04 practice test
gender is a performance, constructed and/or reproduced in everyday social interactions and encounters.
"doing gender"
African American gender & family
-socialize children, (especially daughters) to more egalitarian gender roles -socialize e daughter to be more assertive than caucasians do -female role model= women as wage earner and homemaker -"traditional" female Rome may have never existed
Both genders are usually exposed to feminine activities early in life, but boys are discouraged from imitating their mothers, whereas girls are encouraged to be "mother's little helpers." Chores are categorized by gender
Activity exposure
due to many factors, ___ women have been less likely to occupy the status of a full time housewife
African american
tend to differentiate more sharply than middle-class families between boys and girls in terms of appropriate behavior; they tend to place more restrictions on girls.
Caucasians, working-class familie
Children are directed toward specific objects and activities and away from others.
Channeling.
hey see the origin of gender behavior as largely social, act in ways that will reproduce gender conformity in their children, but are not motivated to do so by concern for how others will judge them or their children
Cultivators.
expectations attached tp being identified as male or female
Gender roles
Versions of feminism that stress how similar women and men are and emphasize the need for equal rights and opportunities for both genders.
Gender-reform feminism
Multiple roles can be assigned to and preformed by those identitifying as male or female
Gendered roles
hese parents actively resist gender structures and do so without concern for how they or their children will be judged
Innovators
From an early age, parents treat daughters more gently (e.g., telling them how beautiful they are or advising them that nice girls do not fight) and sons more roughly (telling them how strong they are or advising them not to cry).
Manipulation
These parents see gender as mostly biological and act in ways to reproduce the gender structure, in part out of heightened awareness of how others would react to their children's nonconformity.
Naturalizers.
They acknowledge both biological and social influences on their children's gender behavior, are aware of the reactions and potential judgments of others and act with a mixture of both resistance and conformity.
Refiners.
These parents are opposed to gendered patterns but express concern about the reactions and judgments of others.
Resisters.
ts emphasis on observable events and their consequences rather than internal feelings and drives. we learn attitudes and behaviors as a result of social interactions with others
Social learning theory
marianismo is drawn from ___ and stresses women roles as __ for their children and subordinating themselves to males
Virgin Mary, self-sacrificing
What term is used for the variety of individuals, groups, and institutions that help shape us and contribute to our development as males and females?
agents of socialization
What term is used for the expression of both masculine and feminine traits?
androgyny
Which theory promotes that idea that we are seen as limited to those behaviors that our genetic or hormonal characteristics allow?
biological determinism
Which gender ideal emphasizes chivalry and respecting and protecting the honor of women?
caballerismo
latino gender ideal emphasizes chivalry and respecting and protecting the honor of women
caballerismo
mental processes that intervene between stimulus and response
cognition
Which theory focuses on children's active interpretation of the messages they receive from the environment?
cognitive development theory
he cornerstone of social learning theory is the belief that
consequences control behavior
parents of sons expressed less approval of their sons __than did parents of daughters
crossing the line of gender-appropriate behavior
In which type of society do females and males possess similar amounts of power, where neither dominates the economic or political institutions?
egalitarian
females and males possess similar amounts of power
egalitarian,
white females are -- than either African American or Hispanic males
far better
division of labor in black households is characterized as more ___.
flexible
What term is used to describe an individual's sense of self with regard to socially established categories such as male or female?
gender identity
assumption of male and female as opposites
gender polarization,
Which type of feminism is geared toward giving women the same rights and opportunities that men enjoy?
gender reform feminism
Which type of feminism advocates radical, separatist strategies for women to counteract the subordination that is embedded in the existing social system?
gender restraint feminism
What roles develop out of expectations attached to being identified as male or female?
gender role
During _____, we come to learn what behaviors, demeanor, and temperament are expected of us, by virtue of our assigned gender.
gender socialization
process by which we come to learn what behaviors, demeanor, and temperament are expected of us, by virtue of our assigned gender.
gender socialization
this is now often being used over the traditional "gender binary"
gender spectrum
Versions of feminism that emphasize the interconnectedness between multiple inequalities (race, class, sexual orientation, age, and gender), and see gender inequality as only one aspect of wider social inequality.
gender-rebellion feminism
Versions of feminism that advocate separatist strategies, wherein women establish women-only social institutions and settings.
gender-resistant feminism
society actually has multiple masculinities and femininities, out of which a version emerges that is more widely accepted and expected
hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity
Which racial/ethnic group in the United States has the lowest median weekly earnings?
hispanics
Which type of parent actively resists gender structures and does so without concern for how they or their children will be judged?
innovators
Which theory involves the belief that children need full-time, unconditional attention from mothers to develop into healthy, well-adjusted people?
intensive mothering ideology
cognitive development theory focuses on children's active
interpretation of the messages they receive from the environment
social learning theory assumes that children and adults
learn in fundamentally the same way,
latino gender ideal of male superiority over women
machismo
Which gender ideal includes such qualities as submissiveness, selflessness, nurturance, sexual purity, self-sacrifice (especially for one's family), and the ability to endure suffering?
marianismo
female gender ideal among Latinas, emphasizing qualities such as sexual purity, submissiveness, selflessness, and self-sacrifice
marianismo
traditional latino/ Latina gender ideals gender ideals that teach them how to act
marianismo, machismo, caballerismo
socialization into _is more rigid
masculinity
societies where women rule over men and where men
matriarchies
personal and interpersonal vs societal
micro vs macro
these people tend to be more liberal and egalitarian in attitudes or beliefs than the other classes
middle-class men & women
learning through imitation is called
modeling.
Which type of parent believes gender is mostly biological and acts in ways to reproduce the gender structure, in part out of heightened awareness of how others would react to their children's nonconformity?
naturalizers
As children grow older and their social world expands, so do the
number of people who may act as their role models
cognitive development theory stresses that we learn differently, depending on
our age
Caucasian working class family's
place more restrictions on girls than middle class families
marianismo subordination is used on respect for the males role as ___ and on mothers role as
provider, pillars of their families
According to social learning theory, children learn appropriate gender-role behavior through
reinforcement and modeling
women who have housework and child care at the end of their paid workday have whats called a
second shift
Which theory puts an emphasis on observable events and their consequences, rather than internal feelings and drives?
social learning theory
gener is a ____ acquired, __ reproduced status
socially
gender inequality, aka, gender
straification
African American men are more ___ than white or latino men of egalitarian gender roles
supportive
the most powerful models that children have are
their parents.
latino and asian families --gender socialization is more ____, especially in regards to ___, the ______ they assign, and the ____ they impose on there children
traditional, play, domestic responsibilities, restrictions
What concept describes how becoming parents may lead couples to more customary outcomes, especially if new mothers take extended leave to care for their infants?
traditionalism
Which term is used to refer to any and all individuals who develop gender identities that differ from their biological sex characteristics?
transgender
refers to the difference between what men tend to earn and what women tend to earn
wage gap
According to research conducted by the Pew Research Center, in heterosexual cohabiting and married couples, domestic decision-making is most often done by _____.
women
- have more domestic decision-making input than do -
women, men
in practice, this class's men and women may behave in more equal ways --even if its out of circumstanced than egalitarian ideology. there professed attitudes/beliefs may remain more traditional than their behavior suggests
working class men & women