Which of the following best describes a benefit of increasing the number of offshore wind farms rather than onshore wind farms?

Which of the following best explains the process of electricity generation in a hydrogen fuel cell?

At the anode, hydrogen is oxidized and electrons flow in a circuit to the cathode. At the cathode, oxygen reacts with the hydrogen to produce water. Water and heat are by-products of the reaction.

Which of the following best describes a disadvantage of geothermal energy production?

Geothermal energy implementation in homes and businesses has a high upfront cost, and electricity is needed to operate pumps.

Throughout the world, especially the less-developed countries, burning wood or other biomass for heating or cooking in homes is common. One negative environmental impact of this practice is the production of particulates indoors, which can be a health hazard to humans. Which of the following describes the best strategy for mitigating this potential problem?

Installing effective ventilation systems in dwellings

Rock layer that must be porous and have enough permeability for fluid to move through the layer Responses

Layer C is the reservoir rock for the oil and gas. For oil and gas (in the absence of fracking) to flow to the surface, the rock must be porous and sufficiently permeable to allow the flow of fluids through the rock.

Which of the following best describes a benefit of increasing the number of offshore wind farms rather than onshore wind farms?

Offshore winds farms will produce up to three times as much electricity as wind farms on land because of increased wind speeds offshore.

Which of the following statements correctly explains the role of fossil fuels in the production of energy?

The combustion of fossil fuels heats water to produce steam, which then turns a turbine.

Which of the following statements about geothermal energy is accurate? Responses

The location of geothermal energy sources ranges from short distances below ground to miles below the surface.

convection

The transfer of thermal energy by the circulation or movement of a liquid or gas

Which of the following best describes the method of vehicle transport that is the most environmentally sustainable?

The use of a vehicle powered by hydrogen fuel cells because there are no carbon emissions,Vehicles that use hydrogen fuel cells emit only water from the tailpipe. They do not release any carbon emissions and are considered the most environmentally sustainable.

Which of the following is a drawback to using biofuels, such as ethanol, as a fuel source?

There is high energy investment in producing and processing the crops needed for ethanol production.

radiant energy

energy carried by an electromagnetic wave

kinetic energy

energy of motion

Which of the following best describes an advantage of burning biomass rather than burning fossil fuels in developing countries? Responses

Biomass production is cheaper than fossil fuel extraction, making it more readily available for use.

Which of the following describes an environmental problem that can result from the combustion of fossil fuels to generate electricity? Responses

Carbon dioxide is a product of the combustion fossil fuels, and it can lead to global climate change when released into the atmosphere.

Green roofs offer many environmental advantages, including the removal of some pollutants from rainwater. The parameters in the table above were measured in water samples collected after rainfall had passed through green roofs and over traditional roofs (N=5) in New York City. Mean levels of pH and pollutants in precipitation are shown in the table.

Green roofs reduced levels of ammonium because the vegetation absorbed the pollutant.

Rock layer that can be porous but must have very low to no permeability

Layer B is the caprock of the reservoir, which prevents the oil and gas from migrating to the surface without the well. The rock can be porous but must have no to low enough permeability (the holes are not connected or have few connections) to trap enough oil and gas to result in a successful well.

Rock layer that must be rich in organic matter that was subjected to heat and pressure over time during the formation of oil and natural gas.

Layer D is the source rock for the oil and gas. This is the only layer in the correct position below the reservoir rock to serve as source rock. The organic matter in the source rock is subjected to heat and pressure over time, changing to oil and gas, which collects in the reservoir rock above it.

Purity is a major factor in determining the type of coal used for energy. Which of the following types of coal are correctly paired with a description of its purity and common use? Responses

Anthracite is considered the highest grade coal because it is almost pure carbon, and it is often used for domestic heating.

Which of the following would be the best location for a wind farm with ten industrial turbines? Responses

Arranged uniformly on a local farm that has fields and pastureland for dairy and grain production, explanation (Wind farms take very little space on the ground, making them ideal for installation in agricultural lands. The turbines are more than 50 feet above the ground at their lowest point, allowing enough clearance for farmers to grow agricultural crops and for animals to graze in the pastureland below.)

uranium- 235

At a nuclear power plant, atoms of uranium-235 are split during the fission process, releasing heat to generate steam.

In an apartment building, exhaust from a gas-powered electrical generator is captured to produce hot water to heat a swimming pool. Which of the following is illustrated by this process?

Cogeneration

Which of the following best describes an environmental problem associated with hydrologic fracturing, or fracking? Responses

Fracking fluids can escape from the drill hole and contaminate surface water and groundwater.

Green roofs offer many environmental advantages, including the removal of some pollutants from rainwater. The parameters in the table above were measured in water samples collected after rainfall had passed through green roofs and over traditional roofs (N=5) in New York City. Mean levels of pH and pollutants in precipitation are shown in the table. Assume that the rainwater from one of the green roofs ran off directly into a nearby lake. Water quality results from which of the following parameters show that the green roof would likely improve water quality in the lake?

Nitrate

Which of the following is a characteristic of nonrenewable energy sources that distinguishes them from renewable energy sources? Responses

Nonrenewable energy sources typically take a longer time to replenish than renewable energy sources do.

Which of the following best describes the conditions under which peat is formed? Responses

Partially decayed vegetation is placed under high-pressure, anaerobic, acidic conditions

Which of the following explains why some energy sources are renewable?

Renewable energy sources can be replenished naturally, at or near the rate of consumption.

Which of the following best describes how the use of hydrogen fuel negatively impacts the environment?

The energy needed to produce the hydrogen fuel may come from fossil fuels, whose use contributes to ocean acidification and global climate change., Energy is needed to produce the hydrogen gas used in hydrogen fuel cells. This energy could come from renewable or nonrenewable sources. If the electricity is produced using fossil fuels, carbon dioxide is released, which contributes to ocean acidification and global climate change.

Although nuclear energy is considered a cleaner energy source than fossil fuels, some scientists argue this does not support the claim that nuclear energy is renewable. Which of the following claims best supports the argument that nuclear energy is a nonrenewable energy source?

The uranium deposits on Earth are finite.

Green roofs offer many environmental advantages, including the removal of some pollutants from rainwater. The parameters in the table above were measured in water samples collected after rainfall had passed through green roofs and over traditional roofs (N=5) in New York City. Mean levels of pH and pollutants in precipitation are shown in the table. The data in the table show mean concentrations (mg/L) of pollutants in rainwater leaving either green or conventional roofs. Which of the following data would be needed to calculate the total amount of a pollutant leaving the roof during and following a rainstorm?

Total volume of rainfall

Which of the following is the most practical solution to maximizing energy production at wind farms while minimizing the risk to wildlife? Responses

Turn off turbines during periods of maximum migration., If the turbines are not turning when birds and bats are passing by at their greatest numbers, mortality will be reduced. The maximum energy possible could be produced when animals, such as birds and bats, are not migrating.

potential energy

stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object

Geothermal energy plants are a viable alternative energy source because they Responses

use the heat from Earth's interior to create steam that is used to generate electricity and then can be pumped back into the ground