Zoology Unit 1

allopatric speciation

a clouded leopard is a leopard-like cat found in southeast asia that has large patch patterns instead of the spots of the leopard found in africa and much of asia. in recent news you can read stories declaring the clouded leopard of the islands of borneo and sumatra as being a different species from those found on the asian mainland. if indeed these cats are a different species, this would be evidence of:

independently

a protozoan is a single cell. so, what makes a protozoan any different from any of the other individual cells found in a multicellular organism? 1. the difference is that all of life's activities are carried out in the protozoan cell, which allows them to live _____________ or in colonies as a complete organism.

gut

a zoology student would like to conduct a survey of the microbiome of a cow. from what location would the student gather the best samples?

mirror, bilaterally

animals are studied at various levels to better understand their development, function, and interrelationships. a consideration of animal body plans encompasses each of these areas of animal study. which of the following statements regarding animal body plans are accurate? 1. examples of animal symmetry include those that can be divided into two ______ image halves in one plane, those that can be divided into mirror image halves in more than one plane, and those forms that can be divided into similar halves by multiple planes passing through specific axes. 2. in describing ___________ symmetrical animals, certain terms are used to explain position like anterior, dorsal, medial, and proximal.

tentative; falsifiable

as an expert on south american frog population dynamics, you have been asked to speak at a conference about the global decline of amphibian populations. your opening statements include the following sentences: *"environmental agencies, chemical manufacturers, local governments and concerned citizens must come together to discuss the issue of amphibian decline."* *"scientific endeavors require testing in the observable world with conclusions that are ___________ and,* *therefore, experiments must be designed that are _______________."*

nuclei, genetic material

as part of a final exam in your zoology course, you are asked to microscopically examine a protozoan. your task is to identify features of the nucleus that differentiate this protozoan from other non-protozoan eukaryotes. check any nuclear features that characterize protozoans. 1. micro and macro _______. 2. irregular clumps of ______ ________.

phyletic gradualism

as you dig down through the fossilized seabed mud, you notice slight differences in the shells of a clam species every few feet to the point where the first fossilized clam appears to be a different species than the one you find 50 feet down. when you present your findings at a science conference you could legitimately claim that your evidences supported *THIS* model of evolution.

cnidarians

assume that zoologists have conclusively determined that the cells found within the mesoglea of virtually all cnidarians and ctenophorans are endodermal in origin. this discovery would establish that: 1. ___________ and ctenophorans are true triploblasts

direct contact

both blood vessels and nerves help connect the many parts of the animal body and help the animal to maintain homeostasis. however, blood is considered a connective tissue while neurons are considered nervous tissue. one of the significant reasons for classifying the two tissues differently is that: 1. the cells of the nervous system are in ______ _______ with each other in contrast to blood cells that freely float in plasma without permanent connections with other living cells.

budding, mitosis, genetic, exchange

both sexual and asexual forms of reproduction take place in the kingdom protozoa. asexual reproduction: _______, binary fission, _______ only. sexual reproduction: exchange of _______ material, pronuclei ________, conjugation.

archaeocytes

cells that are found in the mesohyl and specialize for functions like spicule formation and food distribution are called:

spongocytes

cells that secrete supportive proteins in some sponges are called:

naturalist

charles darwin's experience and education include all of those listed below. select the choice below that led directly to darwin's greatest achievement. 1. becoming a __________, collecting beetles, and attending cambridge university.

logical

choose any of the following statements regarding the phylogenetic relationships of the cnidaria that are supported by evolutionary studies of this group. 1. molecular evidence suggests that the class of cnidarians containing the corals and anemones is a sister taxon to the rest of the phylum cnidaria. 2. there is ______ support for both radial and bilateral symmetry as the early forms for this phylum.

various; true

comparative experimental methods enlist the evaluation of data from _______ levels to determine evolutionary relatedness and relationships to generate an understanding of ultimate causality. [T/F]

true (ctenophora use adhesive cells called colloblasts on their tentacles instead of the barbed nematocysts of the cnidarians)

ctenophora feed by capturing food with tentacles but do not use nematocysts to capture their prey. [T/F]

muscle, mouth

ctenophora look like jellyfish. which of the following characteristics set the ctenophora apart in a significant way from the cnidarians? 1. true _______ cells are found in ctenophoran mesoglea. 2. the ctenophoran body plan has both a ______ and anal opening.

addition, changes, reproductive, branching

darwin's theory of evolution may be best understood and studied if it is considered as several different inter-related theories. what items should be included in a thorough consideration of darwin's multipart theory? 1. the ________ of new species over time. 2. _______ in the gene pool of a species over time. 3. heritable variation within populations that leads to variable ____________ success. 4. all forms of life are related through _________ lineages.

flagellum

determine which ONE of the following features of the amoebozoan choanoflagellates was the most significant for the evolution of animals in general: 1. _________ with a funnel-shaped contractile collar also found in sponges.

autotrophs, chloroplasts

even though the name protozoa means first animal, this kingdom contains some organisms that appear plantlike because they: 1. are __________. 2. contain ____________.

false (this idea is similar to that of lamark, but is not supported by evolutionary principles. changes in the next generation come from selection, by nature, for phenotypes that give some survival advantage and NOT from effort on our part.)

every day i go to the gym and work hard to strengthen my legs so that i can add inches to my vertical jump. i am convinced that this workout will help my future children excel in basketball because i will pass on my hard-earned ability to jump. my belief is supported by evolutionary principles of species improving generation after generation. [T/F]

false

except in identical twins or clones, no two individuals are genetically alike. ALL genetic variety in individuals comes from the fact that half of an individual's genes come from the male parent and the other half from the female parent. [T/F]

true (the diploblastic wall of the cnidaria has specialized cells that can cause the wall to contract. this contraction can be used to regulate water pressure within the animal, allowing for such things as movement or shape change.)

if a flexible walled vessel was partially filled with water and sealed with a lid, it would tend to sag and the water would settle in the base. squeezing the vessel in the middle would increase hydrostatic pressure and tend to elongate the vessel. the cnidaria use similar principles to create a "water pressure skeleton" referred to as a hydrostatic skeleton that can be used to generate movement.

fossil

imagine a scenario in which a group of paleontologists discovered a new sponge fossil that dated to the devonian period. they published their findings as evidence that sponges evolved from diploblastic ancestors and that sponges shared a common lineage with, rather than being a sister group to, all other animals. which of the following would either support or refute their conclusion? 1. these are probably derived characteristics as the ______ dates to devonian times.

hallway, sponge

imagine that you have been asked to design a dorm with the following constraints: it should have the most rooms possible, each room should have a window looking out and a door that opens into a hall, and you need to be able to smoothly move the maximum number of people into and out of the building. click on any of the statements below which apply to the above scenario and as an analogy to the body forms found in sponges. 1. adding a _______ to a building may reduce average room size but it increases inner wall surface area of the building. 2. the design should follow a pattern most similar to a leucon sponge form. 3. you want multiple hallways; with each hallway leading to an outer door. 4. if this building was a ______, the choanocytes would be on the hallway walls.

(1) gastrovascular cavity (2) flagellated cells (3) cnidocytes (4) gonad

imagine you are in the laboratory examining a prepared longitudinal section of a hydra. where would you find each of the following? match the location with the structure: 1. clear space in the center of the cross section 2. gastrodermis 3. epidermis on tentacles 4. epidermis on the body of the polyp

true

in sexual reproduction, the contributions from male and female bring about much individual variation. however, other sources of individual difference include crossing-over between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, mutations in alleles, and even an occasional change in chromosome number or structure. [T/F]

macromolecular; true

living organisms obey laws governing the use and transformation of energy. an example of the FIRST law of thermodynamics is the creation of ______________ bonds during photosynthesis. these bonds may be broken down to extract this potential energy. [T/F]

catastrophic species selection

mass environmental change, such as that proposed to occur prior to mass extinctions, would likely produce selective challenges very different from those encountered at other times in a species history. selective discrimination by events of mass extinction is called which of the following?

possession

members of the phylum cnidaria exhibit both polymorphism and dimorphism. select all of the statements that correctly distinguish these two concepts in the cnidaria: 1. members of the class hydrozoa probably best represent the concept of polymorphism in their ____________ of gonangium and hydrath body forms. 2. class anthozoa and class staurozoa are two classes of cnidarians that do NOT display dimorphism.

true

of the varied lifestyles found in the protozoan lineage, only the apicomplexa have developed specializations for intracellular parasitism. [T/F]

evolutionary

questions regarding the classification of pandas have been long standing. specifically, some have thought the pandas resemble raccoons more than bears. however, recent genetic work supports the assertion that pandas, particularly the giant panda, shared enough characteristics of bears to put them into the bear family. in debating the classification of the panda the goal of those involved in the debate is to: 1. determine the ____________ relationship of the panda

greatest

rates of speciation and extinction vary among different lineages. which of the following statements is correctly associated with this statement? 1. lineages that have high speciation and low extinction rates produce the _________ number of living species.

labor, present

select all of the following which are characteristics of unicellular eukaryotes: 1. mostly unicellular 2. some show division of _____ between cells 3. endoskeleton or exoskeleton ________ 4. both sexual and asexual reproduction 5. no germ layers present

human, symbiosis

select the words below that could describe both the disease called malaria and a protozoan life style. 1. parasitism 2. _____ host 3. _________

clades

select those boxes below that contain correct information regarding the protozoa: 1. molecular phylogeny helps reveal photozoan evolution. 2. the order of branching for protozoan taxonomy has not been determined for most ______. 3. protozoa is a useful descriptive term but is not a phylogentic designation.

polyphyletic

single-celled organisms probably originated from at least *two* different ancestral forms of early life on our planet, making the kingdom protozoa a ______________ grouping.

mouth, stomach, small intestine, anus (or terminal region of large intestine)

some protozoa have specialized structures that carryout functions similar to those of a multicellular organism. try and match the functions of animal bodies with structures within the plasma membrane of some protozoan organisms. cytostome = food vacuoles = vacuolar membrane = cytopyge =

entropy; true

the SECOND law of thermodynamics states that physical systems proceed toward a state of greater disorder. this more disordered state, called _______, can be accounted for in living systems by considering the energy that is available for work and the heat that is released during metabolic reactions. [T/F]

leuconoid

the __________ is the most complex and most common body form of sponge.

pressure

the federal government approaches you and asks if you would be willing to take 1,000 wild mustang horses to help reduce mustang overpopulation on federal park land. you agree and release them on your huge ranch. hundreds of years later your descendents travel back to the old family ranch to see if there are any horses left. what they find astounds them. all the horses are either miniature brown type or very large browns draft horse types. none of the medium sized multi-colored mustangs remain. your descendents consult a horse geneticist and she tells them that this is probably the result of: 1. disruptive selection _______ operating on your ranch

fruit fly; false

the genetic approach requires "true breeding" populations for contrastic traits, such as _____ ___ eye color. this generally leads to new species. [T/F]

uniformitarianism, fossils, island birds (finches)

what convinced charles darwin that change in species resulted from forces found in nature? 1. the theory of _________________. 2. finding _______ of animals in south america that no longer existed on the continent. 3. noticing that a group of ______ _____ all looked very much alike, except that the different species exhibited a great variety of bill shapes.

theory

when charles darwin published his book, "on the origin of species", one major limitation of the work was that darwin did not correctly identify the mechanism of inheritance. which of the following statements correctly relates to this limitation? 1. geneticists in the early 1900s did not think mendel's work supported darwin's ______.

water

which is NOT a trait of sponges? 1. ______ enters through the osculum

mutation

which of the following could explain the loss of choanocytes in a few sponges? 1. the evolution of sponges in nutrient poor environments resulted in the evolution of chemolithoautotrophy or carnivory along with filtering by choanocytes. a chance _________ later resulted in the loss of choanocytes.

Danio rerio

which of the following is a correct example of binomial nomenclature?

independent, organization

which of the following statements best describes the difference between a lower and a higher level off animal complexity? 1. an animal cell, unlike a unicellular organism, is not capable of ____________ existence. 2. the level of _____________ found in cell-tissue grade is less than that found in the organ level of organization.

tissues

which of the following statements describes a mammalian organ? 1. a structure that is made up of multiple _______ working together as a functional unit.

nucleus, domains

which of the following statements regarding the *major divisions of life* is accurate? 1. when studying the major divisions of life, multiple kingdoms are used to organize different organisms based on the presence or absence of a ________ and the mode used to obtain nutrition. 2. a cladistic classification system encompassing all forms of life has been proposed based on information gathered through the sequence of DNA that encodes ribosomal RNA. 3. early systems of organization generally had multiple kingdoms and no ________. problems with these systems arose with the understanding of the fundamental differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

less

which of the following statements related to animal size is the most accurate? 1. a large animal has ____ surface area relative to its volume than does a small animal with the same shape.

phyla

which of the following statements would be compatible with current hypotheses of animal phylogeny? 1. animals are monophyletic but the poriferan lineage is not shared by any other animal _____.

pinacocytes

which of the following structures are found in sponges? 1. choanocytes 2. ___________ 3. porocytes

nematocysts

which of the following structures is NOT found in sponges?

nucleus

which one of the following statements regarding metazoan origins is true? 1. metazoans arose from a multinucleate ciliate where cell boundaries eventually formed around each ________.

porifera

which one of the following statements regarding the origin of metazoans has the most support? 1. the choanoflagellates may share common ancestry with the ________.

embryonic

which statement most accurately describes how taxon bilateria is split? 1. the earliest phylogenetic split yields two taxa that differ in the fate of the ___________ blastopore.

deductive, paradigms, formation

which statements are correct regarding the scientific method? 1. the scientific method is also described as the hypothetico-_________ method. 2. _________ are driven by theories. 3. related hypotheses with scientific grounding may contribute to the _________ of a theory.

mitochondrion

which would you predict to be absent in a protozoan that occupies an environment that is low in oxygen?

blastopore

you are studying a newly discovered creature with the goal of determining its phylogenetic placement among the known animals. which of the following would place the creature in the taxa protostomia? 1. the __________ becomes the mouth and the presence of a lophophore or a trochophore.

1, 2, 3

you have been presented with an unknown protozoan. it is your job to describe this creature in as much detail as possible. as you make your microscopic observations, you note thin, extended pseudopods that lack a central longitudinal filament. in your report, which are possible identifications for these pseudopods? 1. filipodia 2. rhizopodia 3. reticulopodia 4. axopodia 5. lobopodia

specialized cells designed to carry out specific functions

you have studied about the polyphyletic group of single-celled organisms called protozoa. you have also learned about the multicellular sponges in the phylum porifera. now consider the cnidaria: look at the list of characteristics of the phylum cnidaria below and pick out the one characteristic that both porifera and cnidaria have in common.

few, variety, variation

you work for a zoo where you manage the breeding program for the cheetah. your goal is to prevent inbreeding by obtaining mates from other zoos, making sure that your cats produce healthy offspring. in analyzing the genes of the cheetahs in all the zoo breeding programs, you notice very little variety of traits (alleles). select all of the following conclusions which could be supported by your findings? 1. all of the zoo cheetahs come from just a ___ common ancestors. 2. the _______ of traits found in wild cheetahs is very narrow, possibly due to only a few of the animals surviving some event or series of events in the past. 3. even after several generations, the baby cheetahs produced at your zoo will show very little genetic _________.

experimental

zoology is a discipline driven by questions and hypotheses about the animal world. hypotheses that attempt to determine the proximate causes that underlie animal function are best categorized as those hypotheses that: 1. use ____________ methods

garden peas

*gregor mendel's* work led to the chromosomal theory of inheritance. which statement below is accurate? 1. mendel performed crosses using ______ ____. his experimentation required analyses of multiple generations and considered numerous variables such as plant height and seed texture.

persist

*neo-darwinism* is a term that represents the inclusion of the theory of chromosomal inheritance with darwin's theories. this is an important supplement and contribution to darwin's initial thoughts and can best be summarized how? 1. hereditary factors are discrete and nonblending. this helps to explain how traits _______ in populations.

similarity

*systematics* is the division of biology where scientists work to determine an evolutionary tree that relates all extinct species. to do this, organismal characters that differ among species must be identified. choose all of the following that accurately portray this effort. 1. common ancestry often provides shared features which place organisms into the appropriate position of the evolutionary tree. 2. organismal characters are identified by observing patterns of ___________ among organisms in various possible areas. these include anatomical structures as well as nucleic acid and protein sequence data.

false

the kingdom protozoa is made up of numerous types of single-celled organisms. despite this diversity, they are all single-celled forms and, therefore, represent a monophyletic group. [T/F]

pinacoderm

the outer cell layer in sponges is:

pinacocytes

the outer thin, flat, epithelial-like cells that cover the outside and some inside surfaces of sponges, are called:

upper

the porifera are not considered to display tissue-level organization; however, some zoologists consider the placozoa to be diploblasts. which statement does NOT support the above conclusions? both the porifera and placozoa have cells that are specialized for specific functions, but in addition the placozoa have fibrous contractile cells between _____ and lower epidermal layers.

thinking

the scientific method is a sequence of steps that are used to help answer a question. when placing them in sequence most scientists subscribe to the following: 1) Observation 2) Question 3) Hypothesis 4) Empirical test 5) Conclusions 6) Publication. however, practicing scientists often lump several of the above categories into one larger group or expand certain steps out as they use this process. evaluate the groupings below and select the group that is most in line with the scientific method: 1. ________ about a problem observed in the natural world, testing out possible explanations for that problem, evaluating the results of experimentation, disseminating the information to other scientists for consideration

taxonomy

the source of characters for the taxonomic placement of animals into specific groups can come from multiple disciplines. of particular interest to zoologists is how well already existing taxonomies, based on morphology, are supported by emerging molecular data. this is best demonstrated by which statement below? 1. the genes encoding ribosomal RNAs are the best molecular markers we currently have for ________ studies.

naturalists, increasing, defining, common

the swedish botanist *carols linnaeus* is recognized as the first individual to generate a unified taxonomic system. which of the following statements regarding the work of linnaeus is accurate? 1. linnaeus' work followed other ___________ but his work was deemed as unifying and so he receives the credit in the linnaean System of classification. 2. the linnaean system is a hierarchical system whereby organisms are arranged into groups with ever ___________ similarities and levels of inclusion. 3. taxonomists groupings represent units of common evolutionary descent. this is termed systematization. 4. a taxonomist would ask whether a species being classified contains a _________ feature of a particular taxonomic class. 5. a taxonomist would ask whether a newly discovered animal, thought to be a tetrapod even though it is legless, confirms or rejects the hypothesis that it descends from a ______ ancestor that had four limbs.

three, two

the volumes of a large and a small animal of the same general shape are estimated at 4:1; the larger animal has four times the volume as the smaller animal. however, the surface area of the large animal is only about two and a half times more than the surface area of the small animal (2.5:1). which statement best explains the relationship between volume and surface area as an animal grows in size? when an animal increases in size the volume increases in __ dimensions while the surface area only increases in __ dimensions.

vaccine

three methods are currently being used to help eradicate the disease malaria. which of the following three is the most promising? a. develop a _______ against the parasite.

bilateral

to effectively organize different animals into groups, numerous subdivisions have been created within the animal kingdom. choose the most accurate statement from the list below: 1. _________ animals are subdivided into two groups based on the embryological developmental order of their mouth and anus.

genetically, alleles

under normal circumstances, which of the following situations would lead toward the *formation* of a new species? 1. a series of microevolutionary changes in a population that became ___________ separated from the source population. 2. an accumulation of alleles in the genes of a population that were different than those of the source population.

heredity

weismann rejected lamarckian inheritance based on his own experimental evidence. however, darwin supported the lamarckian hypothesis that an organism could alter its ________ through use and disuse of body parts through the direct influence of the environment.