04 practice test

gender is a performance, constructed and/or reproduced in everyday social interactions and encounters.

"doing gender"

African American gender & family

-socialize children, (especially daughters) to more egalitarian gender roles -socialize e daughter to be more assertive than caucasians do -female role model= women as wage earner and homemaker -"traditional" female Rome may have never existed

Both genders are usually exposed to feminine activities early in life, but boys are discouraged from imitating their mothers, whereas girls are encouraged to be "mother's little helpers." Chores are categorized by gender

Activity exposure

due to many factors, ___ women have been less likely to occupy the status of a full time housewife

African american

tend to differentiate more sharply than middle-class families between boys and girls in terms of appropriate behavior; they tend to place more restrictions on girls.

Caucasians, working-class familie

Children are directed toward specific objects and activities and away from others.

Channeling.

hey see the origin of gender behavior as largely social, act in ways that will reproduce gender conformity in their children, but are not motivated to do so by concern for how others will judge them or their children

Cultivators.

expectations attached tp being identified as male or female

Gender roles

Versions of feminism that stress how similar women and men are and emphasize the need for equal rights and opportunities for both genders.

Gender-reform feminism

Multiple roles can be assigned to and preformed by those identitifying as male or female

Gendered roles

hese parents actively resist gender structures and do so without concern for how they or their children will be judged

Innovators

From an early age, parents treat daughters more gently (e.g., telling them how beautiful they are or advising them that nice girls do not fight) and sons more roughly (telling them how strong they are or advising them not to cry).

Manipulation

These parents see gender as mostly biological and act in ways to reproduce the gender structure, in part out of heightened awareness of how others would react to their children's nonconformity.

Naturalizers.

They acknowledge both biological and social influences on their children's gender behavior, are aware of the reactions and potential judgments of others and act with a mixture of both resistance and conformity.

Refiners.

These parents are opposed to gendered patterns but express concern about the reactions and judgments of others.

Resisters.

ts emphasis on observable events and their consequences rather than internal feelings and drives. we learn attitudes and behaviors as a result of social interactions with others

Social learning theory

marianismo is drawn from ___ and stresses women roles as __ for their children and subordinating themselves to males

Virgin Mary, self-sacrificing

What term is used for the variety of individuals, groups, and institutions that help shape us and contribute to our development as males and females?

agents of socialization

What term is used for the expression of both masculine and feminine traits?

androgyny

Which theory promotes that idea that we are seen as limited to those behaviors that our genetic or hormonal characteristics allow?

biological determinism

Which gender ideal emphasizes chivalry and respecting and protecting the honor of women?

caballerismo

latino gender ideal emphasizes chivalry and respecting and protecting the honor of women

caballerismo

mental processes that intervene between stimulus and response

cognition

Which theory focuses on children's active interpretation of the messages they receive from the environment?

cognitive development theory

he cornerstone of social learning theory is the belief that

consequences control behavior

parents of sons expressed less approval of their sons __than did parents of daughters

crossing the line of gender-appropriate behavior

In which type of society do females and males possess similar amounts of power, where neither dominates the economic or political institutions?

egalitarian

females and males possess similar amounts of power

egalitarian,

white females are -- than either African American or Hispanic males

far better

division of labor in black households is characterized as more ___.

flexible

What term is used to describe an individual's sense of self with regard to socially established categories such as male or female?

gender identity

assumption of male and female as opposites

gender polarization,

Which type of feminism is geared toward giving women the same rights and opportunities that men enjoy?

gender reform feminism

Which type of feminism advocates radical, separatist strategies for women to counteract the subordination that is embedded in the existing social system?

gender restraint feminism

What roles develop out of expectations attached to being identified as male or female?

gender role

During _____, we come to learn what behaviors, demeanor, and temperament are expected of us, by virtue of our assigned gender.

gender socialization

process by which we come to learn what behaviors, demeanor, and temperament are expected of us, by virtue of our assigned gender.

gender socialization

this is now often being used over the traditional "gender binary"

gender spectrum

Versions of feminism that emphasize the interconnectedness between multiple inequalities (race, class, sexual orientation, age, and gender), and see gender inequality as only one aspect of wider social inequality.

gender-rebellion feminism

Versions of feminism that advocate separatist strategies, wherein women establish women-only social institutions and settings.

gender-resistant feminism

society actually has multiple masculinities and femininities, out of which a version emerges that is more widely accepted and expected

hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity

Which racial/ethnic group in the United States has the lowest median weekly earnings?

hispanics

Which type of parent actively resists gender structures and does so without concern for how they or their children will be judged?

innovators

Which theory involves the belief that children need full-time, unconditional attention from mothers to develop into healthy, well-adjusted people?

intensive mothering ideology

cognitive development theory focuses on children's active

interpretation of the messages they receive from the environment

social learning theory assumes that children and adults

learn in fundamentally the same way,

latino gender ideal of male superiority over women

machismo

Which gender ideal includes such qualities as submissiveness, selflessness, nurturance, sexual purity, self-sacrifice (especially for one's family), and the ability to endure suffering?

marianismo

female gender ideal among Latinas, emphasizing qualities such as sexual purity, submissiveness, selflessness, and self-sacrifice

marianismo

traditional latino/ Latina gender ideals gender ideals that teach them how to act

marianismo, machismo, caballerismo

socialization into _is more rigid

masculinity

societies where women rule over men and where men

matriarchies

personal and interpersonal vs societal

micro vs macro

these people tend to be more liberal and egalitarian in attitudes or beliefs than the other classes

middle-class men & women

learning through imitation is called

modeling.

Which type of parent believes gender is mostly biological and acts in ways to reproduce the gender structure, in part out of heightened awareness of how others would react to their children's nonconformity?

naturalizers

As children grow older and their social world expands, so do the

number of people who may act as their role models

cognitive development theory stresses that we learn differently, depending on

our age

Caucasian working class family's

place more restrictions on girls than middle class families

marianismo subordination is used on respect for the males role as ___ and on mothers role as

provider, pillars of their families

According to social learning theory, children learn appropriate gender-role behavior through

reinforcement and modeling

women who have housework and child care at the end of their paid workday have whats called a

second shift

Which theory puts an emphasis on observable events and their consequences, rather than internal feelings and drives?

social learning theory

gener is a ____ acquired, __ reproduced status

socially

gender inequality, aka, gender

straification

African American men are more ___ than white or latino men of egalitarian gender roles

supportive

the most powerful models that children have are

their parents.

latino and asian families --gender socialization is more ____, especially in regards to ___, the ______ they assign, and the ____ they impose on there children

traditional, play, domestic responsibilities, restrictions

What concept describes how becoming parents may lead couples to more customary outcomes, especially if new mothers take extended leave to care for their infants?

traditionalism

Which term is used to refer to any and all individuals who develop gender identities that differ from their biological sex characteristics?

transgender

refers to the difference between what men tend to earn and what women tend to earn

wage gap

According to research conducted by the Pew Research Center, in heterosexual cohabiting and married couples, domestic decision-making is most often done by _____.

women

- have more domestic decision-making input than do -

women, men

in practice, this class's men and women may behave in more equal ways --even if its out of circumstanced than egalitarian ideology. there professed attitudes/beliefs may remain more traditional than their behavior suggests

working class men & women