Year 9 Science Semester 2 Exam Revision

State the indoor and outdoor range of a Wi-Fi signal

30 metres indoors 100 metres outdoors

A beam hits a plane mirror at an angle of 45 degrees. State the angle of it being reflected

45 degrees

Describe the function of the eardrum

The thin flap of skin stretches tight across the insides of the ear and sound vibrates off it to help us hear

Keystone species

species that are critical to the survival of an entire ecosystem

Dispersion

splitting the white light into separate colours

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

sunlight carbon dioxide + water (turns to) glucose + oxygen chlorophyll

What is the difference between a safety switch and a surge protector?

surge protectors protect electrical appliances, safety switches protect people.

Rifting

the process of continents breaking apart, subsiding and allowing in the sea

Seafloor spreading

the process of new crust forming at the ocean ridges and spreading outwards

Visible Spectrum

the range of colours that can be seen to the eye (ROYGBIV)

Earthquake

the rapid movement of the ground, usually back and forth and pup and down in a wave motion due to the movement of tectonic plates

Electromagnetism

the relationship between electricity and magnetism

Biodiversity

the rename of different species in a community

What is behavioural adaption?

A feature of the organism's habits, actions or a way of life

What is functional adaption?

A feature of the way an organism's body works

What is the difference between a fuse and a circuit breaker?

A fuse is made up of a piece of metal that melts when overheated; a circuit breaker has an internal switch mechanism that is tripped by an unsafe surge of electricity.

Continental drift

the separating of continents by drifting across the oceans

Seismic Wave

the shaking, wave like movement of the ground in an earthquake

What is the difference between an ecosystem and a community

A group of organisms of the same species living in the same place at the same time is called a population. If we put populations of different species together, that's called a community. When we add in the abiotic factors, or non-living things in an environment, we get an ecosystem.

Define the term lateral inversion

the sideways or left-right reversal of an image in a plane mirror

Lateral Inversion

the sideways or left-to-right reversal of an image in a plane mirror

Infrasound

the sound produced by waves of very low frequency, less than 20 Hz

Ultrasound

the sounds produced by waves of greater frequency that humans can hear

Ecology

the study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment

Plate tectonics

the theory that the Earth's crust is cracked into many large pieces that move on the asthenosphere

Wave motion

the transfer of energy without transferring matter

List 3 things that resistance depends on

the type of material the wire is made from the length of the wire the thickness of the wire

Insulator

a material that does not conduct heat

Remote sensing

a means of gathering information about an object or event without direct physical contact

Resistance

a measure of how difficult it is for the current to pass through

State whether AM or FM radio waves are more likely to experience static

AM waves because it may be longer but the quality isn't good.

Describe what would most likely happened when infrared radiation hits: A black plastic pot plant

Absorb the radiation

Refraction Index

a measure of how easily light travels through a substance

List the advantages and disadvantages of a series circuit

Advantages: Everything is connected in a single loop Disadavantages: The globes would have to share the power and the globes aren't controlled individually.

Voltage

a measure of the amount of energy provided to charges or used by them; measured in volts (V)

What are the ten major tectonic plates?

African, Antarctic, Australian, Eurasian, North American, South American, Pacific, Cocos, Nazca, and the Indian plates.

Who is the scientist that proposed the Continental Drift

Alfred Wegener

Diamond to air Away or towards the normal?

Away

Recall the term that describes the amount of data and communication can carry

Bandwidth

Wireless Internet (Wi-Fi)

a method of transmitting an internet signal using radio waves

Optical Fibre

a narrow tube of glass or plastic used to transmit pulses of light

physical factor

a non living factor

Binary Number System

a number system consisting of only two digits: 1 and 0

List the three secondary colours

Cyan, Magenta and Yellow

Volcacno

a place where extremely hot material from the inside the Earth erupts at the surface

Ecosystem

a place where organisms and their physical surroundings form a balanced environment that is different from others nearby

Explain why it is beneficial to wear white clothing when living in a warm climate

Darker clothes absorb more heat while lighter clothes reflect the heat

What is electrocution?

Death caused by an electric shock

What are the advantages of a home being wired as a parallel circuit instead of a series circuit?

Each branch can have its own switch, allowing the globes to be turned on and off independently Also all lights getting the same amount of power

What is the cause of earthquakes?

Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault.

State the two types of field interact to produce an electromagnetic wave

Electric and magnetic

What are the particles that carry an electric current through a circuit?

Electrons

In an atom, is the number of protons greater than or less than or equal to the number of electrons

Equal

GPS ground station

a receiver and computer that can detect satellite signals and calculate its position on the earth

Explain why AM radio waves travel more than FM radio waves

FM signal has a wavelength of 3 metres while AM has a wavelength of 100 metres.

State the temperature on Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin scales where water freezes:

Fahrenheit: 32 Celcius: 0 Kelvin: 273

TRUE OR FALSE A current is flowing when a spark jumps from one object to another

False, a current flows whenever a charge flows from one spot to another

Drought

an extended period of no rainfall in an area, even in season when it normal rains

TRUE OR FALSE The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from low-energy gamma rays to high-energy radio waves

False, high energy gamma rats to low energy radio waves

TRUE OR FALSE A sound wave can travel through a vacuum

False, sound needs to vibrate off something to be produced

TRUE OR FALSE The hotter the object, the less electromagnetic radiation will emit

False, the hotter the object, the more electromagnetic radiation will emit

TRUE OR FALSE Regions of high pressure are called refractions

False. They are called compressions

Normal

an imaginary line that is frown at the right angles to a surface light is the incident upon

State whether sound travels faster in a solid, a liquid or a gas

Faster in a solid than a liquid and gas, but it can go through liquid quicker than gas.

What is the term that means 'animals that only eat plants'

First-order consumer (herbiove)

Seismometer

an instrument that detect the seismic wave from an earthquake

Ammeter

an instrument to measure current

Voltmeter

an instrument used that measures voltage

Thermometer

an instrument used to measure temperature

What are the forms of energy that is released when a spark jumps across a gap?

Light, heat or movement

Feral animal

an introduced species of an animal that has become established in the wild

Compare a transverse and a longitudinal wave

Longitudinal wave: Particles vibrate in the same direction as the wave Transverse wave: particles at right angles of the wave

What are the three main components of an ecosystem?

Physical surroundings living organisms living and non-living factors

Does a proton have positive, negative or neutral charge?

Positive charge

Magnetic fields

an invisible force field around a magnet

Introduced species

animals and plants brought to Australia from other countries

List 3 uses of X-Rays

Produce an image of bones Radiotherapy to target cancer cells to kill them or stop them from multiplying When a patient undergoes a computed tomography scan

What is the group of organisms that makes the food for the ecosystems

Producers

Endothermic

animals that can generate body heat internally

Why does a ammeter need to be connected so that it is in line (in series) with components of the circuit?

So it is able to show the current flow that is happening

Ectothermic

animals that obtain body heat from outside their body

Light is refracted away from/towards the normal when it passes from glass to air

away from

If one globe in a series circuit 'blows', the others _______ a) don't change b) don't light up c) shine brighter d) shine less brightly

b) don't light up

List 3 examples of energy supplier

battery, generator and the dynamo on a bike

What are the characteristics of the asthenosphere

The plates 'float' on a layer of 'plastic' semi-solid rock in the upper mantle, which is called the asthenosphere

Ampere

the unit used to measure current; the symbol is A

Chemical pollution

chemicals escaping into the environment that can damage ecosystems

Hertz (Hz)

the unit used to measure frequency

List the 5 different types of relationships between organisms

competition, predation, commensalism, mutualism and parasitism.

Ohm

the unit used to measure resistance

Volts

the unit used to measure voltage; unit symbol is V

On a warm day, a house is warmer upstairs because of conduction/convection currents

convection

Describe the process of subduction

convergent boundaries of tectonic plates where one plate moves under another and is forced or sinks due to gravity into the mantle.

Direct Current (DC)

current generated by electrons always moving in one direction

Alternating current (AC)

current generated by electrons changing the direction in which they move

If another globe is added to a series circuit the globes _______ a) dont change b) don't light up c) shine brighter d) shine less brightly

d) shine less brightly

Habitat destruction

damage caused to the factors in the environment that an organism depends on for survival

What is the term that means 'organisms that can break down dead bodies and waster, and recycle material for the producers to reuse'

decomposers

Passive Remote Sensing

detecting the reflection or emission of naturally occurring electromagnetic radiation from a target

Active Remote Setting

detecting the reflection or emission of radiation (such as microwaves) that was directed onto a target

Name the three types of plate boundary

divergent, convergent, and transform.

Define the term 'dispersion'

when a white light gets split up and shows all the colours of the visible spectrum

Parallel

when components are connected in branches adjacent to one another; voltmeters are connected in the parallel

Series

when components are connected with each other in a single line; ammeters are connected in the series

Total internal reflection

when light is completely reflected from a boundary of two substances; it occurs when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle

Regular Reflection

reflection of light from a very smooth surface, such as water or a mirror, and produce a clear image

Diffuse Reflection

reflection of light in many different directions from an uneven surface

Sound Wave

regions of high and low pressure originating from a vibrating object and transmitted through the medium

Competition

relationship between organisms that are trying to use the same limited resource

Interdependence

relationship between organisms where each affects the other's survival

Mutualism

relationship between two organisms living closely together, where each benefits from each other

Commensalism

relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is unharmed

Predation

relationship between two organisms where one organism kills and eats the other

What is the time it takes for a safety switch to activate?

0.03 seconds

List 5 properties of an image formed in a plane mirror

1. is upright 2. is the same size as the object 3. is laterally inverted 4. is virtual 5. appears to be located as far inside the mirror as the object is in front

List 4 causes of hearing loss

1. the middle ear is filled with fluid 2. the eardrum has been ruptured by an extremely loud noise as the result of an infection 3. sensory cells of the ear have been damaged by loud noise 4. a defect in the auditory nerve.

Biotic Fator

A living factor of the environment

Define the term amplitude modulated

A modulation technique used in electronic communication

Abiotic Factor

A non-living factor of the environment

What is structural adaptation?

A part of the body that helps an organism live. For example a bat has wings for flying.

What is reverberation?

A reflection of light or sound waves, or a wide reaching impact of an action

What is the difference between a solenoid and an electormagnet

A solenoid is a cylindrical coil of wire whose diameter is small compared to its length.An electromagnet is a solenoid wound around a central iron core.

List what an electric circuit needs:

An energy source, an energy user and wires

List 4 common devices that may be Wi-Fi enabled

Bluetooth, MP3 player, mobile phones and PC's

What method of heat transfer is it when: Your feet feel cold when you jump in a swimming pool

Conduction

What method of heat transfer is it when: Your feet get hot when your walking on the sand at the beach

Conduction

List the three processes of heat transfer

Conduction, Convection and Radiation

Tinnitus

Constant ringing in the ears cause by prolonged exposure to loud noises

What is the term that means 'organisms that eat food'

Consumers

What method of heat transfer is it when: You boil water in a kettle

Convection

List two examples of an electrical conductor

Copper Aluminium

Name a carnivore

Frogs

Name the damaging rays that are emitted in a nuclear explosion

Gamma rays

State the type of electromagnetic radiation that is emitted by radioactive material

Gamma rays

List 3 examples of components that use electrical charge

Globe, battery and switch

What direction the do the plates move in a converging boundary?

Go against each other and push together

Name a herbivore

Grasshopper

Who is the scientist that proposed Seafloor spreading

Harry Hess

Conduction

Heat flowed from an object to a low temperature object

Radiation

Heat that has traveled through empty space from the sun to the earth

Convection

Heat transferred by mass motion of a fluid such as air or water

Name the unit that is used to measure the frequency of a sound wave

Hertz (Hz)

How do electrical faults create house fires?

High currents cause wires to heat up rapidly which can melt the plastic which can set fire to the fluff and dust trapped with the wires in the walls and roof space

Temperature

How hot or cold something is

List three ways in which water can be used directly to spin turbines

Hydro-electricity is generated wave power uses regular swells of the ocean to rock the turbines back and forth tidal power uses the massive flows of water from twice daily changes of the tides.

Incident ray

Incoming ray

Describe ways that information gathered from Landsat Satellite can be used

Incorporate multi-spectual scanners that can detect electromagnetic radiation through different bands called channels

How can you make field lines around a magnet visible?

Iron fillings

Hot Spots

Isolated places away from plate boundaries where a lot of hot magma is created

Why is photosynthesis important for ecosystems?

It creates food for the organisms

How can fire be useful in the Australian bushland?

It may kill some plants but can also help others grow

Is the star betelgeuse Luminous or non-luminous

Luminous

is the planet venus luminous or non-luminous

Luminous

Recall the secondary colour produced when red light and blue light are combined

Magenta

Explain why food will cook quicker but unevenly in a microwave oven

Microwaves are absorbed by water, fats and sugars info food, causing the molecules to vibrate. The heating is happening inside the food without warming the surrounded area, the food cooks uneven

Does an electron have a positive, negative of neutral charge?

Negative charge

Does a neutron have a positive, negative or neutral charge?

Neutral charge

Does an atom have positive, negative or neutral charge?

Neutral charge

What are the advantages of dry cells in a TV remote control

No liquids, safe and not expensive

Describe how heat is conducted along a rod

Particles near the flame, vibrate ,pre quickly as they absorb heat energy. Those vibrations, from particle to particle, conduct heat along the solid

What are all the components of an ecosystem

Physical surroundings living organisms living and non-living factors

Parasitism

relationship between two organisms, where one organism lives on or in the other and feeds off it

Describe two uses of microwave radiation

Radar and communication systems

Name the only process that can transfer heat through the vacuum of space

Radiation

What method of heat transfer is it when: You feel warm air as you walk into a school disco held in a hall

Radiation

What method of heat transfer is it when: Your back feels warm while sitting in the sun

Radiation

Recall which colour in the visible spectrum has the longest wavelength

Red

List the three primary colours

Red, Blue, Green

List all the colours in the visible spectrum

Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet (ROYGBIV)

Primary colours of light

Red, green, blue

Discuss the term Ultraviolet

Refers to the portion above visible violet light

Discuss the term infrared

Refers to the portion of the spectrum below the visible light

Describe what would most likely happen when infrared radiation hits: A white shade over a sand pit

Reflected

Why are birds and mammals not as affected by cold weather as much as reptiles are?

Reptiles have cold blood while birds and mammal have a warmer blood to keep them warm

List three situations in which such technology is useful

Research, connecting with others, and finding out what is happening around the world

List two examples of an insulator

Rubber Wood

What is the term that means 'animal that only eats other animals'

Second-order consumer and Third-order consumer (also known as a Carnivore)

What is the instrument used to measure earthquakes?

Seismometer

Name two metals that have low resistance

Silver Copper

Name two metals that have high resistance

Steel Nickel

Name the tectonic plate that generates heat at the boundaries of the plates

Subduction

State the approximate wavelength of a FM wave

The amplitude is the same as the carrier wave and frequency

How does a safety switch detect a problem in the circuit?

The current flowing into the house through the safety switch should be the same as the current flowing out of the house through the same safety switch. If they are different, the current is likely to be leaking with triggers the safety switch

List the parts of the middle ear

The eardrum and the ossicles

List the advantages and disadvantages of AC

The electrons regularly change their direction and so just shuffle back and forth along the wire. The voltage varies

What are the advantages an electromagnet has over a normal, permanent magnet.

The main advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet is that the magnetic field can be rapidly manipulated over a wide range by controlling the amount of electric current.

Propose why light travels faster in the air than water

The particles are closer together

Explain why sound travels faster through solids than liquids

There are more particles to vibrate off and more particles in the medium

State two disadvantages associated with analogue signals compared with using digital signals

They are limited and suffer from signal lost and interference

Why are decomposers important in a natural ecosystem?

They keep the ecosystem running, without them, the ecosystem would run out of resources

What direction do the plates move in a diverging boundary?

They move away from each other

Glass to Diamond Away or towards the normal?

Towards

Water to glass Away or towards the normal?

Towards

Water to perspex Away or towards the normal?

Towards

Describe what would most likely happen when infrared radiation hits: a glass window on a boat

Transmitted

TRUE OR FALSE Energy converters have resistance

True

TRUE OR FALSE Radiation spins the turbine in a nuclear reactor

True

TRUE OR FALSE Sound is produced by vibration

True

TRUE OR FALSE Waves at the beach are called transverse waves

True

TRUE OR FALSE as the energy of the radiation decreases, the wavelength increases

True

Describe the function of the ossicles

Vibrations of the eardrum pass onto the ossicles, three tiny bones, called the hammer, anvil and stirrup. These bones magnify the vibrations

State the visible light with the shortest wavelength

Violet

Explain how sea breeze is formed

Water heats up much slower than land. AS the land heats up, it warms the air close to the ground and the warmer, lighter air starts rising

List the 5 different physical, or abiotic, factors that can affect organisms

Water, temperature, fire, light, soil type and gas levels.

What direction do the plates move in a transform boundary

slide against each other

Describe what is meant by Wi-Fi

Wireless Internet

Electromagnetic Radiation

a angle of electromagnetic waves consisting of oscillation electric and magnetic fields travelling at the speed of light

Visible light

a band of electromagnetic radiation detected by our eyes

Ultraviolet (UV) Light

a band of electromagnetic radiation with energies just above those of visible light, contained in sunlight

Infrared Radiation

a band of electromagnetic spectrum with energies just below that of visible light, detected by our skin as heat

Wet cell

a cell that uses liquid electrolyte

Island arc

a chain of islands formed at the edges of colliding tectonic plates where one plate subduct

Ion

a charged 'atom' created when electrons are gained or lost

Parallel circuit

a circuit that has a number of branches, each with its own components

Series circuit

a circuit with all its components arranged in a line forming a single loop

Pyroclastic Flow

a cloud of ash, rock and gas at about 500 degrees that exits from a volcano like an avalanche

Dry Cell

a compact cell that uses a paste and not liquid for an electrolyte

Electrolyte

a conducting solution in a battery

Analogue Signal

a continous signal that varies in amplitude or frequency with the information being transmitted

Solenoid

a current-carrying loop of wire

Oceaan trench

a deep trench in the ocean floor that is much deeper than the rest of the ocean floor

Transformer

a device that increases or decreases voltage

Transformer

a device that increases or reduces voltage provided to a circuit

Safety Switch

a device that turns all household circuits off if it detects a leak in current; it is also known as a residual current device (RCD)

Surge protector

a device that turns off power to appliances if it detects a massive and damaging increase in the current

Pyramid of biomass

a diagram that shows the total mass of organisms at each stage of a food chain

Digital Signal

a discrete signal consisting a series of on and off

Adaptation

a feature that an organism has that enables it to survive

Bushfire

a fire that burns natural vegetation in forests, woodland and grasslands

Plane mirror

a flat mirror

Tsunami

a huge wave in the ocean caused by an earthquake occurring on the seafloor

Firestick farming

a hunting method used by Australian Aboriginal people, in which vegetation is burned to flush out animals and to rejuvenate the land

Turbine

a large-scale electricity generator

Asthenosphere

a layer of 'plastic' semi-solid rock in the lower mantle

What is an electrolyte

a liquid or gel which contains ions and can be decomposed by electrolysis

Primary Wave (p-Wave)

a longitudinal seismic wave that travels fast through the Earth

Motor

a machine that uses electromagnetism to spin; it needs a current-carrying could and a magnet

Compression

a region of high pressure where particles are closed together

Rarefaction

a region of low pressure in which particles are far apart

Surface Wave

a seismic wave that travels along the surface of the Earth's crust

Food chain

a sequence of organisms feeding on each other

Circuit Diagram

a simplified and shorthand version of a circuit; shows how all components in the circuit are connected

Photovoltaic cell

a solar cell; directly converts solar energy into electric energy

Electromagnet

a solenoid with an iron rod in its centre

Echo

a sound that is reflected or heard a second time

Circuit breaker

a switch that turns off the circuit if too much current flows through

Lignotuber

a swollen underground stem of eucalypts that can resist fire

Colour filter

a transparent material that allows light of a particular colour to pass through

Secondary Wave (S-wave)

a transverse seismic wave that travels through the Earth

Mallee

a type of eucalypts that has lignotubers

Virtual Image

a type of image formed in which rays of light don't actually meet, but only appear to meet at a point inside the mirror

Transverse Wave

a wave in which the vibration is at right angles to the direction the wave is travelling

Longitudinal Wave

a wave in which the vibration is in the same direction the wave is travelling

Fuse

a wire of high resistance; it will melt if too much current flows in the circuit

Neutral wire

a wire that carries current away from the component; it is coated in blue plastic

Active wire

a wire that carries current to a component; it is coated in brown plastic

Earth wire

a wire through which current only flood when there is a lead of current in an appliance; it is coated in green or yellow plastic

If one globe in a parallel circuit 'blows' the others _______ a) don't change b) don't light up c) shine brighter d) shine less brightly

a) don't change

If another globe is added to a parallel circuit the globes ________. a) don't change b) don't light up c) shine brighter d) shine less brightly

a) dont change

State whether the following combinations of magnetic poles attract or repel. a) N/N b) S/S c) N/S

a) repel b) repel c) attract

Community

all living organisms in an ecosystem

List the advantages and disadvantages of DC

all the electrons move in one direction and with one voltage

Environment

all the factors in an organism's surroundings that affect it

Food web

all the linked food chains in an ecosystem

What is a transformer used for?

an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits

Flood

an event where water covers the land and does not soak in a for a long time

Polarised

electromagnetic radiation that is travelling in a single plane

Microwaves

electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths, ranging from a fraction of a millimetre to tens of centimetres, used in communication and cooking

Radio waves

electromagnetic radiation with with wavelengths ranging from hundreds of meters to tens of centimetres, used in communication

What is the term that means 'a list of all the factors in an organisms' surroundings and affect it.'

environment

Gamma rays

extremely high-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted by radioactive materials

Sustainable living

for humans living in a way that ensures that resources do not run out and the natural ecosystems are not damaged

Heat

form of energy and describes the total energy of all particles within an object

The frequency/wavelength of the wave is the number of waves produced per second

frequency

Light travels at higher speeds through glass/air

glass

In a positive ion, the number of protons is greater than or less than or equal to the number of electrons

greater than

Epicormic growth

growth of new shoots from the stems of trees and shrubs after fires

Neutral

having no charge

X-Rays

high-energy electromagnetic radiation that can penetrate materials

Productivity

how well an area supports life

First-order consumer

in a food chain, the position of a herbivore

Where can an electrolyte be found?

in food and beverages

Why can magma become explosive?

it flows towards the surface pressure builds, eventually causing the blockage to be blasted out in an explosive eruption

Overcropping

killing more animals than the population can replace by its normal breeding cycle

In a negative ion, the number of protons is greater than or less than or equal to the number of electrons

less than

Field lines

lines that show the direction of the force on iron fillings and compass needles

Heat always flow through a temperature to one of a lower/higher temperature

lower

Total internal reflection can only occur when light passes through a substance of higher/lower refractive index

lower

are fireworks luminous or non-luminous

luminous

is lightening luminous or non-luminous

luminous

Secondary colours of light

magenta, yellow and cyan

Conductor

material that allows a current to pass through it

Insulator

material that does not conduct electricity

Magma

molten rock below the Earth's surface

Lava

molten rock that has erupted onto the Earth's surface

How do floods affect ecosystems?

most areas where food is made get's ruined, making the food chain not be as flowing as usual

Neutrons

neutral particles found in the nuclei of most atoms

Are traffic lights luminous or non-luminous

non-luminous

is a bicycle reflector luminous or non-luminous

non-luminous

What are the two types of crust that form the tectonic plates

oceanic crust and continental crust

Is a basketball opaque, transparent or translucent

opaque

Decomposers

organisms such as some bacteria that break down bodies of dead organisms and animal wastes and recycle material

Producers

organisms that make food for the community

Consumers

organisms that require a ready-made source of food

Magnetic striping

patterns of magnetism trapped in rocks on each side of plate boundaries

Gases are good/poor conductors of heat

poor

Insulators are good/poor conductors

poor

State is water is a good or poor conductor

poor

Protons

positive particles found in the nuclei of most particles

What is the radiation spectrum?

radio, microwaves, inferred, UV, X-Ray, Gamma rays

Bandwidth

the amount of data that can be transmitted through a communication channel

Angle of reflection

the angle a reflected ray makes with the normal

Angle of refraction

the angle a reflected ray makes with the normal

Critical angle

the angle of incidence of light produces an angle of refraction of 90 degrees

Angle of Incidence

the angle of the incoming ray makes with the normal

Second-order consumer

the animal feeding of the first-order consumer

Third-order consumer

the animal feeding on the second-order consumer

Ecological footprint

the area of land and water needed to provide resources necessary for survival

Refraction

the bending of light as it enters or leaves different substances

Static electricity

the build-up of electric charge on a surface

Nucleus

the core of an atom, that contains protons and neutrons

Continental Crust

the crust that forms on the continents

Oceanic crust

the crust that forms the ocean floor

Wavelength

the distance from one peak of a wave to the next

Electromagnetic Spectrum

the entire range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation, from high energy gamma rays to low energy radio waves

Current

the flow of charge

Amplitude

the height of the wavelength when it reaches the middle position

Global warming

the increase in the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere

Law of Reflection

the law stating that light is reflected at the same angle as the incident. i=r

Absolute Zero

the lowest possible temperature

Frequency

the number of waves passing every second

Who is the first person to propose that the continents moved?

the only, Alfred Wegener

Components

the parts of the circuits (light globes, switches, resistors, wires, globes and batteries)

Electric circuit

the path down which charge flows

Focus

the place below gourd where an earthquake starts

Epicentre

the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake

Photosynthesis

the process by which plants make their food

How do droughts affect ecosystems?

there won't be enough water for the organisms living in the area, which causes dehydration

Explain why the vents for ducted heating systems are usually placed on the floor and not the ceiling

this is so the process of convection can occur and heat up the room

Electrons

tiny negative particles spinning around the nucleus of an atom

Air to Perspex Away or towards the normal

towards

water to ice away or towards the normal?

towards

Is a pair of sheet stockings opaque, transparent or translucent

translucent

Is a piece of lightweight cotton fabric opaque, transparent or translucent

translucent

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

transmission of several broken and interwoven signals along a channel using a simple frequency

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

transmission of several signals along a single channel using different frequencies

Is air opaque, transparent or translucent

transparent

is shallow water opaque, transparent or translucent

transparent

Particles of a transverse/longitudinal wave vibrate at right angles to the direction of the wave

transverse

Electromagnetic Wave

transverse electric and magnetic fields positioned at right angles to each other and travelling through empty space at the speed of light

Decibel

unit used to measure loudness

Generator

uses electromagnetism to produce electricity; needs a spinning coil and a magnet

Overpopulation

when there are too many of a species for the ecosystem to support them and remain sustainable

Habitat

where an organism lives

Converging boundary

where plates are colliding with each other

Diverging boundary

where plates are moving apart from each other in opposite directions

Transform boundary

where plates are sliding parallel to each other but in opposite directions

Subduction

where the crust is sinking down to the Earth

List the colour changes in magma as it cools

white through yellow, orange and red, until it finally becomes a black colour as it hardens and solidifies into rock.

Wave motion is a transfer of everyday with/without matter

without

List three insulators

wool, cloth and rubber