ZOOL 1020 Exam 2 (chp. 7,8,9,11,12)

chemoreceptor

A ______ can detect changes in hydrogen ion concentration. (A) thermoreceptor, (B) chemoreceptor, (C) proprioceptor, (D) pain receptor.

Primary somatosensory area

A band of the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex to which information is sent from receptors in the skin regarding touch, temperature, and pain and from receptors in the joints and skeletal muscles.

aneurysm

A blood filled sac in the wall of an artery caused by a weak area in the artery wall.

veins

A blood vessel formed by the merger of venules that transport blood back toward the heart. They have walls that are easily stretched, so they serve as blood reservoirs, holding up to 65% of the body's total blood supply.

leukemia

A cancer of the blood-forming organs that causes white blood cell numbers to increase. The white blood cells are abnormal and do not effectively defend the body against infectious agents.

accommodation

A change in the shape of the lens of the eye brought about by contraction of the smooth muscle of the ciliary body that changes the degree to which light rays are bent so that an image can be focused on the retina.

Neurotransmitter

A chemical released from the axon tip of a neuron that affects the activity of another cell (usually a nerve, muscle, or gland cell)) by altering the electrical potential difference across the membrane of the receiving cell.

cornea

A clear, transparent dome located in the front and center of the eye that both provides the window through which lights enter the eye and helps bend light rays so that they focus on the retina.

vestibular apparatus

A closed fluid-filled maze of chambers and canals within the inner ear that monitors the movements and position of the head and functions in the sense of balance.

Limbic system

A collective term for several structures in the brain involved in emotions and memory.

anemia

A condition in which the blood's ability to carry oxygen is reduced. It can result from too little hemoglobin, too few red blood cells, or both.

capillary

A microscopic blood vessel between arterioles and venules with walls only one cell layer thick. It is the site where the exchange of materials between the blood and the tissues occurs.

Sodium-potassium pump

A molecular mechanism in a plasma membrane that uses cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to pump ions against their concentration gradients. Typically, each pump ejects three sodium ions from the cell while brings in two potassium ions.

Hemophilia

A mother brings a child into the ER with a severe nosebleed that won't stop bleeding. She also tells the doctors that the child bruises very easily in response to very minor accidents. Given the information in the text, the doctor orders some tests and finds that the young boy has _______ (A) anemia, (B) hemophilia, (C) embolus, (D) leukemia.

atherosclerosis

A narrowing of the arteries caused by thickening of the arterial walls and a buildup of lipid (primarily cholesterol) deposits. It reduces blood flow through the vessel, choking off the vital supply of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues served by that vessel.

Action potential

A nerve impulse. An electrochemical signal conducted along an axon. a wave of depolarization caused by the inward flow of sodium ions followed by repolarization caused by the outward flow of potassium ions.

Reflex arc

A neural pathway consisting of a sensory receptor, a sensory neuron, usually at least one interneuron, a motor neuron, and an effector.

The neuron cannot be stimulated to send a signal along its axon

A new drug interferes with the function of the dendrites of a neuron. What will happen to this neuron? (A) The neuron will continuously send signals, (B) The neuron cannot be stimulated to send a signal along its axon, (C) The neuron will die off, (D) The neuron will sometimes send signals and will sometimes not send signals.

Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)

A nucleus-free biconcave cell in the blood that is specialized for transporting oxygen to cells and assists in transporting carbon dioxide away from cells.

Pons

A part of the brain that connects upper and lower levels of the brain.

neutrophils

A phagocytic white blood cell important in defense against bacteria and removal of cellular debris. Most abundant of white blood cells.

Cerebellum

A region of the brain important in sensory-motor coordination. It is largely responsible for posture and smooth body movements.

photoreceptors

A sensory receptor specialized to detect changes in light intensity. They are responsible for the sensation we describe as vision.

thermoreceptors

A sensory receptor specialized to detect changes in temperature.

chemoreceptors

A sensory receptor specialized to respond to chemicals. We describe the input from them of the mouth as taste (gustation) and from those of the nose as small (olfaction). Other ones monitor levels of chemicals, such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, and glucose, in body fluids.

pain receptor

A sensory receptor that is specialized to detect the physical or chemical damage to tissues that we sense as pain. They are sometimes classified as chemoreceptors, because they often respond to chemicals liberated by damaged tissue, and occasionally as mechanoreceptors, because they are stimulated by physical changes, such as swelling, in the damaged tissue.

mechanoreceptors

A sensory receptor that is specialized to respond to distortions in the receptor itself or in nearby cells. They are responsible for the sensations we describe as touch, pressure, hearing, and equilibrium.

Light converted to neural message

A series of electrical signals (sent by rods and cones) that are sent to bipolar cells in the retina, then they direct information to ganglion cells. Together the bipolar cells and ganglion cells convert the input from the retina into patterns, such as edges and spots.

arterioles

A small blood vessel located between an artery and a capillary. They serve to regulate blood flow through capillary beds to various regions of the blood. They also regulate blood pressure. They are barley visible to the unaided eye.

venule

A small blood vessel that receives blood from the capillaries. They merge into larger vessels called veins. The exchange of materials between the blood and tissues across the walls of a venule is minimal.

Hypothalamus

A small brain region located below the thalamus that is essential to maintaining a stable environment within the body. The hypothalamus influences blood pressure, heart rate, digestive activity, breathing rate, and many other vital physiological processes. It acts as the body's "thermostat"; regulates food intake, hunger, and thirst; coordinates the activities of the nervous system and the endocrine system; and is part of the circuitry for emotions.

plasma

A straw-colored liquid that makes up about 55% of blood. It serves as the medium for transporting materials within the blood. It consists of water (91-93%) with substances dissolved in it (7-9%).

Spinal cord

A tube of neural tissue that is continuous with the medulla at the base of the brain and extend about 45 cm to just below the last rib. It conducts messages between the brain and the rest of the body and serves as a reflex center.

Schwann cells

A type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system that forms the myelin sheath by wrapping around the axon many times. The myelin sheath insulates axons, increases the speed at which impulses are conducted, and assists in the repair of damages neurons.

Acetylcholine

A type of neurotransmitter found in both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. It is the neurotransmitter released at neuromuscular junctions that causes muscle contraction.

B cell

A type of white blood cell important in antibody-mediated immune responses that can transform into a plasma cell and produce antibodies.

lymphocytes

A type of white blood cell important in nonspecific and specific (immune) body defenses. They include B lymphocytes (B cells) that transform into plasma cells and product antibodies and T lymphocytes (T cells) that are important in defense against foreign or infected cells.

T cell

A type of white blood cell. Some of these attach and destroy cells that are not recognized as belonging in the body, such as an infected cell or a cancerous cells. They play a part in the cell-mediated response.

basophils

A white blood cell that releases histamine, a chemical that both attracts other white blood cells to the site and causes blood vessels to widen during an inflammatory response.

sensory neuron

Also known as afferent; they conduct information TOWARD the brain and spinal cord. These neurons generally extend from sensory receptors, which are structures specialized to gather information about the conditions within and around our bodies.

interneurons

Also known as association; they are located between sensory and motor neurons. They are found only within the brain and spinal cord, where they integrate and interpret the sensory signals, thereby "deciding" on the appropriate response. They are by far the most numerous nerve cells in the body; they account for more than 99% of the body's neurons.

motor neuron

Also known as efferent; they carry information AWAY from the brain and spinal cord to an effector( either a muscle, which will contract, or a gland, which will secrete its product, as a response to information from a sensory or interneuron.

neurons

Also known as nerve cells; they are excitable cells that generate and transmit messages.

middle ear

An air-filled space in the temporal bone that includes the tympanic membrane (eardrum) and three small bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes; sometimes called the hammer, anvil, and stirrup.) It serves as an amplifier of sound pressure waves.

Artery

An aneurysm is a weakening of the walls of a blood vessel. Which of the following vessels would be most likely to break open if an aneurysm is present? (A) capillary, (B) lymph, (C) artery, (D) venule.

All of the above

An effector is_____; (A) something that causes an effect, (B) a muscle or a gland, (C) what a motor neuron stimulates, (D) all the above

Eosinophils

An increase in _______ indicates the presence of parasites. (A) basophils, (B) eosinophils, (C) monocytes, (D) neutrophils.

midbrain

As John walked outside the ballpark, a foul ball sailed over the fence and came straight at him. He saw it, and before he could think of what to do, he had reflexively jumped out of the way. What part of the brain said John from a nasty bump? (A) hypothalamus (B) pons, (C) medulla oblongata, (D) midbrain.

Alzheimer's Disease

Associated with decreased levels of acetylcholine

Depression

Associated with decreased levels of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.

Step 2 of Blood Clotting

Blood clotting: Clotting factors convert an inactive blood protein to prothrombin activator.

Step 1 of Blood Clotting

Blood clotting: Injured cells in the walls of the vessels and platelets release clotting factors.

Step 3 of Blood Clotting

Blood clotting: Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin

Step 5 of Blood Clotting

Blood clotting: The fibrin network traps red blood cells and platelets, forming a blood clot.

Step 4 of Blood Clotting

Blood clotting: Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

Arterioles

Blood vessels that serve as gateways to capillary beds are_____: (A) venules, (B) arteries, (C) arterioles, (D) veins.

Stimuli

Changes in the internal or external environment that a sensory receptor can detect and respond to by generating electrochemical messages.

reticular activating system

Charles is comatose. What part of his brain is NOT working properly? (A) limbic system, (B) reticular activating system, (C) corpus callosum, (D) amygdala.

Pathway of blood

Heart-->artery-->arteriole-->capillary-->venule-->vein-->heart

hypertension

High blood pressure. A high upper (systolic) value usually suggests that the person's arteries have become hardened and are no longer able to dampen the high pressure of each heartbeat. The lower (diastolic) value is generally considered more important because it indicates the pressure when the heart is relaxing.

Bacteria that spread to the ear from a sore throat

Noah is a 4-year-old boy who has a middle ear infection. The cause of the infection could be: (A) Bacteria that spread to the ear from a sore throat, (B) Excessive wax buildup in the ear canal, (C) Water that was trapped in the ear after bathing, (D) Noise pollution.

pressure

Pacinian corpuscles sense: (A) pressure, (B) light touch, (C) warmth, (D) pain.

rods

Photoreceptors containing rhodopsin and responsible for black and white vision. They are extremely sensitive to light.

cones

Photoreceptors in the eye responsible for color vision. There are three types of these cells: blue, green, and red.

It will act as an antidepressant, since a lack of serotonin is considered a cause of depression symptoms

Prescription drugs such as Prozac help maintain higher levels of serotonin in the brain. What effect will this have on an individual? (A)It will act as an antidepressant, since a lack of serotonin is considered a cause of depression symptoms, (B) It will act to suppress impulsive behavior, since too much serotonin causes children to act out, (C) It will cause a patient to be sleepy, since serotonin is essential to a good night's sleep, (D) It will cause tetany due to an overproduction of acetylcholine.

action potential

Sodium and potassium ions cross the neuron's membrane to cause which of the following processes? (A) action potential, (B) passive transport, (C) refractory period, (D) transmission

Bones of the middle ear

Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements by the: (A) bones of the middle ear, (B) cochlea, (C) oval window, (D) round window

headache

Stress, relaxation, hunger, consuming the wrong goods, and too much or too littler sleep can contribute to which of the following? (A) stroke, (B) coma, (C) headache, (D) spinal cord injury.

lens

The _____ of the eye changes shape to focus.

external auditory canal

The canal leading from the pinna of the ear to the eardrum (tympanic membrane).

iris

The colored portion of the eye. It regulates the amount of light that enter the eye.

cardiac cycle

The events associated with the flow of blood through the heart during a single heartbeat. It consists of systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) of the atria and then the ventricles of the heart.

Blood pressure

The force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels. It is caused by the contractions of the ventricles and is influenced by vasoconstriction.

systolic pressure

The highest pressure in an artery during each heartbeat. The higher of the two numbers in a blood pressure reading. In a typical, healthy adult, the average is about 120 mmHG.

vitreous humor

The jellylike fluid filling the posterior cavity of the eye between the lens and the retina that helps to keep the eyeball from collapsing and holds the thin retina against the wall of the eye.

Cerebrum

The largest and most prominent part of the brain composed of the cerebral hemispheres. It is responsible for thinking, sensory perception, originating most conscious motor activity, personality, and memory.

monocytes

The largest white blood cell. They are active in fighting chronic infections, viruses, and intracellular bacterial infections. They can transform into a phagocytic macrophage.

diastolic pressure

The lowest blood pressure in an artery during the relaxation of the heart. In a typical, healthy adult, the average is 80 mmHG

Diastolic pressure

The lowest blood pressure that occurs when the ventricles are relaxing is known as_____; (A) diastolic pressure, (B) systolic pressure, (C) aneurysm, (D) arterial pressure.

Hemoglobin

The oxygen-binding pigment in red blood cells. It consists of four subunits, each made up of an iron-containing heme group and a protein chain.

Medulla oblongata

The part of the brain stem containing reflex centers for some of life's most vital physiological functions: the pace of the basic breathing rhythm, the force and rate of heart contraction and blood pressure. It connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain.

Hippocampus

The part of the limbic system of the brain that plays a role in converting short-term memory into long-term memory.

Pulse

The rhythmic expansion of an artery created by the surge of blood pushed along the artery by each contraction of the ventricles of the heart. With each beat of the heart, the wave of expansion begins, moving along the artery at the rate of 6-to-9 meters per second.

Resting potential

The separation of charge across the plasma membrane of a neuron when the neuron is not transmitting an action potential. It is caused primarily by the unequal distribution of sodium ions, potassium ions, and large negatively charged proteins on either side of the plasma membrane. It is about -70mV.

pupil

The small hole through the center of the iris through which light passes to enter the eye. The size of the it is altered to regulate the amount of light entering the eye.

cochlea

The snail-shaped portion of the inner ear that contains the actual organ of hearing, the spiral organ (of Corti).

Tastebuds

The structures responsible for taste are tastebuds. We have 10,000 of them and most are found on the tongue, but some are scattered on the inner surface of the cheeks, on the roof of the mouth, and in the throat.

coronary circulation

The system of blood vessels that services the tissues of the heart itself.

eosinophils

The type of white blood cell important in the body's defense against parasitic worms. It releases chemicals that help counteract certain inflammatory chemicals released during an allergic response.

Veins

These vessels take the blood back most directly to the heart: (A) arteries, (B) venules, (C) veins, (D) arterioles

medulla oblongata

This 1-inch section of the brain controls the breathing rhythm and heart rate: (A) temporal lobe, (B) hippocampus, (C) occipital lobe, (D) medulla oblongata

A; B

Type A red blood cells contain _____ antigens, and those individuals make anti-____antibodies. (A) B; A, (B) O; O, (C) A; B, (D) AB; A.

stem cell

What cell gives rise to all other blood cells? (A) osteoblast, (B) lymphocyte, (C) megakaryocyte, (D) stem cell

Merkel disks (when stimulated)

When these are compressed, stimulate the free nerve endings in the associated disks to tell us something has just touched us

synaptic knob

Where are neurotransmitters stored in a neuron? (A) axon, (B) synaptic knob, (C) dendrites, (D) cell body.

keratin

Which of the following proteins in NOT found in the blood? (A) albumin, (B) fibrinogen, (C) keratin, (D) prothrombin.

Venules

Which of these are the smallest of veins that form when capillaries merge? (A) venules, (B) arteries, (C) arterioles, (D) veins

reticular activating center

You are generally NOT aware of the texture of the cloth of your shirt as it rests on your shoulders, unless someone or something happens to make you think of it. What part of the brain is responsible for filtering out such stimuli? (A) reticular activating center, (B) primary motor area, (C) postcentral gyrus, (D) cerebellum

nerve

a bundle of parallel axons, dendrites, or both from many neurons is usually covered with tough connective tissue.

Sensory adaptation

a gradual decline in the responsiveness of a sensory receptor that results in a decrease in awareness of the stimulus.

Ion channels

a protein-lined pore or channel through a plasma membrane through which one type or a few types of ions can pass. Nerve cell ion channels are important in the generation and propagation of nerve impulses.

Multiple sclerosis

an autoimmune disease in which the body's own defense mechanisms attack myelin sheaths in the nervous system. As a patch of myelin is repaired, a hardened region called a sclerosis forms.

hemophilia

an inherited blood disorder in which there is insufficient production of blood-clotting factors. It results in excessive bleeding in joints, deep tissues, and elsewhere. It usually occurs in males.

myelin sheath

an insulating layer around axons that carry nerve impulses over relatively long distances that is composed of multiple wrappings of the plasma membrane of certain glial cells. They greatly increase the speed at which impulses travel and assists in the repair of damaged axons.

formed elements

cells or cell fragments found in the blood. They include platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells; make up 45% of blood

Five types of receptors

mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and pain receptors.

Five types of white blood cells (leukocytes)

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

Referred pain

pain felt at a site other than the area of origin.

aqueous humor

the fluid within the anterior chamber of the eye. It supplies nutrients and oxygen to the cornea and lens and carries away their metabolic wastes.