have on brain function C. Measuring the reaction time between hearing a sound and pressing a button D. Studying helping behavior, based on the premise that people are good E. Examining how collective life experiences combine to create individuality
C
With which of the following statements would John B. Watson most likely agree? A. Psychology should study the growth potential in all people. B. Psychology should study the unconscious. C. Psychology should focus on observable behavior. D. Psychology should study mental thought processes. E. Psychology should study how culture and beliefs impact an individual.
C
A psychologist works with children whose parents are divorcing. She helps them develop skills they need to cope with the situation. Of the following, what kind of psychologist is most likely helping these children? A. Industrial-organizational B. Social C. Research D. Counseling E. Community
D
The debate about the relative contributions of biology and experience to human development is most often referred to as what? A. Evolutionary analysis B. Behaviorism C. The cognitive revolution D. The nature-nurture issue E. Natural selection
D
The science of behavior and mental processes is the definition of which field of study? A. Philosophy B. Cognitive neuroscience C. Basic research D. Psychology E. Applied research
D
Which of the following kinds of psychologists would most likely explore how we process and remember information? A. Developmental B. Biological C. Social D. Cognitive E. Personality
D
Which of the following perspectives is most likely to address how the encoding, storing, and retrieval of information might alter our thoughts? A. Behavioral B. Psychodynamic C. Humanistic D. Cognitive E. Biological
D
Dorothea Dix
led the way to humane treatment of those with psychological disorders
I/O psychology
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces help organizations and companies select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, design products, and implement systems Applied research
Levels of analysis
the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon Formed an integrated biopsychosocial approach
Cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) Pointer finger 1960s cognitive revolution Interdisciplinary study that has enriched our understanding of the brain activity underlying mental activity The cognitive approach has given us new ways to understand ourselves and to treat disorders such as depression
nature-nurture issue
the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture The ancient Greeks debated this, with Plato assuming that we inherit character and intelligence and that certain ideas are also inborn, and Aristotle countering that there is nothing in the mind that does not first come in from the external world through the senses Locke rejected the notion of inborn ideas, suggesting that the mind is a blank slate on which experience writes. Descartes disagreed, believing that some ideas are innate
Natural selection
the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations Darwin's 1859 On the Origin of Species explained diversity by proposing this evolutionary process
Cognitive psychology
the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Pointer finger How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Solving problems?
Social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another How we view and affect one another Basic research
Positive psychology
the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive What, they ask, can psychology contribute to a "good life" that engages one's skills, and a "meaningful life" that points beyond oneself? Applied research
Behavioral psychology
the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning Middle finger Watson, Skinner, Rayner How we learn observable responses How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say, to lose weight?
Biological psychology
the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes. (Some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists.) Pinky finger How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences; how genes combine with environment to influence individual difference How do pain messages travel from the hand to the brain? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives? To what extent are traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and depression attributable to our genes? To our environment?
Psychometrics
the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.
Personality psychology
the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting Investigating out persistent traits Basic research
Educational psychology
the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning Study influences on teaching and learning Basic research
Social-cultural psychology
the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking Hand holding world How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures How are we alike as members of one human family? How do we differ as products of our environment?
Behaviorism
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2) Major force in psychology well into the 1960s
William James
thought it would be more fruitful to consider the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings Smelling is what the nose does; thinking is what the brain does. But why do the nose and brain do these things? Under the influence of evolutionary theorist Charles Darwin Things developed because it was adaptive—it contributed to our ancestors' survival. FUNCTIONALISM
B.F. Skinner
Dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior."
John B. Watson
Dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior." Founded behaviorism
Betsy works in a human resources department. She plans training sessions, recruits people to work for the company, and implements techniques to boost morale around the office. Of the following, Betsy is most likely a(n) A. developmental psychologist. B. personality psychologist. C. counseling psychologist. D. educational psychologist. E. industrial-organizational psychologist.
E
Dwayne is interested in helping people make good decisions regarding their physical well-being. Dwayne should consider a career as a A. community psychologist B. social psychologist. C. forensic psychologist. D. industrial-organizational psychologist. E. health psychologist.
E
Psychiatrists differ from psychologists in that they A. help people cope with challenges and crises. B. conduct research. C. explore how we view and affect one another. D. experiment with how people perceive, think, and solve problems. E. are medical doctors licensed to prescribe medication.
E
What was the main difference between the psychological thinking of Wilhelm Wundt and earlier philosophers who were also interested in thinking and behavior? A. Wundt was European, earlier philosophers were American. B. Wundt was the first professor from a major university interested in psychology. C. Wundt was the first scholar to call himself a psychologist. D. Wundt used psychotherapy techniques established by Freud to examine the thinking and behavior of healthy individuals. E. Wundt and his students gathered data about human thinking and behavior in a laboratory setting.
E
Which of the following psychologists would be most likely to investigate biological, psychological, cognitive, and social changes over time? A. Educational B. Experimental C. Social D. Cognitive E. Developmental
E
Which psychological perspective is most likely to focus on how our interpretation of a situation affects how we react to it? A. Psychodynamic B. Biological C. Social-cultural D. Evolutionary E. Cognitive
E
Who coined the term "tabula rasa" (blank slate) to help explain the impact experience has on shaping an individual? A. Francis Bacon B. René Descartes C. John B. Watson D. Sigmund Freud E. John Locke
E
Functionalism
Early school of thought promoted by William James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, flourish Thought as a whole; if you break it apart you destroy it
Structuralism
Early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener, used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind Pieces of thought Break it apart Method: engage people in self-reflected introspection, training them to report elements of their experience as they use 5 senses Inside of ourselves not learned from external observation
Sigmund Freud
Emphasized the ways emotional responses to childhood experiences and our unconscious thought processes affect our behavior (PSYCHOANALYSIS/PSYCHODYNAMICS)
Wilhelm Wundt
Father of psychology Established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany in 1879 Created an experimental apparatus: machine measured the time lag between people's hearing a ball hit a platform and their pressing a telegraph key Wundt was seeking to measure "atoms of the mind"—the fastest and simplest mental processes
Margaret Floy Washburn
First female psych Ph.D Wrote an influential book, The Animal Mind, and became the second female APA president in 192 Titchener was her graduate advisor
G. Stanley Hall
In 1883, with Wundt, went on to establish the first formal U.S. psychology laboratory, at Johns Hopkins University
Mary Whiton Calkins
Joined James' seminar and cause all men to drop out and she was tutored alone Finished all the requirements for a Harvard Ph.D., but was denied her degree Went on to become a distinguished memory researcher and the APA's first female president in 1905
Jean Piaget
Last century's most influential observer of children Swiss biologist
Carl Rogers
Led Humanistic Psychology with Abraham Maslow Drew attention to ways that current environmental influences can nurture or limit our growth potential, and to the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied
