Midterm Questions psyio500

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Simple random sampling

. In statistics, a simple random sample is a subset of individuals chosen from a larger set (a population). Each individual is chosen randomly and entirely by chance, such that each individual has the same probability of being chosen at any stage during the sampling process, and each subset of k individuals has the same probability of being chosen for the sample as any other subset of k individuals. This process and technique is known as _________, and should not be confused with systematic random sampling.

Variability

. _________ (also called spread or dispersion) refers to how spread out a set of data is. _________ gives you a way to describe how much data sets vary and allows you to use statistics to compare your data to other sets of data. The four main ways to describe _________ in a data set are: range, interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation.

Inferential statistics.

. _________ is the process of drawing conclusions from data that are subject to random variation, for example, observational errors or sampling variation. More substantially, _________ are used to describe systems of procedures that can be used to draw conclusions from data samples arising from systems affected by random variation, such as observational errors, random sampling, or random experimentation. Initial requirements of such a system of procedures for inference and induction are that the system should produce reasonable answers when applied to well-defined situations and that it should be general enough to be applied across a range of situations.

Code of Conduct.

1. A _________ is a set of rules outlining the responsibilities of, or proper practices for, an individual, party or organization. Related concepts include ethical, honor and moral codes, as well as halachic and religious laws. In its 2007 International Good Practice Guidance, 'Defining and Developing an Effective _________ for Organizations', the International Federation of Accountants provided the following working definition: 'Principles, values, standards, or rules of behavior that guide the decisions, procedures and systems of an organization in a way that (a) contributes to the welfare of its key stakeholders, and (b) respects the rights of all constituents affected by its operations.' A common _________ is written for employees of a company, which protects the business and informs the employees of the company's expectations.

Generalization

1. A _________ of a concept is an extension of the concept to less-specific criteria. It is a foundation element of logic and human reasoning. _________s posit the existence of a domain or set of elements, as well as one or more common characteristics shared by those elements.

Rationalism

1. In epistemology, _________ is the view that 'regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge' or 'any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification'. More formally, _________ is defined as a methodology or a theory 'in which the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive'. Rationalists believe reality has an intrinsically logical structure.

Dependent Variable

1. Variables used in an experiment or modelling can be divided into three types: '_________', 'in_________', or other. The '_________' represents the output or effect, or is tested to see if it is the effect. The 'in_________s' represent the inputs or causes, or are tested to see if they are the cause.

Face validity

1. _________ is the extent to which a test is subjectively viewed as covering the concept it purports to measure. It refers to the transparency or relevance of a test as they appear to test participants. In other words, a test can be said to have _________ if it 'looks like' it is going to measure what it is supposed to measure.

Authority

10. The word _________ is derived from the Latin word auctoritas, meaning 'invention', 'advice', 'opinion', 'influence', or 'command'. In English, the word _________ can be used to mean power given by the state (in the form of government, judges, police officers, etc). or by academic knowledge of an area (someone can be an _________ on a subject).

Rights.

10. _________ are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, _________ are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory. _________ are of essential importance in such disciplines as law and ethics, especially theories of justice and deontology. _________ are often considered fundamental to civilization, being regarded as established pillars of society and culture, and the history of social conflicts can be found in the history of each right and its development.

Descriptive statistics.

10. _________ are ways of describing or characterizing a sample. _________ are distinguished from inferential statistics, in that _________ aim to summarize a sample, rather than use the data to learn about the population that the sample of data is thought to represent.

Variable

11. A _________ is a property of a population under investigation. As a _________ it can take on a number of values and the values may be qualitative or quantitative.

Generalization

11. A _________ of a concept is an extension of the concept to less-specific criteria. It is a foundational element of logic and human reasoning. _________s posit the existence of a domain or set of elements, as well as one or more common characteristics shared by those elements.

Duration

11. _________ is a theory of time and consciousness posited by the French philosopher Henri Bergson. Bergson sought to improve upon inadequacies he perceived in the philosophy of Herbert Spencer, due, he believed, to Spencer's lack of comprehension of mechanics, which led Bergson to the conclusion that time eluded mathematics and science. Bergson became aware that the moment one attempted to measure a moment, it would be gone: one measures an immobile, complete line, whereas time is mobile and incomplete.

Participant observation.

11. _________ is one type of data collection method typically done in the qualitative research paradigm. It is a widely used methodology in many disciplines, particularly cultural anthropology, less so in sociology, communication studies, human geography and social psychology. Its aim is to gain a close and intimate familiarity with a given group of individuals (such as a religious, occupational, sub cultural group, or a particular community) and their practices through an intensive involvement with people in their cultural environment, usually over an extended period of time.

Question.

12. A _________ is a linguistic expression used to make a request for information, or the request made using such an expression. The information requested may be provided in the form of an answer. _________s have developed a range of uses that go beyond the simple eliciting of information from another party.

Continuum.

12. In the mathematical field of set theory, the _________ means the real numbers, or the corresponding cardinal number, C The cardinality of the _________ is the size of the set of real numbers. The _________ hypothesis is sometimes stated by saying that no cardinality lies between that of the _________ and that of the natural numbers, N0

Evolution

12. _________ is the change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. _________ary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including species, individual organisms and molecules such as DNA and proteins. All life on Earth is descended from a last universal ancestor that lived approximately 3.8 billion years ago.

Molecule

13. A _________ is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. _________s are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge. However, in quantum physics, organic chemistry, and biochemistry, the term _________ is often used less strictly, also being applied to polyatomic ions.

Floor effect

13. In statistics, the term _________ refers to when data cannot take on a value lower than some particular number, called the floor. An example of this is when an IQ test is given to young children who have either been given training or (b) have been given no training. If the test is too difficult (so difficult that no amount of training will affect the ability to carry out the test), both group (a) and group (b) will perform particularly badly.

Scientific method.

13. The history of _________ is a history of the methodology of scientific inquiry, as differentiated from a history of science in general. The development and elaboration of rules for scientific reasoning and investigation has not been straightforward; _________ has been the subject of intense and recurring debate throughout the history of science, and many eminent natural philosophers and scientists have argued for the primacy of one or another approach to establishing scientific knowledge. Despite the many disagreements about primacy of one approach over another, there also have been many identifiable trends and historical markers in the several-millennia-long development of _________ into present-day forms.

Raw data.

13. _________ is a term for data collected from a source. _________ has not been subjected to processing or any other manipulation, and are also referred to as primary data. _________ is a relative term .

Variability

14. _________ (also called spread or dispersion) refers to how spread out a set of data is. _________ gives you a way to describe how much data sets vary and allows you to use statistics to compare your data to other sets of data. The four main ways to describe _________ in a data set are: range, interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation.

Construct validity

14. _________ is "the degree to which a test measures what it claims, or purports, to be measuring." In the classical model of validity, _________ is one of three main types of validity evidence, alongside content validity and criterion validity. Modern validity theory defines _________ as the overarching concern of validity research, subsuming all other types of validity evidence. _________ is the appropriateness of inferences made on the basis of observations or measurements (often test scores), specifically whether a test measures the intended construct.

Inferential statistics

14. _________ is the process of drawing conclusions from data that are subject to random variation, for example, observational errors or sampling variation. More substantially, _________ are used to describe systems of procedures that can be used to draw conclusions from data samples arising from systems affected by random variation, such as observational errors, random sampling, or random experimentation. Initial requirements of such a system of procedures for inference and induction are that the system should produce reasonable answers when applied to well-defined situations and that it should be general enough to be applied across a range of situations.

Statistic

15. A _________ is a single measure or observation of some property of the elements within the sample. It is calculated by applying a function to the values of the elements of the sample. The sample elements are referred to as data. And, each element is a datum. A _________ is an attempt to characterize the sample and by extension, the population.

Statistic.

Outcome

16. In probability theory, an _________ is a possible result of an experiment. Each possible _________ of a particular experiment is unique, and different _________s are mutually exclusive (only one _________ will occur on each trial of the experiment). All of the possible _________s of an experiment form the elements of a sample space.

Astrology

16. _________ consists of several systems of divination based on the premise that there is a relationship between astronomical phenomena and events in the human world. Many cultures have attached importance to astronomical events, and the Indians, Chinese, and Mayans developed elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations. In the West, _________ most often consists of a system of horoscopes that claim to explain aspects of a person's personality and predict future events in their life based on the positions of the sun, moon, and other celestial objects at the time of their birth.

Multivariate analysis

16. _________ is based on the statistical principle of multivariate statistics, which involves observation and analysis of more than one statistical outcome variable at a time. In design and analysis, the technique is used to perform trade studies across multiple dimensions while taking into account the effects of all variables on the responses of interest.

Field research.

16. _________ or fieldwork is the collection of information outside of a laboratory, library or workplace setting. The approaches and methods used in _________ vary across disciplines. For example, biologists who conduct _________ may simply observe animals interacting with their environments, whereas social scientists conducting _________ may interview or observe people in their natural environments to learn their languages, folklore, and social structures.

Measure

17. In mathematical analysis, a _________ on a set is a systematic way to assign a number to each suitable subset of that set, intuitively interpreted as its size. In this sense, a _________ is a generalization of the concepts of length, area, and volume. A particularly important example is the Lebesgue _________ on a Euclidean space, which assigns the conventional length, area, and volume of Euclidean geometry to suitable subsets of the n-dimensional Euclidean space R.

Time

17. _________ is a dimension in which events can be ordered from the past through the present into the future, and also the measure of durations of events and the intervals between them. _________ has long been a major subject of study in religion, philosophy, and science, but defining it in a manner applicable to all fields without circularity has consistently eluded scholars. Nevertheless, diverse fields such as business, industry, sports, the sciences, and the performing arts all incorporate some notion of _________ into their respective measuring systems.

Inference

17. _________ is the act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true. The conclusion drawn is also called an idiomatic. The laws of valid _________ are studied in the field of logic.

Animal welfare.

17. _________ is the well-being of animals. The standards of 'good' _________ vary considerably between different contexts. These standards are under constant review and are debated, created and revised by _________ groups, legislators and academics worldwide.

Consent

18. _________ is agreement or permission to do or allow something.

Observation

18. _________ is the active acquisition of information from a primary source. In living beings, _________ employs the senses. In science, _________ can also involve the recording of data via the use of instruments.

Level

19. In the International System of Quantities, a _________ is the logarithm of the ratio of a quantity Q to a reference value of that quantity, Q. Examples are sound pressure _________, sound power _________ and sound exposure _________. In equation form: L = log(Q/Q).

Research ethics

19. _________ involves the application of fundamental ethical principles to a variety of topics involving research, including scientific research. These include the design and implementation of research involving human experimentation, animal experimentation, various aspects of academic scandal, including scientific misconduct (such as fraud, fabrication of data and plagiarism), whistleblowing; regulation of research, etc. _________ is most developed as a concept in medical research.

Code

2. In metadata, the representation term _________ refers to, and is used in the name of, data elements whose allowable values can be represented as enumerated lists. Each enumerated value is a string that for brevity represents a specific meaning. For example, for a PersonGender_________ the allowable _________ valid values might be 'male', 'female' or 'unknown'.

Informed Consent

Reliability

2. Proportional reduction in loss refers to a general framework for developing and evaluating measures of the _________ of particular ways of making observations which are possibly subject to errors of all types. Such measures quantify how much having the observations available has reduced the loss (cost) of the uncertainty about the intended quantity compared with not having those observations.

Concurrent validity.

2. _________ is a type of evidence that can be gathered to defend the use of a test for predicting other outcomes. It is a parameter used in sociology, psychology, and other psychometric or behavioral sciences. _________ is demonstrated when a test correlates well with a measure that has previously been validated.

Confirmation bias

2. _________ is the tendency of people to favor information that confirms their beliefs or hypotheses. People display this bias when they gather or remember information selectively, or when they interpret it in a biased way. The effect is stronger for emotionally charged issues and for deeply entrenched beliefs.

Ethics

20. According to the Church of Scientology, '_________ may be defined as the actions an individual takes on himself to ensure his continued survival across the dynamics. It is a personal thing. When one is ethical, it is something he does himself by his own choice.' According to founder L. Ron Hubbard's teachings, Scientology _________ is predicated on the idea that there are degrees of ethical conduct.

Theory

20. In mathematical logic, a _________ is a set of sentences in a formal language. Usually a deductive system is understood from context.

Research question.

20. Specifying the _________ is the methodological point of departure of scholarly research in both the natural and social sciences. The research will answer the question posed. At an undergraduate level, the answer to the _________ is the thesis statement.

Empirical

21. _________ evidence (also _________ data, sense experience, _________ knowledge, or the a posteriori) is a source of knowledge acquired by means of observation or experimentation. The term comes from the Greek word for experience, Εμπειρία (empeiría).

Animal welfare

21. _________ is the well-being of animals. The standards of 'good' _________ vary considerably between different contexts. These standards are under constant review and are debated, created and revised by _________ groups, legislators and academics worldwide.

Measure

22. In mathematical analysis, a _________ on a set is a systematic way to assign a number to each suitable subset of that set, intuitively interpreted as its size. In this sense, a _________ is a generalization of the concepts of length, area, and volume. A particularly important example is the Lebesgue _________ on a Euclidean space, which assigns the conventional length, area, and volume of Euclidean geometry to suitable subsets of the n-dimensional Euclidean space R.

Empiricism

22. _________ is a theory which states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience. One of several views of epistemology, the study of human knowledge, along with rationalism, idealism, and historicism, _________ emphasizes the role of experience and evidence, especially sensory experience, in the formation of ideas, over the notion of innate ideas or traditions; empiricists may argue however that traditions (or customs) arise due to relations of previous sense experiences.

Preparation

23. Generally, measuring instruments are meant to get the existent value of a physical quantity of a system with as little change of, or interaction with the system as possible. -- If a measuring instrument fixes a physical quantity of a physical system for further use (post-existent), then the measurement process is called _________. For example, a graduated cylinder filled to a definite mark prepares a certain volume of the liquid for further use.

Scientific method

23. The history of _________ is a history of the methodology of scientific inquiry, as differentiated from a history of science in general. The development and elaboration of rules for scientific reasoning and investigation has not been straightforward; _________ has been the subject of intense and recurring debate throughout the history of science, and many eminent natural philosophers and scientists have argued for the primacy of one or another approach to establishing scientific knowledge. Despite the many disagreements about primacy of one approach over another, there also have been many identifiable trends and historical markers in the several-millennia-long development of _________ into present-day forms.

Field

24. A _________ is a physical quantity that has a value for each point in space and time. For example, in a weather forecast, the wind velocity is described by assigning a vector to each point in space. Each vector represents the speed and direction of the movement of air at that point.

Repeatability

24. _________ or test-retest reliability is the variation in measurements taken by a single person or instrument on the same item and under the same conditions. A less-than-perfect test-retest reliability causes test-retest variability. Such variability can be caused by, for example, intra-individual variability and intra-observer variability.

Applied science

25. _________ is a discipline of science that applies existing scientific knowledge to develop more practical applications, such as technology or inventions. Within natural science, disciplines that are basic science, also called pure science, develop information to predict and perhaps explain--thus somehow understand--phenomena in the natural world. _________ applies the basic science toward practical endeavors.

Plagiarism

25. _________ is the 'wrongful appropriation' and 'stealing and publication' of another author's 'language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions' and the representation of them as one's own original work. The idea remains problematic with unclear definitions and unclear rules. The modern concept of _________ as immoral and originality as an ideal emerged in Europe only in the 18th century, particularly with the Romantic movement.

Basic research

26. _________ is a systematic study directed toward greater knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena without specific applications or products in mind. It includes all branches of science and engineering.

Animal rights

26. _________ is the idea that some, or all, nonhuman animals are entitled to the possession of their own lives, and that their most basic interests - such as an interest in not suffering - should be afforded the same consideration as the similar interests of human beings. Advocates oppose the assignment of moral value and fundamental protections on the basis of species membership alone - an idea known since 1970 as speciesism, when the term was coined by Richard D. Ryder - arguing that it is a prejudice as irrational as any other. They maintain that animals should no longer be viewed as property, or used as food, clothing, research subjects, entertainment, or beasts of burden.

Reason

27. Rationality is the quality or state of being _________able, based on facts or _________. Rationality is a normative concept that refers to the conformity of one's beliefs with one's _________s to believe, or of one's actions with one's _________s for action. 'Rationality' has different specialized meanings in economics, sociology, psychology, evolutionary biology and political science.

Risk

27. _________ is the potential of losing something of value, weighed against the potential to gain something of value. Values (such as physical health, social status, emotional well being or financial wealth) can be gained or lost when taking _________ resulting from a given action, activity and/or inaction, foreseen or unforeseen. _________ can also be defined as the intentional interaction with uncertainty.

Accreditation

28. _________ is a process in which certification of competency, authority, or credibility is presented. Organizations that issue credentials or certify third parties against official standards are themselves formally accredited by _________ bodies ; hence they are sometimes known as 'accredited certification bodies'. The _________ process ensures that their certification practices are acceptable, typically meaning that they are competent to test and certify third parties, behave ethically and employ suitable quality assurance.

Evaluation

28. _________ is a systematic determination of a subject's merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards. It can assist an organization, program, project or any other intervention or initiative to assess any aim, realisable concept/proposal, or any alternative, to help in decision-making; or to ascertain the degree of achievement or value in regard to the aim and objectives and results of any such action that has been completed. The primary purpose of _________, in addition to gaining insight into prior or existing initiatives, is to enable reflection and assist in the identification of future change.

Factorial design.

3. In statistics, a full factorial experiment is an experiment whose design consists of two or more factors, each with discrete possible values or 'levels', and whose experimental units take on all possible combinations of these levels across all such factors. A full _________ may also be called a fully crossed design. Such an experiment allows the investigator to study the effect of each factor on the response variable, as well as the effects of interactions between factors on the response variable.

Level

3. In the International System of Quantities, a _________ is the logarithm of the ratio of a quantity Q to a reference value of that quantity, Q. Examples are sound pressure _________, sound power _________ and sound exposure _________. In equation form: L = log(Q/Q).

Objectivity

3. The concept of _________ in science means that qualitative and quantitative descriptions of physical phenomena remain unchanged when the phenomena are observed under a variety of conditions. For example, physical processes (e.g. material properties) are invariant under changes of observers; that is, it is possible to reconcile observations of the process into a single coherent description of it.

Variable

30. A _________ is a property of a population under investigation. As a _________ it can take on a number of values and the values may be qualitative or quantitative.

Test

31. A _________ or examination is an assessment intended to measure a _________-taker's knowledge, skill, aptitude, physical fitness, or classification in many other topics . A _________ may be administered orally, on paper, on a computer, or in a confined area that requires a _________ taker to physically perform a set of skills. _________s vary in style, rigor and requirements.

Observation

32. _________ is the active acquisition of information from a primary source. In living beings, _________ employs the senses. In science, _________ can also involve the recording of data via the use of instruments.

Determinism

33. _________ is the philosophical position that for every event, including human action, exist conditions that could cause no other event. 'There are many _________s, depending upon what pre-conditions are considered to be determinative of an event.' Deterministic theories throughout the history of philosophy have sprung from diverse and sometimes overlapping motives and considerations. Some forms of _________ can be empirically tested with ideas from physics and its philosophy.

Chaos theory

34. _________ is a field of study in mathematics, with applications in several disciplines including meteorology, physics, engineering, economics, biology, and philosophy. _________ studies the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions--a paradigm popularly referred to as the butterfly effect. Small differences in initial conditions (such as those due to rounding errors in numerical computation) yield widely diverging outcomes for such dynamical systems, rendering long-term prediction impossible in general.

Creationism

35. _________ is the belief that the universe and living organisms originate from specific acts of divine creation, such as in a literal reading of Genesis, rather than by natural processes such as evolution. As science developed during the 18th century and forward, various views aimed at reconciling the Abrahamic and Genesis creation narratives with science developed in Western societies. Those holding that species had been created separately (such as Philip Gosse in 1857) were generally called 'advocates of creation' but were also called 'creationists', as in private correspondence between Charles Darwin and his friends.

Policy

36. A _________ is a principle or protocol to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A _________ is a statement of intent, and is implemented as a procedure or protocol. Policies are generally adopted by the Board of or senior governance body within an organization whereas procedures or protocols would be developed and adopted by senior executive officers.

Psi Chi

38. _________ is the International Honor Society in Psychology which was founded in 1929 for the purposes of encouraging, stimulating, and maintaining excellence in scholarship, and advancing the science of psychology. _________ is one of the largest honor societies in the United States having more than one thousand chapters. _________ has inducted over six hundred thousand lifetime members from chapters in the United States and Canada.

Dependent variable

39. Variables used in an experiment or modelling can be divided into three types: '_________', 'in_________', or other. The '_________' represents the output or effect, or is tested to see if it is the effect. The 'in_________s' represent the inputs or causes, or are tested to see if they are the cause.

Institutional review board

4. An _________, also known as an independent ethics committee or ethical review board, is a committee that has been formally designated to approve, monitor, and review biomedical and behavioral research involving humans. They often conduct some form of risk-benefit analysis in an attempt to determine whether or not research should be done. The number one priority of _________s is to protect human subjects from physical or psychological harm.

Scale

4. In the mathematical discipline of descriptive set theory, a _________ is a certain kind of object defined on a set of points in some Polish space (for example, a _________ might be defined on a set of real numbers). _________s were originally isolated as a concept in the theory of uniformization, but have found wide applicability in descriptive set theory, with applications such as establishing bounds on the possible lengths of wellorderings of a given complexity, and showing (under certain assumptions) that there are largest countable sets of certain complexities.

Construct validity.

4. _________ is "the degree to which a test measures what it claims, or purports, to be measuring." In the classical model of validity, _________ is one of three main types of validity evidence, alongside content validity and criterion validity. Modern validity theory defines _________ as the overarching concern of validity research, subsuming all other types of validity evidence. _________ is the appropriateness of inferences made on the basis of observations or measurements (often test scores), specifically whether a test measures the intended construct.

Principle

41. In modern chemistry, _________s are the constituents of a substance, specifically those that produce a certain quality or effect in the substance, such as a bitter _________, which is any one of the numerous compounds having a bitter taste.

Nature

42. _________ is a concept with two major sets of inter-related meanings, referring on the one hand to the things which are natural, or subject to the normal working of 'laws of _________', or on the other hand to the essential properties and causes of those things to be what they naturally are, or in other words the laws of _________ themselves.

Research design

43. A _________ is a systematic plan to study a scientific problem. The design of a study defines the study type (descriptive, correlational, semi-experimental, experimental, review, meta-analytic) and sub-type (e.g., descriptive-longitudinal case study), research question, hypotheses, independent and dependent variables, experimental design, and, if applicable, data collection methods and a statistical analysis plan.

Explanation

44. An _________ is a set of statements constructed to describe a set of facts which clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those facts. This description may establish rules or laws, and may clarify the existing ones in relation to any objects, or phenomena examined. The components of an _________ can be implicit, and be interwoven with one another.

Concurrent validity

45. _________ is a type of evidence that can be gathered to defend the use of a test for predicting other outcomes. It is a parameter used in sociology, psychology, and other psychometric or behavioral sciences. _________ is demonstrated when a test correlates well with a measure that has previously been validated.

Inferential statistics

46. _________ is the process of drawing conclusions from data that are subject to random variation, for example, observational errors or sampling variation. More substantially, _________ are used to describe systems of procedures that can be used to draw conclusions from data samples arising from systems affected by random variation, such as observational errors, random sampling, or random experimentation. Initial requirements of such a system of procedures for inference and induction are that the system should produce reasonable answers when applied to well-defined situations and that it should be general enough to be applied across a range of situations.

Experience

47. _________ comprises knowledge of or skill of some thing or some event gained through involvement in or exposure to that thing or event. The history of the word _________ aligns it closely with the concept of experiment. For example, the word _________ could be used in a statement like: 'I have _________ in fishing'.

Variable

5. A _________ is a property of a population under investigation. As a _________ it can take on a number of values and the values may be qualitative or quantitative.

Type

5. In biology, a _________ is one particular specimen of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached. In other words, a _________ is an example that serves to anchor or centralize the defining features of that particular taxon. A taxon is a scientifically named grouping of organisms with other like organisms, a set that includes some organisms and excludes others, based on a detailed published description (for example a species description) and on the provision of _________ material, which is usually available to scientists for examination in a major museum research collection, or similar institution.

Association.

5. In statistics, an _________ is any relationship between two measured quantities that renders them statistically dependent. The term '_________' is closely related to the term 'correlation.' Both terms imply that two or more variables vary according to some pattern. However, correlation is more rigidly defined by some correlation coefficient which measures the degree to which the _________ of the variables tends to a certain pattern.

Research

5. The European Survey _________ Association was founded in 2005 to provide coordination in the field of Survey _________ in Europe. According to the website, ESRA's main goal is to encourage communication between methodologists and _________ers in substantive fields such as sociology, psychology, political science, and other disciplines employing survey data. Its main two activities are the biannual conferences on survey _________, and the open access journal Survey _________ Methods (SRM).

Law

6. In mathematics, the _________ of a stochastic process is the measure that the process induces on the collection of functions from the index set into the state space. The _________ encodes a lot of information about the process; in the case of a random walk, for example, the _________ is the probability distribution of the possible trajectories of the walk.

Objectivity.

6. The concept of _________ in science means that qualitative and quantitative descriptions of physical phenomena remain unchanged when the phenomena are observed under a variety of conditions. For example, physical processes (e.g. material properties) are invariant under changes of observers; that is, it is possible to reconcile observations of the process into a single coherent description of it.

Independent variables

6. Variables used in an experiment or modelling can be divided into three types: 'dependent variable', 'independent variable', or other. The 'dependent variable' represents the output or effect, or is tested to see if it is the effect. The '_________' represent the inputs or causes, or are tested to see if they are the cause.

Observation

6. _________ is the active acquisition of information from a primary source. In living beings, _________ employs the senses. In science, _________ can also involve the recording of data via the use of instruments.

Basis

7. In linear algebra, a _________ is a set of linearly independent vectors that, in a linear combination, can represent every vector in a given vector space or free module, or, more simply put, which define a 'coordinate system' (as long as the _________ is given a definite order). In more general terms, a _________ is a linearly independent spanning set. Given a _________ of a vector space, every element of the vector space can be expressed uniquely as a finite linear combination of _________ vectors, whose coefficients are referred to as vector components.

Factorial.

7. In mathematics, the _________ of a non-negative integer n, denoted by n!, is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n. For example, 5!=5x4x3x2x1=120 The value of 0! is 1, according to the convention for an empty product. The _________ operation is encountered in many areas of mathematics, notably in combinatorics, algebra, and mathematical analysis.

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

7. _________s are of central importance to the application of laws to animal research in the United States. Most research involving laboratory animals is funded by the United States National Institutes of Health or other federal agencies. The NIH Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare has been directed by law to develop policies that describe the role of _________s.

Self-report.

8. A _________ study is a type of survey, questionnaire, or poll in which respondents read the question and select a response by themselves without researcher interference. A _________ is any method which involves asking a participant about their feelings, attitudes, beliefs and so on. Examples of _________s are questionnaires and interviews; _________s are often used as a way of gaining participants' responses in observational studies and experiments.

Research.

8. The European Survey _________ Association was founded in 2005 to provide coordination in the field of Survey _________ in Europe. According to the website, ESRA's main goal is to encourage communication between methodologists and _________ers in substantive fields such as sociology, psychology, political science, and other disciplines employing survey data. Its main two activities are the biannual conferences on survey _________, and the open access journal Survey _________ Methods (SRM).

Atom

8. The _________ is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The _________ic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons (except in the case of hydrogen-1, which is the only stable nuclide with no neutrons). The electrons of an _________ are bound to the nucleus by the electromagnetic force.

Obedience

8. _________, in human behavior, is a form of 'social influence in which a person yields to explicit instructions or orders from an authority figure'. _________ is generally distinguished from compliance, which is behavior influenced by peers, and from conformity, which is behavior intended to match that of the majority. _________ can be seen as immoral, amoral and moral.

Trust.

9. In a social context, _________ has several connotations. Definitions of _________ typically refer to a situation characterised by the following aspects: One party (_________or) is willing to rely on the actions of another party (_________ee); the situation is directed to the future. In addition, the _________or (voluntarily or forcedly) abandons control over the actions performed by the _________ee.

Psi Chi.

9. _________ is the International Honor Society in Psychology which was founded in 1929 for the purposes of encouraging, stimulating, and maintaining excellence in scholarship, and advancing the science of psychology. _________ is one of the largest honor societies in the United States having more than one thousand chapters. _________ has inducted over six hundred thousand lifetime members from chapters in the United States and Canada.

Ethnology

9. _________ is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different peoples and the relationship between them.

Construct

A _________ in the philosophy of science is an ideal object, where the existence of the thing may be said to depend upon a subject's mind. This, as opposed to a real object, where existence does not seem to depend on the existence of a mind. In a scientific theory, particularly within psychology, a hypothetical _________ is an explanatory variable which is not directly observable.

Decision tree

A _________ is a decision support tool that uses a tree-like graph or model of decisions and their possible consequences, including chance event outcomes, resource costs, and utility. It is one way to display an algorithm. _________s are commonly used in operations research, specifically in decision analysis, to help identify a strategy most likely to reach a goal.

question

A _________ is a linguistic expression used to make a request for information, or the request made using such an expression. The information requested may be provided in the form of an answer. _________s have developed a range of uses that go beyond the simple eliciting of information from another party.

Field

A _________ is a physical quantity that has a value for each point in space and time. For example, in a weather forecast, the wind velocity is described by assigning a vector to each point in space. Each vector represents the speed and direction of the movement of air at that point.

Variable

A _________ is a property of a population under investigation. As a _________ it can take on a number of values and the values may be qualitative or quantitative.

variable

A _________ is a property of a population under investigation. As a _________ it can take on a number of values and the values may be qualitative or quantitative.

Questionnaire

A _________ is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Although they are often designed for statistical analysis of the responses, this is not always the case. The _________ was invented by Sir Francis Galton.

Sample

A _________ is a set of data collected from a statistical population. A _________ is usually smaller in size than the population. _________s are taken to attempt to describe various characteristics of the population _________d from, or to make inferences about potential other properties of the population.

System

A _________ is a set of interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole or a set of elements and relationships which are different from relationships of the set or its elements to other elements or sets. Fields that study the general properties of _________s include _________s science, _________s theory, _________s engineering, cybernetics, dynamical _________s, thermodynamics, complex _________s and _________ analysis and design. They investigate the abstract properties of _________s' matter and organization, looking for concepts and principles that are independent of domain, substance, type, or temporal scale.

Statistic

A _________ is a single measure or observation of some property of the elements within the sample. It is calculated by applying a function to the values of the elements of the sample. The sample elements are referred to as data. And, each element is a datum. A _________ is an attempt to characterize the sample and by extension, the population.

Research design

A _________ is a systematic plan to study a scientific problem. The design of a study defines the study type (descriptive, correlational, semi-experimental, experimental, review, meta-analytic) and sub-type (e.g., descriptive-longitudinal case study), research question, hypotheses, independent and dependent variables, experimental design, and, if applicable, data collection methods and a statistical analysis plan.

Census

A _________ is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population. The term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing _________es; other common _________es include agriculture, business, and traffic _________es.

Generalization

A _________ of a concept is an extension of the concept to less-specific criteria. It is a foundational element of logic and human reasoning. _________s posit the existence of a domain or set of elements, as well as one or more common characteristics shared by those elements.

Test

A _________ or examination is an assessment intended to measure a _________-taker's knowledge, skill, aptitude, physical fitness, or classification in many other topics . A _________ may be administered orally, on paper, on a computer, or in a confined area that requires a _________ taker to physically perform a set of skills. _________s vary in style, rigor and requirements.

Convenience sampling.

Accidental sampling (sometimes known as grab, _________ or opportunity sampling) is a type of non-probability sampling which involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population which is close to hand. That is, a sample population selected because it is readily available and convenient,as researchers are drawing on relationships or networks to which they have easy access. The researcher using such a sample cannot scientifically make generalizations about the total population from this sample because it would not be representative enough.

Control

According to modern concepts, _________ is a foreseeing action whereas earlier concept of _________ was used only when errors were detected.

Interview

An _________ is a conversation between two or more people where questions are asked by the _________er to elicit facts or statements from the _________ee. _________s are a standard part of journalism and media reporting, but are also employed in many other situations, including qualitative research.

Operational definition

An _________ is a result of the process of operationalization and is used to define something in terms of a process (or set of validation tests) needed to determine its existence, duration, and quantity. Since the degree of operationalization can vary itself, it can result in a more or less _________s. The procedures included in definitions should be repeatable by anyone or at least by peers.

Content validity

Construct validity refers to the validity of inferences that observations or measurement tools actually represent or measure the construct being investigated. In the classical model of validity, construct validity is one of three main types of validity evidence, alongside _________ and criterion validity. Modern validity theory defines construct validity as the overarching concern of validity research, subsuming all other types of validity evidence.

Type

In biology, a _________ is one particular specimen of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached. In other words, a _________ is an example that serves to anchor or centralize the defining features of that particular taxon. A taxon is a scientifically named grouping of organisms with other like organisms, a set that includes some organisms and excludes others, based on a detailed published description (for example a species description) and on the provision of _________ material, which is usually available to scientists for examination in a major museum research collection, or similar institution.

Zero

In complex analysis, a _________ of a holomorphic function f is a complex number a such that f(a) = 0.

Scheduling.

In computer science, _________ is the method by which threads, processes or data flows are given access to system resources . This is usually done to load balance and share system resources effectively or achieve a target quality of service. The need for a _________ algorithm arises from the requirement for most modern systems to perform multitasking (executing more than one process at a time) and multiplexing (transmit multiple data streams simultaneously across a single physical channel).

Tree

In computer science, a _________ is a widely used abstract data type or data structure implementing this ADT that simulates a hierarchical _________ structure, with a root value and sub_________s of children, represented as a set of linked nodes. A _________ data structure can be defined recursively (locally) as a collection of nodes (starting at a root node), where each node is a data structure consisting of a value, together with a list of references to nodes (the 'children'), with the constraints that no reference is duplicated, and none points to the root. Alternatively, a _________ can be defined abstractly as a whole (globally) as an ordered _________, with a value assigned to each node.

Argument

In logic and philosophy, an _________ is an attempt to persuade someone of something, by giving reasons for accepting a particular conclusion as evident. The general form of an _________ in a natural language is that of premises (typically in the form of propositions, statements or sentences) in support of a claim: the conclusion. The structure of some _________s can also be set out in a formal language, and formally-defined '_________s' can be made independently of natural language _________s, as in math, logic and computer science.

Measure

In mathematical analysis, a _________ on a set is a systematic way to assign a number to each suitable subset of that set, intuitively interpreted as its size. In this sense, a _________ is a generalization of the concepts of length, area, and volume. A particularly important example is the Lebesgue _________ on a Euclidean space, which assigns the conventional length, area, and volume of Euclidean geometry to suitable subsets of the n-dimensional Euclidean space R.

measure

Ratio

In mathematics, a _________ is a relationship between two numbers of the same kind, expressed as 'a to b' or a:b, sometimes expressed arithmetically as a dimensionless quotient of the two that explicitly indicates how many times the first number contains the second (not necessarily an integer). In layman's terms a _________ represents, for every amount of one thing, how much there is of another thing. For example, supposing one has 8 oranges and 6 lemons in a bowl of fruit, the _________ of oranges to lemons would be 4:3 (which is equivalent to 8:6) while the _________ of lemons to oranges would be 3:4. Additionally, the _________ of oranges to the total amount of fruit is 4:7 (equivalent to 8:14).

Moment

In mathematics, a _________ is, loosely speaking, a quantitative measure of the shape of a set of points. The 'second _________', or more specifically the 'second central _________', for example, is widely used and measures the 'width' (in a particular sense) of a set of points in one dimension, or in higher dimensions measures the shape of a cloud of points as it could be fit by an ellipsoid. Other _________s describe other aspects of a distribution such as how the distribution is

subset

In mathematics, especially in set theory, a set A is a _________ of a set B, or equivalently B is a superset of A, if A is 'contained' inside B, that is, all elements of A are also elements of B. A and B may coincide. The relationship of one set being a _________ of another is called inclusion or sometimes containment. The _________ relation defines a partial order on sets.

Principle

In modern chemistry, _________s are the constituents of a substance, specifically those that produce a certain quality or effect in the substance, such as a bitter _________, which is any one of the numerous compounds having a bitter taste. In pre-modern chemistry and alchemy, _________s were the five fundamental substances believed to constitute all bodies. Three of these were called active or hypostatical _________s: salt; sulfur, or oil; and spirit, or mercury.

Variance.

In probability theory and statistics, _________ measures how far a set of numbers is spread out. (A _________ of zero indicates that all the values are identical). _________ is always non-negative: A small _________ indicates that the data points tend to be very close to the mean (expected value) and hence to each other, while a high _________ indicates that the data points are very spread out from the mean and from each other.

Predictive validity

In psychometrics, _________ is the extent to which a score on a scale or test predicts scores on some criterion measure. For example, the validity of a cognitive test for job performance is the correlation between test scores and, for example, supervisor performance ratings. Such a cognitive test would have _________ if the observed correlation were statistically significant.

External validity.

In research, the ecological validity of a study means that the methods, materials and setting of the study must approximate the real-world that is being examined. Unlike internal and _________, ecological validity is not necessary to the overall validity of a study.

Demand characteristics.

In research--particularly psychology--_________ refers to an experimental artifact where participants form an interpretation of the experiment's purpose and unconsciously change their behavior to fit that interpretation. Pioneering research was conducted on _________ by Martin Orne. Typically, they are considered an extraneous variable, exerting an effect on behavior other than that intended by the experimenter.

Validity

In science and statistics, _________ is the extent to which a concept, conclusion or measurement is well-founded and corresponds accurately to the real world. The word 'valid' is derived from the Latin validus, meaning strong. The _________ of a measurement tool (for example, a test in education) is considered to be the degree to which the tool measures what it claims to measure.

Attrition

In science, _________ are ratios regarding the loss of participants during an experiment. _________ rates are values that indicate the participant drop out. Higher _________ rates are found in longitudinal studies.

Face

In solid geometry, a _________ is a flat sur_________ that forms part of the boundary of a solid object; a three-dimensional solid bounded exclusively by flat _________s is a polyhedron. In more technical treatments of the geometry of polyhedra and higher-dimensional polytopes, the term is also used to mean an element of any dimension of a more general polytope (in any number of dimensions).

Sampling error

In statistics, _________ is incurred when the statistical characteristics of a population are estimated from a subset, or sample, of that population. Since the sample does not include all members of the population, statistics on the sample, such as means and quantiles, generally differ from parameters on the entire population. For example, if one measures the height of a thousand individuals from a country of one million, the average height of the thousand is typically not the same as the average height of all one million people in the country.

Population

In statistics, a _________ is a complete set of items that share at least one property in common that is the subject of a statistical analysis. For example, the _________ of German people share a common geographic origin, language, literature, and genetic heritage, among other traits, that distinguish them from people of different nationalities. All stars in the Milky Way galaxy also comprise a _________. A _________ is therefore a set that contains all of the elements or members having the shared property.

Confounding variable

In statistics, a _________ is an extraneous variable in a statistical model that correlates (directly or inversely) with both the dependent variable and the independent variable. A perceived relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable that has been misestimated due to the failure to account for a confounding factor is termed a spurious relationship, and the presence of misestimation for this reason is termed omitted-variable bias. In the case of risk assessments evaluating the magnitude and nature of risk to human health, it is important to control for confounding to isolate the effect of a particular hazard such as a food additive, pesticide, or new drug.

Confounding

In statistics, a _________ variable (also _________ factor, a confound, or confounder) is an extraneous variable in a statistical model that correlates with both the dependent variable and the independent variable. A perceived relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable that has been misestimated due to the failure to account for a _________ factor is termed a spurious relationship, and the presence of misestimation for this reason is termed omitted-variable bias. In the case of risk assessments evaluating the magnitude and nature of risk to human health, it is important to control for _________ to isolate the effect of a particular hazard such as a food additive, pesticide, or new drug.

Phi coefficient

In statistics, the _________ is a measure of association for two binary variables introduced by Karl Pearson. This measure is similar to the Pearson correlation coefficient in its interpretation. In fact, a Pearson correlation coefficient estimated for two binary variables will return the _________.

Size

In statistics, the _________ of a statistical test is the maximum of the probabilities of a type I error, i.e. of the probabilities of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis. In the case of a simple null hypothesis the _________ is the only possible probability of a type I error. The _________ of a test is denoted by the Greek letter α (alpha).

Precision

In statistics, the term _________ can mean a quantity defined in a specific way. This is in addition to its more general meaning in the contexts of accuracy and _________ and of _________ and recall. There can be differences in usage of the term for particular statistical models but, in common statistical usage, the _________ is defined to be the reciprocal of the variance, while the _________ matrix is the matrix inverse of the covariance matrix

Scale

In the mathematical discipline of descriptive set theory, a _________ is a certain kind of object defined on a set of points in some Polish space (for example, a _________ might be defined on a set of real numbers). _________s were originally isolated as a concept in the theory of uniformization, but have found wide applicability in descriptive set theory, with applications such as establishing bounds on the possible lengths of wellorderings of a given complexity, and showing (under certain assumptions) that there are largest countable sets of certain complexities.

Continuum.

In the mathematical field of set theory, the _________ means the real numbers, or the corresponding cardinal number, . The cardinality of the _________ is the size of the set of real numbers. The _________ hypothesis is sometimes stated by saying that no cardinality lies between that of the _________ and that of the natural numbers,

Reliability

Proportional reduction in loss refers to a general framework for developing and evaluating measures of the _________ of particular ways of making observations which are possibly subject to errors of all types. Such measures quantify how much having the observations available has reduced the loss (cost) of the uncertainty about the intended quantity compared with not having those observations. Proportional reduction in error is a more restrictive framework widely used in statistics, in which the general loss function is replaced by a more direct measure of error such as the mean square erro

Reliability

Nonprobability sampling.

Sampling is the use of a subset of the population to represent the whole population. Probability sampling, or random sampling, is a sampling technique in which the probability of getting any particular sample may be calculated. _________ does not meet this criterion and should be used with caution.

Research question

Specifying the _________ is the methodological point of departure of scholarly research in both the natural and social sciences. The research will answer the question posed. At an undergraduate level, the answer to the _________ is the thesis statement.

Research

The European Survey _________ Association was founded in 2005 to provide coordination in the field of Survey _________ in Europe. According to the website, ESRA's main goal is to encourage communication between methodologists and _________ers in substantive fields such as sociology, psychology, political science, and other disciplines employing survey data. Its main two activities are the biannual conferences on survey _________, and the open access journal Survey _________ Methods (SRM).

Simple

The Standard Interface for Multiple Platform Link Evaluation (_________) is a military communications protocol defined in NATO's Standardization Agreement 5602.

Internal scale

The _________ allows for the degree of difference between items, but not the ratio between them. Examples include temperature with the Celsius scale, which has two defined points (the freezing and boiling point of water at specific conditions) and then separated into 100 intervals, date when measured from an arbitrary epoch (such as AD), percentage such as a percentage return on a stock, location in Cartesian coordinates, and direction measured in degrees from true or magnetic north. Ratios are not allowed since 20 Â°C cannot be said to be 'twice as hot' as 10 Â°C, nor can multiplication/division be carried out between any two dates directly.

Atom

The _________ is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The _________ic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons (except in the case of hydrogen-1, which is the only stable nuclide with no neutrons). The electrons of an _________ are bound to the nucleus by the electromagnetic force.

Internet

The _________ is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard _________ protocol suite to link several billion devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The _________ carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), the infrastructure to support email, and peer-to-peer networks for file sharing and telephony.

Ordinal scale

The _________ of measurement allows for rank order (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.) by which data can be sorted, but still does not allow for relative degree of difference between them. Examples include, on one hand, dichotomous data with dichotomous (or dichotomized) values such as 'sick' vs. 'healthy' when measuring health, 'guilty' vs. 'innocent' when making judgments in courts, 'wrong/false' vs. 'right/true' when measuring truth value, and, on the other hand, non-dichotomous data consisting of a spectrum of values, such as 'completely agree', 'mostly agree', 'mostly disagree', 'completely disagree' when measuring opinion.

Ratio scale

The _________ takes its name from the fact that measurement is the estimation of the ratio between a magnitude of a continuous quantity and a unit magnitude of the same kind. A _________ possesses a meaningful (unique and non-arbitrary) zero value. Most measurement in the physical sciences and engineering is done on _________s. Examples include mass, length, duration, plane angle, energy and electric charge. Ratios are allowed because having a non-arbitrary zero point makes it meaningful to say, for example, that one object has 'twice the length' of another (= is 'twice as long'). Very informally, many _________s can be described as specifying 'how much' of something (i.e. an amount or magnitude) or 'how many' (a count). The Kelvin temperature scale is a _________ because it has a unique, non-arbitrary zero point called absolute zero.

Objectivity

The concept of _________ in science means that qualitative and quantitative descriptions of physical phenomena remain unchanged when the phenomena are observed under a variety of conditions. For example, physical processes (e.g. material properties) are invariant under changes of observers; that is, it is possible to reconcile observations of the process into a single coherent description of it. Euclidean transformation Physical processes can be described by an observer denoted by

Scientific Method

The history of _________ is a history of the methodology of scientific inquiry, as differentiated from a history of science in general. The development and elaboration of rules for scientific reasoning and investigation has not been straightforward; _________ has been the subject of intense and recurring debate throughout the history of science, and many eminent natural philosophers and scientists have argued for the primacy of one or another approach to establishing scientific knowledge. Despite the many disagreements about primacy of one approach over another, there also have been many identifiable trends and historical markers in the several-millennia-long development of _________ into present-day forms.

Observer

The term _________ has a number of non-equivalent uses in science.

External

The term _________ is useful for describing certain algebraic structures. The term comes from the concept of an _________ binary operation which is a binary operation that draws from some _________ set. To be more specific, a left _________ binary operation on S over R is a function and a right _________ binary operation on S over R is a function where S is the set the operation is defined on, and R is the _________ set (the set the operation is defined over).

Error

The word _________ entails different meanings and usages relative to how it is conceptually applied. The concrete meaning of the Latin word '_________' is 'wandering' or 'straying'. Unlike an illusion, an _________ or a mistake can sometimes be dispelled through knowledge (knowing that one is looking at a mirage and not at real water does not make the mirage disappear).

Unobtrusive measures

Unobtrusive research (or _________) is a method of data collection used primarily in the social sciences. The term '_________' was first coined by Webb, Campbell, Schwartz, & Sechrest in a 1966 book titled _________: nonreactive research in the social sciences. The authors described methodologies which do not involve direct elicitation of data from the research subjects.

Unobtrusive measures.

Dependent variable

Variables used in an experiment or modelling can be divided into three types: '_________', 'in_________', or other. The '_________' represents the output or effect, or is tested to see if it is the effect. The 'in_________s' represent the inputs or causes, or are tested to see if they are the cause.

Random sampling error

_______ are variations in the results due to the elements in the sample being selected at random.

Sample size

_______ determination is the act of choosing the number of observations or replicates to include in a statistical sample. The _________ is an important feature of any empirical study in which the goal is to make inferences about a population from a sample. In practice, the _________ used in a study is determined based on the expense of data collection, and the need to have sufficient statistical power.

nature

_______ is a concept with two major sets of inter-related meanings, referring on the one hand to the things which are natural, or subject to the normal working of 'laws of _________', or on the other hand to the essential properties and causes of those things to be what they naturally are, or in other words the laws of _________ themselves. How to understand the meaning and significance of _________ has been a consistent theme of discussion within the history of Western Civilization, in the philosophical fields of metaphysics and epistemology, as well as in theology and science. The study of natural things and the regular laws which seem to govern them, as opposed to discussion about what it means to be natural, is the area of natural science.

Systematic sampling.

_______ is a statistical method involving the selection of elements from an ordered sampling frame. The ordering algorithm varies according to the investigator.

basic research

_______ is a systematic study directed toward greater knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena without specific applications or products in mind. It includes all branches of science and engineering. _________ has been described as arising out of curiosity.

Concurrent validity.

_______ is a type of evidence that can be gathered to defend the use of a test for predicting other outcomes. It is a parameter used in sociology, psychology, and other psychometric or behavioral sciences. _________ is demonstrated when a test correlates well with a measure that has previously been validated.

variability

________ (also called spread or dispersion) refers to how spread out a set of data is. _________ gives you a way to describe how much data sets vary and allows you to use statistics to compare your data to other sets of data. The four main ways to describe _________ in a data set are: range, interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation.

Nominal scale

________ differentiates between items or subjects based only on their names or (meta-)categories and other qualitative classifications they belong. Numbers may be used to represent the variables but the numbers do not have numerical value or relationship. Examples of these classifications include gender, nationality, ethnicity, language, genre, style, biological species, and form.

Quota sampling

________ is a method for selecting survey participants. In _________, a population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as in stratified sampling. Then judgment is used to select the subjects or units from each segment based on a specified proportion.

quota sampling

Random sampling

________ is a process of selecting a subset of individuals from a population. Each individual is chosen randomly and entirely by chance, such that each individual has the same probability of being chosen at any stage during the sampling process, and each subset of individuals has the same probability of being chosen for the sample as any other subset individuals. This process and technique is known as simple _________, and should not be confused with systematic _________.

Internal validity.

________ is a property of scientific studies which reflects the extent to which a causal conclusion based on a study is warranted. Such warrant is constituted by the extent to which a study minimizes systematic error (or 'bias').

Bias

________ is an inclination of temperament or outlook to present or hold a partial perspective and a refusal to even consider the possible merits of alternative points of view. People may be _________ed toward or against an individual, a race, a religion, a social class, or a political party. _________ed means one-sided, lacking a neutral viewpoint, not having an open mind.

Instrumentation.

________ is defined as the art and science of measurement and control of process variables within a production or manufacturing area. An instrument is a device that measures a physical quantity such as flow, temperature, level, distance, angle, or pressure. Instruments may be as simple as direct reading thermometers or may be complex multi-variable process analyzers.

Participant observation

________ is one type of data collection method typically done in the qualitative research paradigm. It is a widely used methodology in many disciplines, particularly cultural anthropology, less so in sociology, communication studies, human geography and social psychology. Its aim is to gain a close and intimate familiarity with a given group of individuals (such as a religious, occupational, sub cultural group, or a particular community) and their practices through an intensive involvement with people in their cultural environment, usually over an extended period of time.

Participant observation.

Probability sampling

________ is sampling in which every item or element in the population has a chance (greater than zero) of being selected in the sample, and that this probability can be accurately determined.

Information

________ is that which informs, i.e., that from which data can be derived. _________ is conveyed either as the content of a message or through direct or indirect observation of some thing. That which is perceived can be construed as a message in its own right, and in that sense, _________ is always conveyed as the content of a message.

Measurement

________ is the assignment of numbers to objects or events. It is a cornerstone of most natural sciences, technology, economics, and quantitative research in other social sciences. Any _________ can be judged by the following meta-_________ criteria values: level of _________ dimensions (units), and uncertainty.

Creationism

________ is the belief that the universe and living organisms originate from specific acts of divine creation, such as in a literal reading of Genesis, rather than by natural processes such as evolution. As science developed during the 18th century and forward, various views aimed at reconciling the Abrahamic and Genesis creation narratives with science developed in Western societies. Those holding that species had been created separately (such as Philip Gosse in 1857) were generally called 'advocates of creation' but were also called 'creationists', as in private correspondence between Charles Darwin and his friends.

Evolution

________ is the change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. _________ary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including species, individual organisms and molecules such as DNA and proteins. All life on Earth is descended from a last universal ancestor that lived approximately 3.8 billion years ago.

Inferential statistics.

________ is the process of drawing conclusions from data that are subject to random variation, for example, observational errors or sampling variation. More substantially, _________ are used to describe systems of procedures that can be used to draw conclusions from data samples arising from systems affected by random variation, such as observational errors, random sampling, or random experimentation. Initial requirements of such a system of procedures for inference and induction are that the system should produce reasonable answers when applied to well-defined situations and that it should be general enough to be applied across a range of situations.

Sampling

________ is the process of the selection of a subset of elements from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population. The _________ process comprises several stages: â€¢ Defining the population of concern â€¢ Specifying a _________ frame, a set of items or events possible to measure â€¢ Specifying a _________ method for selecting items or events from the frame â€¢ Determining the sample size â€¢ Implementing the _________ plan â€¢ _________ and data collecting â€¢ Data which can be selected

Field research

________ or fieldwork is the collection of information outside of a laboratory, library or workplace setting. The approaches and methods used in _________ vary across disciplines. For example, biologists who conduct _________ may simply observe animals interacting with their environments, whereas social scientists conducting _________ may interview or observe people in their natural environments to learn their languages, folklore, and social structures.

Inventory

________ or stock refers to the goods and materials that a business holds for the ultimate purpose of resale . _________ management is a science primarily about specifying the shape and percentage of stocked goods. It is required at different locations within a facility or within many locations of a supply network to precede the regular and planned course of production and stock of materials.

Education.

_________ in its general sense is a form of learning in which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, or research. _________ frequently takes place under the guidance of others, but may also be autodidactic. Any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered _________al.

Regression.

_________ in medicine is a characteristic of diseases to show lighter symptoms without completely disappearing. At a later point, symptoms may return. These symptoms are then called recidive.

Construct validity

_________ is "the degree to which a test measures what it claims, or purports, to be measuring." In the classical model of validity, _________ is one of three main types of validity evidence, alongside content validity and criterion validity. Modern validity theory defines _________ as the overarching concern of validity research, subsuming all other types of validity evidence. _________ is the appropriateness of inferences made on the basis of observations or measurements (often test scores), specifically whether a test measures the intended construct.

Guilt

_________ is a cognitive or an emotional experience that occurs when a person realizes or believes--accurately or not--that he or she has compromised his or her own standards of conduct or has violated a moral standard, and bears significant responsibility for that violation. It is closely related to the concept of remorse.

Probability.

_________ is a measure of the likeliness that an event will occur. _________ is quantified as a number between 0 and 1 (where 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty). The higher the _________ of an event, the more certain we are that the event will occur. A simple example is the toss of a fair (unbiased) coin. Since the two outcomes are equally probable, the _________ of 'heads' equals the _________ of 'tails', so the _________ is 1/2 (or 50%) chance of either 'heads' or 'tails'.

Quota sampling

_________ is a method for selecting survey participants. In _________, a population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as in stratified sampling. Then judgment is used to select the subjects or units from each segment based on a specified proportion.

Basic research

_________ is a systematic study directed toward greater knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena without specific applications or products in mind. It includes all branches of science and engineering. _________ has been described as arising out of curiosity.

Duration

_________ is a theory of time and consciousness posited by the French philosopher Henri Bergson. Bergson sought to improve upon inadequacies he perceived in the philosophy of Herbert Spencer, due, he believed, to Spencer's lack of comprehension of mechanics, which led Bergson to the conclusion that time eluded mathematics and science. Bergson became aware that the moment one attempted to measure a moment, it would be gone: one measures an immobile, complete line, whereas time is mobile and incomplete.

Concurrent validity

_________ is a type of evidence that can be gathered to defend the use of a test for predicting other outcomes. It is a parameter used in sociology, psychology, and other psychometric or behavioral sciences. _________ is demonstrated when a test correlates well with a measure that has previously been validated.

Instrumentation

_________ is defined as the art and science of measurement and control of process variables within a production or manufacturing area. An instrument is a device that measures a physical quantity such as flow, temperature, level, distance, angle, or pressure. Instruments may be as simple as direct reading thermometers or may be complex multi-variable process analyzers.

Participant observation

_________ is one type of data collection method typically done in the qualitative research paradigm. It is a widely used methodology in many disciplines, particularly cultural anthropology, less so in sociology, communication studies, human geography and social psychology. Its aim is to gain a close and intimate familiarity with a given group of individuals (such as a religious, occupational, sub cultural group, or a particular community) and their practices through an intensive involvement with people in their cultural environment, usually over an extended period of time.

Psi Chi

_________ is the International Honor Society in Psychology which was founded in 1929 for the purposes of encouraging, stimulating, and maintaining excellence in scholarship, and advancing the science of psychology. _________ is one of the largest honor societies in the United States having more than one thousand chapters. _________ has inducted over six hundred thousand lifetime members from chapters in the United States and Canada.

Observation

_________ is the active acquisition of information from a primary source. In living beings, _________ employs the senses. In science, _________ can also involve the recording of data via the use of instruments.

observation

Data collection

_________ is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. The _________ component of research is common to all fields of study including physical and social sciences, humanities, business, etc. While methods vary by discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the same.

Sampling

_________ is the process of the selection of a subset of elements from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population. The _________ process comprises several stages: â€¢ Defining the population of concern â€¢ Specifying a _________ frame, a set of items or events possible to measure â€¢ Specifying a _________ method for selecting items or events from the frame â€¢ Determining the sample size â€¢ Implementing the _________ plan â€¢ _________ and data collecting â€¢ Data which can be selected

Field research

_________ or fieldwork is the collection of information outside of a laboratory, library or workplace setting. The approaches and methods used in _________ vary across disciplines. For example, biologists who conduct _________ may simply observe animals interacting with their environments, whereas social scientists conducting _________ may interview or observe people in their natural environments to learn their languages, folklore, and social structures.

Random assignment.

_________ or random placement is an experimental technique for assigning subjects to different treatments . The thinking behind _________ is that by randomizing treatment assignment, then the group attributes for the different treatments will be roughly equivalent and therefore any effect observed between treatment groups can be linked to the treatment effect and is not a characteristic of the individuals in the group. In experimental design, _________ of participants in experiments or treatment and control groups help to ensure that any differences between and within the groups are not systematic at the outset of the experiment._________ or random placement is an experimental technique for assigning subjects to different treatments . The thinking behind _________ is that by randomizing treatment assignment, then the group attributes for the different treatments will be roughly equivalent and therefore any effect observed between treatment groups can be linked to the treatment effect and is not a characteristic of the individuals in the group.

Systematic error.

_________s are biases in measurement which lead to the situation where the mean of many separate measurements differs significantly from the actual value of the measured attribute. All measurements are prone to _________s, often of several different types. Sources of _________ may be imperfect calibration of measurement instruments (zero error), changes in the environment which interfere with the measurement process and sometimes imperfect methods of observation can be either zero error or percentage error.

Point

_________s, sometimes also called 'discount _________s', are a form of pre-paid interest. One _________ equals one percent of the loan amount. By charging a borrower _________s, a lender effectively increases the yield on the loan above the amount of the stated interest rate.

Random error

________s are errors in measurement that lead to measurable values being inconsistent when repeated measures of a constant attribute or quantity are taken. The word random indicates that they are inherently unpredictable, and have null expected value, namely, they are scattered about the true value, and tend to have null arithmetic mean when a measurement is repeated several times with the same instrument. All measurements are prone to _________.

Semantic

________s is the study of meaning. It focuses on the relation between signifiers, like words, phrases, signs, and symbols, and what they stand for, their denotation. Linguistic _________s is the study of meaning that is used for understanding human expression through language.

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