¥ Chapter 28 - Female Reproductive System

the longest part of the uterine tube is the

ampulla

the __________ is the colored circular zone surrounding the nipple of the breast

areola

a discharge of amniotic fluid due to rupture of the fetal membranes usually occurs during the ________________ stage of labor

dilation

match each stage of childbirth with the events to which it pertains

dilation - amniotic sack reputres expulsion - baby's head is crowning placental - uterine contractions expel the afterbirth

in the vertex position the head of the conceptus is pointed

downwards towards the cervix

the term ______ means thinning, such as the thinning of the cervix during labor

effacement

during prenatal development, from day 16 to week 8 the developing individual is called an

embryo

during pregnancy, the hormone ________ stimulates tissue growth in fetus and mother, stimulates mammary duct growth and increase in breast size, and makes pelvic joints more elastic

estrogen

during pregnancy the corpus luteum and placenta produce

estrogen and progesterone

identify the stage of labor that begins when the baby's head enters the vagina and lasts until he baby is entirely expelled

expulsion stage

the _____________ _________ is the opening between the cervical canal and vagina

external os

T/F: the female orgasm is followed by a refractory period similar to the male

false

from week 9 after conception to birth, the developing individual is known as a

fetus

the finger-like projections are called

fimbriae

the hormone ____________ selectively inhibits FSH secretion

inhibin

which term refers to the shrinkage of the uterus after birth?

involution

the ________ of the uterine tube is attached to the uterus

isthmus

The __________ _____________ are thin, hairless folds of skin medial to the labia majora

labia minora

the __________ ducts drain the lobes of the mammary glands during pregnancy

lactiferous

a dark line called __________ ____________ often appears on the mother's abdomen from the umbilical region to the pubic region after pregnancy

linea nigara

breast cancers usually arise from cells of the

mammary ducts

the inner portion of the ovary that contains the large arteries and veins is called the

medulla

the first menstrual period is called

menarche

the superficial fat pad overlying the pubic symphysis is the

mons pubis

a woman who has previously given birth is said to be

multipara

lactiferous sinuses merge at the _______ of the breast

nipple

match each hormone with its effect on the female reproductive system

*GnRH - stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH *estrogen - stimulates feminizing effects associated with female puberty *FSH - stimulates the development of the ovarian follicles *inhibin - selectively suppresses FSH secretion *LH - stimulates ovulation *progesterone - prepares the uterus for a possible pregnancy

identify two roles of the suspensory ligament of the breast

*attach breast to dermis of skin *attach brest to pectoralis major

identify the phases of the female sexual response

*excitement *plateau *orgasm *resolution

identify the structures affected by vasocongestion during sexual excitement

*labia minora *labia majora *clitoris

match each description of an event in the ovarian cycle on the left, with an event of the menstrual cycle

*onset of premenstrual phase - the formation of the corpus albicans *progesterone spike of secretory phase - the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle *estradiol spike - LH spike of the ovarian cycle *end of the proliferative phase - ovulation of the ovarian cycle *the onset of menstruation - FSH spike in the follicular phase

the inferior cylindrical end of the uterus is the

cervix

the ____________ is the erectile organ of the female genitalia

clitoris

differentiating colostrum vs. breast milk

colostrum -higher in protein -higher in immunoglobulins -helps prevent gastroenteritis -higher in calcium -thin and watery -provides a wide, systemic immunity to the newborn breast milk -higher in fat -higher in lactose

the products of conception including the embryo or fetus, the placenta and membranes are all collectively called the

conceptus

describe the function of the vaginal rugae

contribute to stimulation during intercourse

the ____________ of he ovary is the site of follicle development

cortex

during ___________ the top of the babies head is visible

crowning

the ________ ligaments extend from the anterior surface of the uterus, through the inguinal canals, and terminate at the labia majora

round

during the female sexual response, lubrication of the vestibule is by

secretions of the greater vestibular glands and the production of vaginal transudate

T/F under normal circumstances, mammary glands are only actie in women who are pregnant or nursing

true

the structure surrounding the ovary is the

tunica albuginea

___________ (class of hormones) and androgens are responsible for most of the visible changes associated with puberty in the female

Estrogens

_________________ is the synthesis and ejection of milk from the mammary glands

Lactation

the duct that extends from the ovary to the uterus and conveys an egg or conceptus to the uterus is the

uterine tube

the fornices are part of the

vagina

identify the opening covered by the hymen

vaginal orifice

the ________ is the are of the female external genitalia enclosed by the labia

vestibule

Match each hormone with its effect on pregnancy

1. aldosterone - promotes fluid retention during pregnancy 2. estrogen - stimulates breast, uterus, and genitalia growth 3. progesterone - suppresses uterine contractions during pregnancy 4. HCG - prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum 5. HCS - promotes the release of fatty acids from the mothers' adipose tissue

identify two characteristics of pubarche

1. appearance of pubic and axillary hair 2. appearance of sebaceous and axillary glands

sequencing numbers of the female reproductive system

1. 2,000,000 - numbers of oogonia at birth 2. 200,000 - number of primordial follicles at onset of puberty 3. 400 - number of total mature ova produced from menarche to menopause 4. 28 - total days in the reference menstrual cycle 5. 14 - standard reference of day of ovulation 6. 10 -approximate number of days in the proliferative phase 7. 5 - approximate number of days in the menstrual phase 8. 2 - number of tissue layers in the endometrium 9. 1 - number of polar bodies released after fertilization

Stages of Childbirth

1. early dilation stage - the cervix begins to dilate 2. late dilation stage - the cervix becomes fully dilated 3. expulsion stage - the baby's head enters the vagina 4. placental stage - uterine contractions continue and expel the placenta

match each description of female sexual response with the phase of intercourse in with it takes place

1. excitement - the labia majora becomes reddened and enlarged, flatten, and spread away from the vagina 2. plateau - the uterus becomes nearly vertical called the "tenting effect" 3. orgasm - the uterus exhibits peristaltic contractions that may help draw semen away from the vagina 4. resolution - the orgasmic platform relaxes while the inner end of the vagina returns to its normal dimensions

list in order the series of events leading to milk ejection

1. infant suckling 2. posterior pituitary release oxytocin 3. myoepithelial cells around acini stimulated 4. milk enters lactiferous ducts

arrange the path of blood from the systemic circuit to the endometrium of the uterus

1. internal iliac artery 2. uterine artery 3. arcuate arteries 4. spiral arteries

identify the benefits of breastfeeding for the neonate, besides nutritional value

1. laxative affect to remove meconium from intestinal tract 2. emotional bonding 3. supply of antibodies 4. colonization of intestine with beneficial bacteria

sequencing the uterine changes through the menstrual cycle

1. menstrual fluid in the uterus accumulates and is discharged 2. the endometrium begins to thicken due to rapid cell division 3. the endometrium thickens due to secretion and fluid accumulation 4. due to degeneration of the corpus luteum, the lack of progesterone causes the endometrium to being to degenerate

sequencing the letdown reflex

1. milk is continually secreted into the mammary acini 2. the infants suckling stimulates sensory receptors on the nipple and areolae 3. nerve impulses travel along sensory neurons to the hypothalamus 4. the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary release oxytocin 5. oxytocin stimulates actin-rich epithelial cells of the mammary acini to contact 6. milk is squeezed into the duct and is easily sucked out by the infatn

Sequencing the structures that carry an unfertilized ovum from production to the body's exterior

1. ovary 2. infundibulum 3. ampulla 4. isthmus 5. fundus 6. body 7. cervical canal 8. opening of cervix 9. vagina 10. vaginal orifice

indicate the correct order of the uterine wall layers, beginning with the most superficial

1. perimetrium 2. myometrium 3. endometrium

identify three hormones that are present in elevated levels during pregnancy

1. prolactin 2. thyrotropin 3. aldosterone

list the series of events that contribute to increasingly forceful uterine contractions during labor starting with stretching of the cervix

1. stretching of the cervix due to position of the conceptus 2. oxytocin released from posterior pituitary 3. increased strength of uterine contractions

Rank each of the following events of the ovarian cycle in chronological order

1. the follicular phase begins 2. FSH stimulates the maturation of follicles 3. estradiol increases the dominant follicle sensitivity to the gonadotropins 4. FSH secretion diminishes and non-dominant follicles degenerate 5. a surge in LH stimulates the primary oocyte in the dominant follicle to complete meiosis I 6. the secondary oocyte is formed and the dominant follicle ruptures (ovulation) 7. the follicle collapses and bleeds and becomes the corpus luteum 8. the corpus luteum secretes progesterone helping to prepare the uterus for a possible fertilization

identify three effects on circulation caused by an enlarged uterus interfering with venous return from the legs:

1. varicose veins 2. hemorrhoids 3. edema of ankles and feet

differentiating events that occur before and after ovulation in the menstrual cycle

Before ovulation -proliferative phase -rapidly rising FSH -rapidly rising LH -Menses -rapidly rising estrogen After ovulation -progesterone peak -constriction of spiral arteries -fertilization -rapidly declining gonadotropins -secretory phase

differentiating promoters and inhibitors of parturition

Promotes Parturition: -increasing oxytocin -valsalva maneuver -fetal corticosteroids arriving at the placenta -uterine smooth muscle contractions -uterine stretch -prostaglandin increase Inhibits Parturition: -estrogen decrease

_____________ includes the series of physiological and anatomical changes that indicate the onset of a females reproductive life

Puberty

the area surrounded by peritoneum is the

Vesicouterine pouch

the ___________ compromises the majority of the breast

body

the mound of glandular and adipose tissue overlying the pectoralis major that enlarges at puberty within a female is the

breast

pregnancy endocrinology

first trimester -rising HCG levels dominate -estrogen and progesterone production dominated by the ovaries second trimester -estrogen and progesterone production shared by the ovaries and placenta third trimester -elevating estrogen -elevating progesterone -estrogen and progesterone production dominated by the placetna -placental dominance of estrogen, progesterone, and HCG

within the ovary, eggs develop within encircling structures called

follicles

the blind pouch at the superior end of the vagina that extends beyond the cervix is called a

fornix

the _____________ is the most superior region of the uterus

fundus

the period of time from conception to birth is called

gestation

a woman is primipara if she is

giving birth for the first time

the head or ________ of the clitoris protrudes slightly from the prepuce

glans

identify the affect of pregnancy on the glomerular filtration rate

increased GFR

sexual excitement and plateau often culminate in the intense sensation referred to as an

orgasm

the pituitary hormone associated with the uterine contractions is

oxytocin

the process of childbirth marked by contractions is referred to as

parturition

the ________ functions to provide nutrients for the fetus, dispose of fetal waste, and secrete hormones

placenta

which stage of labor occurs after the baby has been expelled when uterine contractions continue in order to expel the placenta, amnion, and other membranes?

placental stage

identify the primary role of progesterone

preparation of uterus for pregnancy

the pituitary hormone that promotes milk production by mammary glands is

prolactin

the period immediately after parturition is referred to as the __________ period and is critical for involution of the uterus and onset of breastfeeding

puerperium

the ___________ ____________ is a pocket formed by peritoneum between the uterus and rectum

rectouterine pouch