1

The following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body. 1. tissue 2. cell 3. organ 4. molecule 5. organism 6. organ system

4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5.

A physician basing clinical decisions on primary research published in biomedical literature is doing ________ medicine

evidence based

Which of the following is a buffer zone between the outside world and most of the cells of the body?

extracellular fluid

Because anatomy and physiology have different definitions, they are usually considered separately in studies of the body

false

You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various intensities of exercise influence heart rate. Which of the following is/are considered a dependent variable?

heart rate

Which of the following is one of Cannon's "internal secretions"?

hormones

A scientifically logical guess is a

hypothesis

You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various intensities of exercise influence heart rate. Which of the following is/are considered an independent variable?

intensity of exercise

If a scientific opinion has been verified repeatedly, it becomes a

law

Oxytocin is a hormone that is released in response to cervical dilation. It in turn causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. What type of feedback loop does oxytocin trigger?

positive feedback

"Glucose is transported from blood into cells because cells require glucose to meet their energy needs." This type of explanation is

teleological.

You want to display data on the finish times of the 10 fastest race horses in a single race at the Kentucky Derby. What type of graph would be best to display this information?

x-axis is horse name or number; the y-axis is finish time in minutes

A horse runs 10 races, each a mile long, during a 6-month period, and you are interested in determining if the horse's race time changes with experience. You set up a graph to display the race finish times of this horse.What would the labels be for the graph axes?

x-axis is race number or date; the y-axis is finish time in minutes

Why is it necessary to label the axes of a graph?

A graph with no axis labels is meaningless-without knowing what trend is being illustrated, there is no communication of scientific information

You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various levels of exercise influence heart rate. Explain why only 18-year-old males were used as subjects

An important part of scientific inquiry is to remove sources of variation from among subjects. By choosing subjects of one gender in a particular age group, it is easier to determine that the dependent variable (heart rate, in this case) depends only on the independent variable, level of exercise. This also allows a study to have fewer participants, assuming that subjects were randomly assigned to a level of exercise. If subjects were of random ages and genders, data would have to be collected from many more individuals.

Write a teleological explanation for why heart rate increases during exercise. Now write a mechanistic explanation for the same phenomenon.

Heart rate increases because the increased activity of skeletal and cardiac muscles requires increased delivery of blood contents such as oxygen and glucose. Mechanistic: Heart rate increases in response to signals from the brain (pacemaker cells of the heart are stimulated by the nervous system).

Why is it necessary to space grid marks on a graph proportionally to the quantity measured

If this is not done, a trend would be obscured or even misrepresented

You are designing a study to assess the effects of a new treatment for hypertension. What ethical considerations would you employ when monitoring your progress?

Major considerations should involve assessing the efficacy of the treatment such that the control group patients are not deprived as well as ensuring that the experimental treatment is not less effective than the standard treatments

The Internet database for molecular, cellular, and physiological information is called the ________ Project.

Physiome

In your study of a drug's efficacy in treating hypertension, your subjects are white males, ages 40 to 60 years. Is your study applicable to all people?

Possibly, but not necessarily. There are gender differences in appropriate therapies because of physiological effects of higher testosterone in males compared to females, for example. Drugs are often not tested in children, and children also have a different hormonal environment than adults (again, sex hormones are a good example, because their levels are low until just before the onset of puberty). There are also racial differences in effectiveness of therapies, and while it is a contentious issue as to whether these represent genetic or socioeconomic influences, they should be considered.

You are interested in learning more about Parkinson's disease, a neurological disorder that primarily affects motor function. What is the best source to begin your investigation?

PubMed

You want to display data on the finish times of the 10 fastest race horses in a single race at the Kentucky Derby. What type of graph would be best to display this information?

bar graph

A study in which a participant acts as an experimental subject in part of the experiment and a control in another part of the experiment is called what?

crossover study

A placebo is

drug or treatment that is expected to have no pharmacological effect

A horse runs 10 races, each a mile long, during a 6-month period, and you are interested in determining if the horse's race time changes with experience. You set up a graph to display the race finish times of this horse. What type of graph would be best to display the race finish times of this horse?

line graph

"Glucose is transported from blood into cells by transporters in response to insulin." This type of explanation is

mechanistic

A technique used to resolve contradictory results in scientific studies is

meta-analysis

The literal meaning of the term physiology is knowledge of

nature

It is the phenomenon whereby a patient who has been informed of the side effects of a drug he is taking is more likely to experience some of the side effects than an otherwise similar patient receiving the same drug who has not been so informed.

nocebo effect

Physiology is the study of

normal functions of the organ systems.

Place these terms in the typical sequence in which they appear in the scientific process: experimental data, theory, model, observation, hypothesis, replication.

observation, hypothesis, experimental data, replication, model, theory

a collection of different tissues that carry out related functions

organ

The study of body function in a disease state is

pathophysiology.

How genetics influences the body's response to drugs is called

pharmacogenomics

Homeostasis is the ability of the body to

quickly restore changed conditions to normal.

Adaptive significance is an important concept in physiology because it describes

the physiological functions that promote an organism's survival.

collection of similar cells that carry out similar functions

tissue