ch 6 quiz

Jackson witnessed the death of his cousin when he was 8 years old but he remembers very little of it now that he is 35 years old. Dr. Mangini wants to help him to recover those memories using hypnosis. As a clinical psychologist, Dr. Mangini knows to be cautious about:

the possibility of unintentionally implanting false memories in Jackson, so Dr. Mangini must be very careful about what she says.

Telephone numbers around the world contain 6 to 10 digits. Given that telephone numbers are often remembered in short-term memory, this generally illustrates:

the magical number 7, plus or minus 2.

Using the partial report technique, George Sperling estimated that sensory memory stored _____ of the letters in a briefly flashed array.

the majority

Historians have applauded the Oscar-winning film Dunkirk for its historical accuracy. However, many people who watch the movie may confuse the names of fictional movie characters for historical individuals due to:

the misinformation effect.

According to National Safety Council, 2015, texting while driving increases the likelihood of crashing by _____ times.

4

Jaclyn just came to see Dr. Evans, a clinical psychologist, because she has anorexia. Dr. Evans believes that this eating disorder has its roots in childhood trauma and probably repressed sexual abuse. As a result, Dr. Evans uses dream analysis to try to uncover what she believes are Jaclyn's repressed memories. Jaclyn feel uncomfortable with this approach because she does not remember any abuse. What ethical issue is occurring in this scenario?

It is quite rare for childhood trauma to be completely repressed, so Dr. Evans may be unintentionally creating false memories that could seriously damage Jaclyn.

Which statement accurately describes memory in the brain?

The hippocampus plays a vital role in the creation of new memories.

Chad was finding it difficult to remember the name of the scientist who developed the general theory of relativity. Chad's professor told him that the scientist's name begins with the letter "A." Chad soon remembered and said that the name of the scientist is Albert Einstein. In this scenario, the letter "A" serves as:

a retrieval cue.

As Marlene watched her partner give birth to their first child, her _____ helped to process this emotional event.

amyglyda

After a severe bout of encephalitis, Clive Wearing could no longer develop new memories. Clive suffered from _____ amnesia.

anterograde

Unable to form or hold new memories following a brain surgery, a patient would be described as suffering from _____ amnesia.

anterograde

As Gilbert walks into the bowling championship tournament, he can't help but notice that each team has its own matching uniforms and that almost all of the competitors are men. This _____ processing occurred with no conscious effort and can be difficult to bring to awareness and express.

automatic

As Trey learned how to ride a bicycle, his _____ contributed to the formation of his memory.

cerebellum

The misinformation effect highlights the:

changeability of memory.

Mood-congruence is considered a specific instance of the:

encoding specific principle

The similarity between the learning and retrieval contexts influences how well information will be remembered. This is known as the:

encoding specificity principle.

Because she drank too much alcohol, Deanna barely remembers her 21st birthday celebrations. That is, her _____ memory for that night is poor

episodic

Henry Molaison, also known as H.M., suffered hippocampal damage after brain surgery. Which type of memory was most damaged in H.M.'s case?

explicit

Ida remembers wearing faded jeans yesterday. This is an example of a(n) _____ memory.

explicit

The Parkland school massacre is an example of an event where people's vivid memories surrounding the event form _____ memories.

flashbulb

According to the levels of processing framework, the optimal study technique is to:

focus on the meaning of important passages in the text.

Markie Pasternak seems to be able to remember a lot of unimportant details from her life. She can remember what she had for lunch on a particular day 10 years ago and she remembers what she wore to school on specific days when she was 10 years old. Markie:

has a highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM).

The American Psychological Association argues that most children who have been sexually abused:

have some memory of the abuse that occurred to them.

A person diagnosed with stage 1 chronic traumatic encephalopathy may be experiencing:

headaches and difficulty maintaining focus but no signs of memory impairment.

Diana is trying to learn the different branches of the nervous system. One mnemonic device that could help her memory of these terms would be to sketch a diagram showing the relationships among the concepts. This is called:

hierarchical structures.

Some psychological research relates infantile amnesia to the immaturity of the _____ among very young children.

hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

Henry is a police officer and is talking to eyewitnesses to a serious car crash. As he speaks to them, he needs to be aware that _____ can impact the reporting the eyewitnesses give him.

how he words his questions about the crash

According to Strayer and Watson (2012), compared with drunkenness, talking on a cell phone:

impairs driving to about the same extent.

Memories that a person is not consciously aware of are called _____ memories.

implicit

Clive Wearing could give the location of the hospital he had stayed in when his wife said the hospital's name even though he was oblivious to the connection between what he was saying and what his wife said. This illustrated that his _____ memory was still functional.

implict

Not being able to remember anything before the age of 3 years old is evidence of:

infantile amnesia

Noticing that "fish" rhymes with "dish" is _____ processing, and understanding the meaning of the word "fish" is _____ processing. Noticing that the word "fish" has four letters is _____ processing.

interm. deep. shallow

In a classic study by Godden and Baddeley (1975), participants learned lists of words under two conditions: while underwater (using scuba gear) and on dry land. Subjects performed better when they:

learned the list underwater and were tested underwater.

A'Ja has to remember a phone number for the next 3 minutes and she cannot write it down anywhere. What can she do to stretch her short-term memory longer than the 30 seconds that it typically lasts?

maintenance rehersal

Cassandra studied for her biology test. She had 8 hours before the test and she spent the entire 8 hours studying all in a row. She used _____ practice.

massed

Dr. Reynolds is a neurologist. She points to a patient's journal entries, where they wrote the same thing over and over again, as evidence that a virus has ravaged the _____ of her patient.

memory system

Long-term potentiation refers to the process whereby:

neural pathways become activated and more efficient as learning occurs.

Edith has Alzheimer's disease and thus if doctors were to examine her brain they would find _____ within her neurons and _____ between her neurons.

neurofibrillary tangles; amyloid plaques

Nana is taking a Spanish final at the end of the spring semester. The problem is that the French vocabulary she learned the semester before keeps getting in the way, causing her to forget Spanish words. Nana is experiencing _____ interference

proactive

The cerebellum is involved in the formation of:

procedural memories.

In the retrieval phase of Godden and Baddeley's (1975) study of the encoding specificity principle, participants were asked to supply all the words they could remember from the encoding condition. This was a _____ measure of memory.

recall

One feature of Alzheimer's disease is neurofibrillary tangles that:

result from twisted protein fibers inside brain cells.

Almost everybody has had the feeling of knowing the answer to a question but not being quite able to say it. This is called the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, and is a failure of:

retrieval

Gilda has been asked by her psychology professor to explain how the memories formed by people born in China differ from those of people born in the United States. Gilda summarizes relevant research by writing:

"People in China would have more community-oriented memories than their American counterparts."

Nya has been asked to write a paper in her psychology class. In it, she must describe the differences in duration and capacity between short-term memory and sensory memory. Nya summarizes those differences by writing:

"Short-term memory can store fewer bits of information but for longer than that of sensory memory."

Isaiah has been asked to give a presentation about why the term "engram" is generally discouraged by psychologists studying memory. How might he explain this in his presentation?

"There is probably no single site or process in the brain corresponding to a particular memory."

Kinta, a psychology major, has been asked by her study group to summarize the levels of processing framework to improve their method of studying for the next exam. She explains that:

"Thinking about material leads to better memory than simply repeating the material."

Given its emphasis on the unconscious, the notion that disturbing memories may be repressed is particularly relevant for:

Loftus' reconstructionist model of memory.

Seena studied over 6 weeks for her certification exam. Once she finally took the exam, Ebbinghaus would predict that:

Seena will forget most of it right away, and then she'll keep on forgetting more of it, although at a slower rate.

Charlotte is a state prosecutor. A 25-year-old man has asked her to prosecute his parents for sexual abuse from when he was 3 years old. Charlotte learns that this young man never had any memory of this abuse until he started undergoing hypnosis with a counselor. Charlotte has a background in psychology, so she knows that:

completely repressed childhood trauma is extremely rare and hypnosis can lead to false memories.

Oralia played rugby in high school and college. Now that she is in her 40s she has been diagnosed with stage 3 chronic traumatic encephalopathy. This means that her brain likely shows:

damage in her brain spreading to her hippocampus, amygdala, and brainstem.

Latasha is sitting down to study for her physics midterm. She needs to really buckle down and concentrate her mind on the task. To make _____ processing less daunting, she turns off her cell phone, sits in a quiet room, and keeps an eye on the clock.

effortful

mnemonic strategies facilitate retention by encouraging:

elaborative rehearsal.

Andrew is unable to recall whether the Apple logo faces left or right because he never really paid attention to it. In this scenario, Andrew's failure to recall the information can be explained by _____ failure.

encoding

As Danica walks into a bakery, odor molecules are detected by her nose and then transmitted into neural signals which are translated into the smell of freshly baked cinnamon rolls. This olfactory information enters her memory system through:

encoding

For Clive Wearing, much of the sensory information that his brain initially receives never goes to his memory system; instead it just slips away. This is a problem with his:

encoding

Organizing information hierarchically improves memory by aiding the process of:

encoding

Which sequence reflects the typical order in which memory processes information, from first to last?

encoding > storage > retrieval

Barah was telling her friend about how her dog had gotten run over by a garbage truck when she was a child. Her brother added to the story by reminding Barah that she was the one who had seen the accident and found their dog after it had been hit. For the next week, Barah started filling in the details of what had happened but then a week later, her mother told her that her brother had been wrong and that she never saw their dog during or after the accident. Barah's filling in of the details is an example of:

rich false

DeYuana has to memorize Martin Luther King Jr's "I Have a Dream" speech. It took her 100 practices before she was able to get it down perfectly. One month after performing it for her class, she found out that she could use the same speech in a different class, so she started memorizing it again and this time she cut her learning time in half. As a result, her _____ was 50%.

saving score

Information lasts for a few _____ in sensory memory, and the capacity of sensory memory is _____.

seconds, large

Information lasts for a few _____ in sensory memory, and the capacity of sensory memory is _____

seconds; large

In the study of memory, psychologists use the term "massed practice" to refer to:

studying for long periods of time without breaks.

Mickey is about to take his psychology final, for which he has studied very hard. Just before the exam, the person sitting next to Mickey asks him the name of the physiologist who worked on classical conditioning. Mickey suddenly realizes that he cannot quite remember the name, but he knows that it starts with a "P" and is two syllables long. Mickey is experiencing:

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

One of Ebbinghaus' key findings was that:

there is a steep forgetting curve.

When doctors look at the brain images of subjects with stage 1 chronic traumatic encephalopathy, they will confirm the diagnosis by ensuring that there is no damage to:

tissue surrounding areas of accumulated tau protein

Rita watches an episode of her favorite reality television show in the afternoon, and then on her way to her evening class she hears the evening news. She is more likely to remember details from the reality television show due to:

visualization, a form of elaborative rehearsal.

Maintenance rehearsal is a technique used for stretching short-term memory by repeating what you want to remember over and over in your mind. When Peterson and Peterson (1959) prevented subjects from engaging in maintenance rehearsal, they reported that subjects:

were unable to recall a letter combination beyond 18 seconds.