028 - Chapter 28 - History of the Elizabethan Era

How did iconoclasm lead to a fight for Dutch independence?

The destruction of Catholic religious images prompted a Spanish invasion and Dutch rebellion. {Explanation - The destruction of Catholic religious images prompted a Spanish invasion and Dutch rebellion that eventually results in a major step towards Dutch independence.}

How did technological advancements aid in the spread of Protestantism across Western Europe?

The invention of the printing press allowed for the spread of Protestant ideals. {Explanation - The invention of the printing press helped allow for the spread of Protestant ideals.}

What was the primary motive behind the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre?

The massacre was a response to Charles IX promising marriage between his sister and a Hugeunot. {Explanation - Violence escalated when King Charles' sister was promised in marriage to her Huguenot cousin, Henry of Bourbon, King of Navarre. Upon hearing this, Catholic extremists were outraged. Knowing many leading Huguenots would come to Paris for the festivities; the extremists hatched a violent plan. On August 23, 1572, St. Bartholomew's Day, the bells of Paris were rung, signaling the extremists to take up arms against the unsuspecting Huguenots. This began a massacre of French Protestants in what has come to be known as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.}

What is the significance of the Peace of Westphalia?

The power of the Catholic Church was weakened. {Explanation - The Peace of Westphalia signifies an end to the political domination by the Catholic Church on Central Europe.}

Defenestration of Prague (1618)

The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years War.

Why did the Habsburg dynasty fear the Reformation in the Netherlands?

They feared that religious freedom would lead to political independence. {Explanation - As the Reformation made its way to the Netherlands, the Habsburg dynasty got nervous. Knowing the desire for religious freedom often gave way to the desire for political freedom, Spain began to tighten its control of the Netherlands.}

What was likely the reason that Charles V called Martin Luther to the Diet of Worms in 1521?

To declare Luther's teachings illegal, and to preserve Catholicism under his rule. {Explanation - Charles V declared Luther's teachings illegal, but he could not stop the Protestant wave of influence.}

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Under this peace, the German states were given the right to make alliances with whomever they pleased. It also allowed for German Protestants, whether Lutheran or Calvinist, to exist within Germany. Perhaps even more significant, the 30 Years War brought an end to the Hapsburg Dynasty's domination of Central Europe.

End of War (30 Years War)

With the falling of Prague to Swedish forces, the Peace of Westphalia officially ended the 30 Years War. As a series of treaties, the Peace of Westphalia ended a political and religious struggle that included much of Europe. Although no winner was openly crowned, Westphalia definitely favored the enemies of the Empire.

Dr. John Dee

a famous alchemist, or in today's terms, chemist, who studied under Elizabeth's rule

The Protestant Reformation

brought great changes to Western Europe. {Explanation - Unlike in Eastern Europe, the Reformation had a huge impact on the West. In England, it aided in the creation of the Church of England. It also stripped the Holy Roman Empire of much of its power.}

The result of the Turkish victory in Hungary was to _____

create an environment in which Protestantism could flourish. {Explanation - Once parts of Hungary were taken by the Turks, Catholicism lost its center of power. This caused the Hungarians to lose faith in the Church's ability to protect them. With this, they looked for an alternative in which to put their trust. They found it in Protestantism. Under these conditions reform spread rapidly.}

Iconoclasm is the

destruction of religious images {Explanation - The destruction of religious images is known as iconoclasm.}

Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

developed the scientific method

30 Years War (1618-1648)

had its root in politics and religion. From the religious point of view, this war was the Catholic attempt to overcome Protestantism. On the political side, it was the Hapsburg Dynasty's attempt to keep control while many other countries worked to rob them of it.

Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)

made famous by his play, The Jew of Malta

Elizabethan inn-yards

one of the first venues for English theatre. These inns, which provided lodging and entertainment, attracted traveling actors and troubadours, or poets who wrote verse to music

land enclosure

popular in England, where the land is fenced off and compacted together; end to common lands

Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588)

prevented Philip II from reuniting western Europe under Catholic rule

Sir Francis Drake (England)

privateer, pirate loyal to country, and second to circumnavigate the world

The Protestant Reformation began as an attempt to

reform the practices of the Catholic Church. {Explanation - At the onset of the Reformation, it was not the desire of men, like Martin Luther, to separate from the Catholic Church. They only sought reform of the practices they felt to be corrupt.}

Prior to the Reformation, the Holy Roman Empire

ruled much of the European continent {Explanation - Prior to the Reformation, the Holy Roman Empire controlled most of Central Europe. It occupied all, or part of, modern-day Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, and several other European nations.}

Hapsburg Dynasty

(synonymous with Holy Roman Empire here) - consisted of Central Europe. Although parts of Italy and Hungary were under its control, its center of power were the areas of Germany and Austria.

England's Golden Age

-What Elizabeth's long reign is called -Culture thrived under her rule -She supported theater, fashion, literature, dance, and education -Poets and playwrights during her rule composed some of the greatest works in the English language -She worked to strengthen England's economy and she encouraged trade and commerce -She authorized English trading companies in Africa, Asia, and the Americas -Her funding of sea exploration helped England gain territory in North America -In 1588, the English navy defeated the Spanish Armada, a mighty fleet that tried to attack England -This victory sparked a national exploration and further strengthened England's sea power -By the time she died, England was one of the strongest and richest countries in the world

Peace of Prague 1635

1) Offered protection to Protestants living in northern Germany. Oddly, this didn't extend to the Protestants in the south. 2) Combined the armies of the Holy Roman Empire and the German states into one. 3) Forbade German princes to ally with each other or any foreign power.

In which of the following conflicts did Protestants justify their rebellion against foreign rule with the notion that only God has complete authority over humanity?

80 Years War {Explanation - In the 80 Years War, the Netherlands rebelled against Catholic Spain. England came to the aid of the Netherlands and eventually defeated Spain.}

Round #4 - The French Phase

Although the Peace of Prague ended the Swedish phase of the war, it sparked the French phase. France felt the Peace of Prague gave way too much power to the Hapsburgs. Since part of the Holy Roman Empire bordered France, they would not tolerate a growing Hapsburg power.

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as "The Lost Colony."

How did the Protestant Reformation begin?

As a protest to the doctrines and abuses of the Church {Explanation - The Protestant Reformation of the 16th century began as an attempt to reform the practices of the Catholic Church. It was sparked in the year 1517 by Martin Luther's 95 Theses. In these writings, Luther objected to the abuses he perceived within the Church. Soon, others joined the call for reformation.}

Thomas Kyd (1558-1594)

Author of popular Elizabethan plays, most notably The Spanish Tragedy (1582-92), which influenced writers like Marlowe and Shakespeare. Other works include the ur-Hamlet and Soliman and Perseda

Why did the 30 Years War Begin?

Because of the Defenestration of Prague. {Explanation - The Defenestration of Prague marked the opening of the 30 Years War. To quell the rebellion, Ferdinand, also known as the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, enlisted the help of his German states.}

Why did the 1635 Peace of Prague fail to establish a lasting peace?

Because the French feared the growing strength of the Habsburgs. {Explanation - Although the Peace of Prague ended the Swedish phase of the war, it sparked the French phase. France felt the Peace of Prague gave way too much power to the Habsburgs. Since part of the Holy Roman Empire bordered France, they would not tolerate a growing Habsburg power.}

Why did the French aid the Swedes in their fight against the Holy Roman Empire?

Because the French hated the Holy Roman Empire more than they did the Protestants. {Explanation - While the French did not like the Protestants, they disliked the Holy Roman Empire even more.}

How did Henry IV support the Protestants during his reign?

By issuing The Edict of Nantes. {Explanation - Although Henry of Bourbon reigned as the Catholic Henry IV, he did not forget his Protestant friends. In fact, he continued to be one of their greatest allies. In 1598, he issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted civil rights to the Huguenots. Although Catholicism remained in control, the Huguenots were given cities in which they could freely worship.}

How did the Dutch Calvinists react to Philip II's repression?

By ransacking churches and exercising iconoclasm. {Explanation - Philip II, King of Spain, began persecuting Calvinists throughout the Netherlands. Thousands were executed and imprisoned during this time. Dutch Calvinists answered back by ransacking churches, destroying Catholic images along their way. This destruction of religious images is known as iconoclasm.}

The Edict of Fountainebleu did all of the following, EXCEPT:

EXCEPT: Caused the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. {Explanation - One thing the Edict of Fountainebleu did NOT do was cause the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. What it did do was abolish the Edict of Nantes, stripping the Huguenots of their freedom and safety. It made it illegal for the Huguenots to meet together and ordered the immediate destruction of all Protestant churches and schools. Perhaps even more devastating, it prohibited Protestants from leaving France.}

What was the PROBABLE reason that Catholics didn't want Elizabeth to become the new Queen of England after Queen Mary I died?

Elizabeth was a child from the King's second wife, and divorce or remarriage were not recognized by Catholics at this time. {Explanation - Since these Catholics refused to recognize the marriage, they considered Elizabeth illegitimate and unworthy to wear the crown.}

Which were the likely reasons that Elizabeth was sometimes not regarded by her constituents as the rightful monarch?

Elizabeth was the result of a relationship that was never acknowledged by the Catholic Church, and her mother was later executed for treason. {Explanation - Much of England felt she Elizabeth was an illegitimate heir, since her mother Anne Boleyn's marriage to Henry VIII was never accepted by the Catholic Church. Boleyn was later executed for treason.}

During the Reformation, which of these areas was never under Habsburg control?

England {Explanation - The Habsburg family held control of Germany, and later added Austria, Spain, the Netherlands, Hungary, and parts of Italy into their fold.}

Why were the 80 Years War and Spanish Armada connected?

England sent troops to aid the Dutch in their fight against Spain, in part prompting Spain to send an armada to England. {Explanation - The 80 Years War and Spanish Armada connected in that England sent troops to aid the Dutch in their fight against Spain, in part prompting Spain to send an armada to England.}

William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

English Renaissance writer and playwright; he is considered by many to be the greatest English writer of all time.

Henry Hudson

English navigator who discovered the Hudson River

Round #1 - The Bohemian Phase

Ferdinand II was determined to take away power from the Protestants in Bohemia

In which two countries did Mary, Queen of Scots, have a claim to the throne from a very young age?

France and Scotland {Explanation - To make sure this marriage occurred, young Mary was sent to France to be raised and trained as the future Queen of France. Although she was the true Queen of Scotland, from this point on, the Scottish people would see her more as French than Scotch.}

How did events during the Danish Phase differ from those of the Bohemian Phase?

France financially supported Denmark during the Danish Phase, while they were not actively involved in the Bohemian Phase. {Explanation - Even though France was primarily Catholic, they financially supported Protestant Denmark, marking a stark change in French politics. The French hated the Habsburg Dynasty more than they hated the Protestants.}

Which of the following political moves shifted the balance of power during Europe's religious wars?

French support of the Protestant cause during the 30 Years War {Explanation - French support of the Protestant cause during the 30 Years' War marked a turning point in Europe's religious wars. Although no 'victor' declared, following this conflict, Catholicism's grip on much of Europe was weakened.}

At the end of the Reformation, the Habsburg Dynasty:

Had lost its place as Europe's dominant power. {Explanation - Although the Habsburg Dynasty remained in control of Spain and other parts of the continent, the Reformation stripped it of European domination.}

Which of the following is true concerning Cardinal Richelieu?

He stripped Huguenots of their political power. {Explanation - Unlike his father, Louis XIII was raised as a devout Catholic who had no use for Protestants. Desiring unquestioned power, Louis chose Cardinal Richelieu, his chief minister, to deal with the bothersome Huguenots. Richelieu, who took his job quite seriously, renewed the persecution of the Huguenots, and stripped them of much of their political power.}

James Burbage

History gives him credit for being among the first producers of Elizabethan commercial theatre.

Round #2 - The Danish Phase

Holy Roman Empire mixing it up with Denmark

The French Wars of Religion pitted the Catholic monarchy against French Protestants, known as Huguenots. How did this conflict differ from the German Peasants Revolt?

Huguenots were French nobles which gave them some political power, unlike the powerless German peasants. {Explanation - Huguenots were French nobles which gave them some political power, unlike the powerless German peasants.}

Which of the following was established by the Peace of Westphalia?

It established an end to the Habsburg dominance over Central Europe It allowed for German Protestants, whether Lutheran or Calvinist, to exist within Germany. The German states were given the right to make alliances with whomever they pleased. {Explanation - With the Peace of Westphalia, the Habsburgs had to say goodbye to their dream of a unified, Roman Catholic empire.

Elizabethan Religious Settlement

It included a repeal of Bloody Mary's Catholic legislation, second Act of Supremacy, the Act of Uniformity, and the 39 Articles;

What was the ultimate result of the 30 Years War?

It stripped the Holy Roman Empire of much of its land and power. {Explanation - The 30 Years War raged across the German territories. Although no real victor was crowned, the result was that the war stripped the Holy Roman Empire of its lands and much of its power.}

How did Calvinism influence the French Protestants?

It united them because Calvin believed that even the Pope was subject to God. {Explanation - Calvinism, named after the 16th century reformer John Calvin, held that only God has complete authority over humanity, salvation, and the Church. In other words, the pope is not the end all authority. He, like the rest of humanity, is subject to God.}

Select the BEST description of the Counter-Reformation in Hungary.

It was aimed primarily at the upper, ruling class. {Explanation - The Counter-Reformation was the Catholic Church's reaction to the Reformation, in which they solidified the authority of the Pope and Church doctrine. In a smart political move, Ferdinand II targeted the wealthy. Using money, intimidation and force, he persuaded the ruling families of Hungary to return to Catholicism.}

Sebastian Cabot

Italian, son of John Cabot, led an English expedition in search of the Northwest Passage and a Spanish expedition that explored the La Plata region of Brazil (1526-1530)

Among the following religious groups, which one did the Peace of Augsburg give the official right to exist within the Holy Roman Empire?

Lutherans {Explanation - Although the Peace of Augsburg was seen as a concession by the Holy Roman Empire, it only recognized Catholicism and Lutheranism as valid within its borders. All other Protestant sects were still illegal.}

Queen Elizabeth came to the throne after the reign of her half-sister, _____.

Mary I, known as Bloody Mary {Explanation - Coming to the throne in 1558 after the violent reign of her Catholic half-sister, Mary I - known infamously as Bloody Mary - Elizabeth worked to heal her land of the violent clashes between Catholics and Protestants.}

_____ was a tolerant ruler, under which Catholics and Protestants co-existed. His son, _____, worked to rid the Habsburg lands of Protestantism, leading to war.

Maximilian II, Rudolf II {Explanation - Maximilian II had a tolerant approach to Protestantism, allowing for co-existence. His son, Rudolf II, worked to rid the Habsburg lands of Protestantism.}

Which of these men did not live under Elizabeth's reign?

Moore {Explanation - The Golden Age produced some of the most revered playwrights of all time, including Kyd and Shakespeare. England's Golden Age opened an entirely new world to the English realm through scientific study through the likes of Sir Francis Bacon. There was also Sir Francis Drake, the first European to pass from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast of South America.}

Which of the following is NOT true of the Spanish Armada

NOT: Enabled Spain to win the Eighty Years War {Explanation - The Spanish Armada ended in a decisive Spanish defeat, in part due to the severe sea storms. English victory elevated England to naval supremacy, and it helped to bankrupt Spain.}

Which of the following was NOT established by the 1635 Peace of Prague?

NOT: It awarded protection to Protestants living in southern Germany. THIS DID NOT HAPPEN {Explanation - The Peace of Prague offered protection to Protestants living in northern Germany. Oddly, this protection didn't extend to the Protestants in the south.}

Which of these men did NOT live under Elizabeth's reign?

NOT: Moore {Explanation - The Golden Age produced some of the most revered playwrights of all time, including Kyd and Shakespeare. England's Golden Age opened an entire new world to the English realm through scientific study through the likes of Sir Francis Bacon. There was also Sir Francis Drake, the first European to pass from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast of South America.}

Which of the following is NOT considered a reason why Sir Walter Raleigh was Queen Elizabeth's favorite explorer?

NOT: Sir Walter Raleigh discovered the Northwest Passage across North America, helping Elizabeth gain ground in the New World. {Explanation - It (history) also tells us he was very handsome and very debonair. (He's the guy who allegedly stopped the queen mid-step in order to place his coat over a mud puddle she was about to step into.) He established the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island. On an interesting side note, the state of Virginia is named after Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen.}

The Peace of Westphalia did which of the following?

Officially declare the Netherlands independent from Catholic domination Give France the Alsace-Lorraine Give Sweden the Baltic Sea Recognize Calvinism within the Holy Roman Empire {Explanation - The Peace of Westphalia consisted of several documents. Calvinism was recognized as an accepted religion within the Empire. Also, the Netherlands were officially granted freedom from Catholic control. Adding to this, Sweden was given power over the Baltic Sea, and France was given Alsace-Loraine, located just to the North of the French border.}

What was the goal of the Spanish Armada?

Overthrow Protestant Queen Elizabeth I {Explanation - The goal of the Spanish Armada was to overthrow Protestant Queen Elizabeth I.}

Which of the following gave German princes the right to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism?

Peace of Augsburg {Explanation - In 1555, Charles, the Holy Roman Emperor, made concessions to the reformers in the Peace of Augsburg. This treaty allowed the princes of Germany to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism.}

After the 80 Years War, why did the Netherlands become known across Europe as the 'land of religious tolerance'?

Protestants in the north and Catholics in the south coexisted in peace. {Explanation - In 1648, the 80 Years War came to an end, and the independence of the Netherlands was recognized by the Treaty of Westphalia. Now free from Spanish domination, the Netherlands were mostly Protestant in the north and Catholic in the south. Despite the differences in religious affiliation, these provinces would come to coexist peacefully. With this peace, the Netherlands became known across Europe as a land of religious tolerance.}

30 Years War (1618-1648) - Phases

Round 1: Bohemian Phase Round 2: Danish Phase Round 3: Swedish Phase Round 4: French Phase

Why did Elizabeth I of England fear Mary Stuart?

She feared that Mary Stuart would cause a Catholic uprising within England. {Explanation - Mary was from the royal bloodline of England. Since she was Catholic, she was also the perfect person to lead a rebellion against Anglican Elizabeth and her crown. This was a threat Elizabeth was not willing to tolerate. She had worked long and hard to create peace between her Catholic and Anglican subjects, and she was not willing to let anyone disturb it. The 20-some-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots threatened this stability.}

What was one of the ways that Elizabeth made a significant impact on the economy of England?

She increased the trade of wool, which then changed the face of farming. {Explanation - England's wool trade also began to boom during Elizabeth's Golden Age. With the increase of wool, the face of farming changed, bringing about the process of land enclosure, in which the traditional open field system ended in favor of creating larger closed areas of land that required fewer workers.}

Mary Stuart's execution helped bring about the _____.

Spanish Armada {Explanation - Upon hearing that England had dared to execute a queen, many European countries were outraged. This was especially true of Spain, which was ruled by the very Catholic Phillip II. In fact, many historians believe this was the final straw that caused Phillip to send his Armada to invade England in the year 1588.}

Round #3 - The Swedish Phase

The Hapsburg victories over Bohemia and Denmark scared Protestants all across Europe. Afraid of where the Hapsburgs might strike next, Sweden decided to go on the offensive; In 1635, the Swedish phase came to an end with the Peace of Prague.

The 80 Years War was _____.

the Dutch fight for independence from Spain {Explanation - The Eighty Years War was the Dutch fight for economic and political independence from Spain.}

Mary, Queen of Scots gained the Scottish throne after _____.

the death of her father {Explanation - Mary, Queen of Scots, also known as Mary Stuart, was born in 1542 as the daughter of James V, King of Scotland. James died when Mary was still an infant, and thus her tumultuous rule began.}

Poland's tradition of religious tolerance meant that _____

the reformers were unable to connect their cause to political freedom. {Explanation - Unlike what occurred in many countries, the reformers within Poland never faced serious persecution. Nor could they link their cause to political freedom. Adding to this, the religious tolerance within Poland had kept the Catholic Church from looking like an evil dictator. For this reason, the Polish people were more willing to come back to the Catholic Church.}

troubadours

wandering poets; their love songs focused on cherishing and protecting women