1. Impact of Computing

9. What is meant by the "No CAPTCHA reCAPTCHA", how does it work, and why was it invented?

"No CAPTCHA reCAPTCHA" involves asking the user to confirm that they are not a robot. Simply by clicking the checkbox, their human status is confirmed. This new API makes the experience more user friendly and less complicated.

UAV/drone

"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle" A remote-controlled pilotless aircraft or missile

public cloud

Available to the general public over the Internet Collective infrastructure; Accessible to the general public. Contains information that is not necessarily sensitive

- Wikipedia

Information website anyone is able to edit and add information

- Iaas

Infrastructure as a Service A form of cloud computing that provides virtualized computing resources over the Internet. - Hardware is managed by Cloud provider for the user... pay for use! - Computing infrastructure is outsourced - Ex: Amazon Web Services

6. What is meant by Open Source Software and how is it different from (or related to) crowdsourcing and/or co-creating?

It is a software that anyone has access to and can edit or enhance the software. Crowdsourcing is more of a task that is requested to be done and sometimes these people editing the software even get paid.

elasticity

Short-term Refers to the ability of the IT infrastructure to expand or cut back on capacity and services without stability, performance, security, or protocols

- Smart Car

Smaller sized car, an automobile with advanced electronic systems such as GPS, night vision, and reverse sensing system

Captcha/reCaptcha

Used to prevent automated use of websites and to prove you are a human Used for the digitization of old books, portions of which computers are unable to read

smart city

Uses information and communication technologies (ICT) to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services

2. What is meant by a smart city?

A city that uses information and communication technologies (ICT) to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services

private cloud

A particular model of cloud computing that involves a distinct and secure cloud based environment in which only the specified client can operate Exclusively owned by a specific organization; Contains sensitive information where high security is needed

- Cloud backup

A strategy for backing up data that involves sending a copy of the data over a proprietary or public network to an off-site server

- Google Apps

A suite of cloud computing productivity and collaboration software tools and software offered on a subscription basis by Google

smart home technology

A system of Internet-connected devices; Utilized to automate and monitor a home's functions. Remotely controlled.

infographic

A visual image such as a chart or diagram used to represent information or data

5. List one advantage and one disadvantage of crowdfunding.

Advantage: Crowdfunding is a useful marketing tool to start a new project/business and to collect an honest response from the public. Disadvantage: All-or-nothing. If the specified quota or goal is not met, any and all money may be returned to its investors. This leaves the business with no funds in the end.

- API

Application Program Interface A set of routines, protocols, and tools for building software applications

5.) What are two beneficial effects and two potentially harmful effects of cloud computing?

Benefits of Cloud Computing: - Saves money on costly devices - Requires internet connection to access Drawbacks of Cloud Computing: - Allows access to numerous devices at once - Can be affected when a lot of people use at once

2.) How might drone swarms change the face of modern warfare? Briefly describe how the swarms are different that single drones in their operations.

By having them swarm in a group rather than individually, they are: - Stronger and less likely to be broken apart. - Evolving warfare by having better eye sight, quicker access to things, and even faster than humans in general.

10. Where did CAPTCHA begin? Why are there TWO words included in today's reCAPTCHAs and how does this help with the digitizing of books?

CAPTCHA was created in 2000 at Carnegie Mellon University. Today's reCAPTCHAs are lifted from old books. The words appear distorted due to a computerized scanner failure to read it correctly. In this process, users are able to decode the two words; therefore helping in advancing the digitizing of books by ensuring quality and accuracy.

16.) From the various reading and videos about cloud computing and its effects on society in general, describe, in your own words, how cloud computing enhances human communication, interaction, and cognition? Address each of these three in your response.

Cloud computing affects a lot in society. It brings people together all across the world within one software. Communication becomes easier because it is within your fingertips. For example, someone is able to use google docs to share information rather than having to send through mail or handing in person. Along the lines of communication being easier, it allows for even more interaction. Not everyone had time to visit in person or email things so interaction between people was also at that person's fingertips. Cognition also increases because ideas are accumulating faster. Ideas are circling within these cloud computing services.

hybrid cloud

Cloud computing environment which uses a mix of on-premises, private cloud and third-party, public cloud services with orchestration between the two platforms

4. What is one major difference between crowdsourcing and co-creating?

Crowdsourcing focuses on a smaller, more specialized group of people, drawing from their talents and skills to contribute to the advancement of a project. Co-creating fosters a more general and public collaboration.

7.) Briefly discuss how education, age, and class help to create a digital divide.

Education: People with a higher education usually have more software Age: Older people did not have this technology growing up therefore they do not desire it Class: Only people who have money are able to avoid certain software

17.) From the short video, what do you believe Douglas Rushkoff means when he says "Program or be Programmed?"

Everyone person can use a computer but not everyone understands how a computer works. The distance between these two theories got wider as computers got more advanced. People just do what the computer says without knowing what is happening behind the screen. To program is to understand and to be programmed is to be blind sighted.

14.) In the article 30 Incredible Ways Technology Will Change Education by 2028, the author suggests that we may be leading towards learning simulations replacing teachers, diverse learning forms replacing schools, and cloud-based education becoming the normal mode, not the exception. List at least two benefits and at least two harmful effects that these moves may have our society or on the individual student.

Helpful: - Faster learning - Easier access to more tools Harmful: - Less one on one attention - Not everyone will enjoy technology

11.) What is meant by infographics? Find an example of an infographic that is appealing and meaningful to you. Briefly explain your reasons for choosing this particular example.

Infographics are pictures or graphics that list information. (I chose a coffee infographics because I absolutely love coffee and this graphic lists the different forms of coffee.)

13.) In Chapter 1 of B2B, seven Koans of Bits are identified. What is meant by koan? What ONE koan has the most meaning for you? Why?

Koans are paradoxes that refer to truths about bits. Koans are words referring to something that doesn't fully have a meaning yet or word for it. Koan 2: "Perfection is normal" (I send photos a lot through my phone so to make sure the photo is perfectly matched to what I have taken is important.)

scalability

Long-term The capability of a system, network, or process to handle a growing amount of work, or its potential to be enlarged in order to accommodate that growth

4.) Choose one of the breakthrough technologies mentioned in the Breakthrough Technology 2015 Article and describe the purpose and one possible benefit.

Magic Leap: Purpose - Make virtual objects appear in real life. Benefit - Make gaming more fun / The gaming industries will also make more money by applying the Magic Leap.

9.) Order the following computer paradigms chronologically (oldest first): Mainframe Computing, Cloud Computing, Client-Server Computing.

Main Frame Computing Client-Server Computing Cloud Computing

e-business/e-commerce

Marketing and selling products using the Internet. (Placing orders, making payments, etc. via the Internet)

3. Identify and briefly explain three ways in which drones are crucial to a smart city.

Monitoring traffic: Fly over and document accident scenes or be able to see why a traffic jam is taking place. Natural disaster situations: Fly over areas of most extreme disaster to be able to pinpoint areas where first responder teams would then be positioned. Monitoring the environment: Help scientists measure pollution, CO2 levels, in certain areas to better the community in finding more eco-friendly resolutions.

15.) Briefly describe one Citizen Science Project and how it has contributed to knowledge in a particular field of study. You may summarize one of the projects identified in the article listed or you may follow the links at the end of the article and summarize another project of interest to you.

Nature's Notebook involved a bunch of people who do digital records of nature. Their goal is to gain knowledge or these plants and animals over the seasons. Due to so many people doing data research they have found many discoveries involving plants and animals.

12.) How does the following quote relate to the digital divide and to cloud computing? "This isn't about faster Internet or fewer dropped calls. It's about connecting every part of America to the digital age. It's about a rural community in Iowa or Alabama where farmers and small business owners will be able to sell their products all over the world. It's about a firefighter who can download the design of a burning building onto a handheld device; a student who can take classes with a digital textbook; or a patient who can have face-to-face video chats with her doctor." - President Obama, State of the Union Address, 2012.

Obama is saying the goal he has is to abolish a digital divide and get everyone on the same page. By having everyone involved in software and cloud computing we are able to have more access to things we did not usually have access to.

crowdsourcing

Obtain (information or input into a particular task or project) by enlisting the services of a number of people, either paid or unpaid, typically via the Internet. "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" - Provides On-Demand Talent Capacity - Enables Pay-for-Performance - Provides platform for Collaboration - Provides expert skills and services Crowdsourcing taps into the global experience and wisdom of individuals, teams, communities, and networks to accomplish tasks and work

- PaaS

Platform as a Service A category of cloud computing services that provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage web applications without the complexity of building and maintaining the infrastructure - Offers components for users to build Apps - Cloud Providers host development tools on their infrastructure - Users access these tools over the Internet using APIs - Ex: Google App Engine

8. There are a variety of arguments regarding why closing the digital divide is important. Briefly explain two of these arguments.

Quality of education: Having Internet access within homes and schools keeps students updated and connected. Closing the socioeconomic gap: In areas of lower socioeconomic status, inability to access various information and communication technologies leads to a smaller chance of success in society, career, etc.

6.) Google docs would be classified as what: IaaS, PaaS, or SaaS?

SaaS

1. Name at least two cloud computing applications that you regularly use.

Scarlet Docs Gmail

- SaaS

Software as a Service A software distribution model in which applications are hosted by a vendor or service provider and made available to customers over a network, typically the Internet -Applications Ex: Google docs, MS-Office, Dropbox -User accesses the cloud for available apps

open source software

Software whose source code is available for modification or enhancement by anyone

1.) Give three examples of technology that would be included in a smart city and how this technology might benefit the city and you.

Television: Quickly connects with locals Cell Phone: Communication without being physically present Virtual Billboards: Captures the eyes leading to more advertising

- Citizen Science

The collection and analysis of data relating to the natural world by members of the general public

digital divide

The gap between demographics and regions that have access to modern information and communications technology, and those that don't or have restricted access

cloud computing

The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer

3.) What can the government do to improve air safety with so many amateur drone flights?

They currently limit who can have a drone that goes so far and so high. Improve safety by having strong GPS on them to always know where one is located. They are going to have to be treated as airplanes to avoid clashes in the air.

crowdfunding

Uses the Internet to bring together many individuals who commit MONEY to projects and companies they want to support - A way for businesses to raise capital - Individuals commit money to projects and companies they want to support or believe in - Usually a social or motivational reason for donors to donate - Ex: Kickstarter

7. Summarize one example of Crowdsourcing that you are familiar with and why/how it is considered to be crowdsourcing..

Waze Provides directions to the user Gives real time traffic updates (road closures, accidents, the presence of police in the area, etc.). Crowdsourcing information by measuring drivers speeds to approximate traffic and waiting times. Asks users to report updates Collaboration between drivers in surrounding areas helps to advance the overall quality of their own journeys

- Scarlet Apps

Website used for Rutgers students to access information and tools to this course

- Collaboration

Working with someone to produce or create something

10.) Is Wikipedia an example of crowdsourcing?

Yes; The information can be edited or changed by the public