Civil Liberties and Civil Rights

The Eighth Amendment provides protection against the imposition of ____ and unusual punishment.

cruel

A type of segregation that is mandated by law is called

de jure segregation.

The Nineteenth Amendment was approved by Congress in

1919.

Latinos are the largest minority group in the United States.

True

Which of the following statements are included in the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)?

"Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex."

Currently, there are ______ million undocumented immigrants in the United States, a figure that is ______ percent of the U.S. population.

10.5; 3.2

How many states had ratified the Nineteenth Amendment one year after its passage?

36

Currently, persons of Asian descent make up _____ percent of the U.S. population.

5.6

What was the Chicano Movement?

A mass movement for Mexican American civil rights

Which considerations are now required, due to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)?

A public school must consider access. An employer must consider reasonable accommodations.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the impact of African American voters in the South during the Reconstruction era?

African American voters elected a substantial number of other African Americans to offices in local, state, and federal governments.

During the first century of our nation's history, which of the following groups was central to the national debate about equality?

African Americans

Who was Dred Scott?

An enslaved man who sued for his freedom by arguing that he was emancipated as soon as his owner took him into free territory

Which of the following organizations played an important role in the antislavery movement of the early 1800s to the mid-1850s, including supporting the Underground Railroad?

Anti-Slavery Society

Which of the following statements about the income of Asian American are accurate?

Asian American income varies greatly within Asian groups. Asian Americans have the highest median income as compared to the population as a whole

Which of the following resulted from the 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act?

Asian immigrants were allowed to become citizens for the first time.

In the 1800s, what limitations were faced by women who graduated from college and aspired to a career?

Career choices were largely limited to teaching, nursing, social work, or missionary work. Choosing a career meant giving up the possibility of marriage.

Which of the following people founded the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC) and the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA)?

Cesar Chavez Dolores Huerta Jessie Lopez

In the Civil Rights Cases of 1883, the Supreme Court declared which act(s) unconstitutional?

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Which document listed many rights and opportunities that the law did not guarantee to women, including the right to vote and educational and employment opportunities equal to those of white men?

Declaration of Sentiments

What was the name of the case on which the Supreme Court ruled that African Americans were not citizens with legal rights?

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Which of the following areas have been affected by the civil rights movement?

Education Housing Employment Voting rights

By the dawn of 20th century, African Americans had successfully achieved civil rights protections from the federal government.

False

It has been established that voter fraud is a widespread, pervasive problem.

False

Oliver Brown accidentally enrolled his daughter in an all-white public school in Topeka, Kansas.

False

The federal government honored most of the treaties it made with Native American tribes from 1778 to 1870.

False

Voter suppression tactics were common before the civil rights legislation in the 1960 but are rarely used today.

False

The Black Lives Matter movement grew from protests in ______ following the shooting death of an unarmed teenager by a white police officer.

Ferguson, MO

In Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), the Supreme Court ruled that the right to marry is a fundamental liberty protected by which amendment of the Constitution?

Fourteenth

Which of the following was the basis of the ruling in the case of Lawrence v. Texas (2003)?

Fourteenth Amendment protection for due process and sexual privacy

What was the focus of the National Women's Suffrage Association?

Gaining female suffrage by amending the Constitution

Which of the following inherent characteristics are protected under federal hate-crime laws?

Gender identity Sexual orientation Actual or perceived race

In the 1930s, the NAACP argued that states had violated the equal protection clause by failing to make what available to African Americans?

Graduate and professional schools

What did President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation accomplish?

It abolished slavery in the states that had seceded from the Union. It prevented Britain and France from intervening in the Civil War on the southern side.

What precedent was established from the Bradwell case in 1873?

It enabled the Court to treat women differently from men.

What happened to the Equal Rights Amendment?

It fell short of the number of states required for ratification.

In most cases during the late 1800s, what was the purpose of education for girls?

It prepared them to be good wives and mothers.

Which of the following is true of the decision in Obergefell v. Hodges?

It recognized same-sex marriage as a fundamental liberty under the Fourteenth Amendment.

Which of the following statements about evidence that is subject to the exclusionary rule are true?

It was gathered illegally.

Which of these required the strict separation of racial groups in education, employment, and public accommodations, such as transportation and restaurants?

Jim Crow laws

Which of the following voting requirements was declared illegal by the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

Literacy requirements

Which of the following are part of the national discussion to address the issue of illegal immigration in the United States?

Mass deportations Providing refugee status to minors Offering pathways to citizenship

What important discriminatory issues were women raising by the 1960s? (Choose every correct answer.)

Men had better employment opportunities and higher pay. Women were unable to obtain credit without having a male cosign the loan. Men had more educational opportunities.

What federal case challenged the segregated school systems in California, which provided Mexican children with separate schools that were of lower quality than the schools for white children?

Mendez v. Westminster

The legality of gender-based discrimination in the Bradwell case of 1873 was determined by which test(s)?

Ordinary scrutiny test

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., advocated which of the following to protest government-sanctioned discrimination? (Choose every correct answer.)

Peaceful boycotts Acts of civil disobedience Mass marches

Which of the following categories of people have been targets of voter suppression?

People of color College students Felons

Examples of assertions of religious liberty include which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)

Pharmacists refusing to fill birth-control prescriptions Bakers or photographers refusing to work for same-sex couples Religious schools firing unmarried, pregnant women

Which of the following are methods used by various levels of government to maintain segregation and other forms of discrimination?

Prohibiting Black families from purchasing homes in new subdivisions Preventing access to Veteran's benefits and other governmental benefits Making or insuring loans to only those Black homeowners buying in Black neighborhoods

Which of the following were strategies of civil disobedience used by civil rights groups?

Sit-ins Mass marches

The Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) focused on which two of the following strategies in Mississippi and Georgia?

Sit-ins Voter registration drives

Which of the following amendments contribute to ensuring criminal due process? (Choose every correct answer.)

The Fifth Amendment The Sixth Amendment The Eighth Amendment The Fourth Amendment

What happened as a result of the shooting of Michael Brown by police in Ferguson, MO, in Fall 2014? (Choose every correct answer.)

The beginning of the Black Lives Matter movement An investigation by the Department of Justice that found continuous violations of the rights of Ferguson's Black citizens

Which of the following statements about Japanese Americans during World War II are true?

The civil rights of Japanese Americans were violated. Japanese Americans from the West Coast were placed in internment camps. Many relocated Japanese Americans lost their homes and businesses.

What two events inspired many northerners to begin to actively challenge slavery?

The publishing of Uncle Tom's Cabin The trial and execution of John Brown over the incident in Harpers Ferry

Which of the following are events that eroded feelings of white goodwill toward the civil rights movement?

The urban riots in Watts The aftermath of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., in Memphis, Tennessee

Which of the following established the complete abolition of slavery in the United States?

Thirteenth Amendment

Why was Homer Plessy, who was one-eighth African American and could pass for white, chosen as the plaintiff in the Plessy v. Ferguson case?

To show the arbitrary nature of Louisiana's law requiring separate accommodations for Blacks and whites

Advocates of protections against workplace discrimination based on weight maintain that higher weight has a relationship to lower place and fewer promotions.

True

Mendez v. Westminster, in which a federal court ruled that school segregation in California that sent Mexican children to separate schools from white children was unconstitutional, came before the landmark segregation case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.

True

Mississippi has not elected an African American to state-wide office since Reconstruction.

True

W. E. B. Du Bois, the influential African American writer and scholar, with many others formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) that targeted separate but equal doctrine for the minority groups.

True

Which of the following tactics have been used in recent elections to prevent categories of people from voting?

Voters' names purged from voter rolls Unreasonable waiting times for voting Overly strict voter-ID laws

In the post-Reconstruction South, what tactics were used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote?

Whites-only primaries to select party nominees Literacy tests that were designed to be more difficult for African Americans Poll taxes, or fees, required for voting

In determining whether the government may provide financial aid to religious schools, the Supreme Court has adopted a(n) ______ approach.

accommodationist

The Eighth Amendment protects

against cruel and unusual punishment.

One of the provisions of the 1950 Internal Security Act

allowed the government to imprison citizens deemed enemy collaborators during a crisis.

Compared to other racial and ethnic groups, Native Americans are

among the lowest income and least educated.

Which of the following was not included in the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

banning poll taxes and literacy tests

Among the laws giving women greater equality in the workplace were laws prohibiting

certain employers from paying women less than men for doing the same job.

In the case of Reed v. Reed (1971), the Supreme Court ruled that discriminatory treatment of women was unconstitutional, using the _____ for the first time in a case involving women's civil rights.

equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

The Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln in 1862

established the abolition of slavery as a war goal.

One outcome of the Coalition of Federated Organization's work in the 1964 Summer Project was the

establishment of the Freedom Democratic Party and a promise to integrate future delegations to the Democratic Convention.

The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution gives ______.

every man the right to vote, regardless of color

The evidence indicates that voter fraud, a primary argument for strict voter-ID laws and other laws limiting access to the ballot, is

extremely rare.

In practice, in early America, women had

fewer rights than men.

A primary argument for limiting access to the ballot is the desire to prevent voter

fraud.

The first wave of the fight for women's civil rights focused on

gaining the right to vote.

The rule that exempted individuals from conditions on voting if they or their ancestors had been eligible to vote before 1870 is called the

grandfather clause.

When it comes to voting, Latinos

had 32 million eligible voters in the 2020 election.

In the late 20th century, the main focus of gender-equity activism was on

how the law could prevent or punish private behavior that harmed women based on their gender.

The Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments ensure

justice and fairness in the administration of the law.

One Jim Crow strategy, the test, was used to keep African American voters from participating because it was designed so that few could pass.

literacy

The initial goal of the NAACP in the modern era of civil rights was to

overrule the separate but equal doctrine.

the tax was a fee levied for voting that often presented an insurmountable obstacle to low income African Americans in the Jim Crow South.

poll

The right of an individual to be left alone without any interference from others is known as the right to

privacy

In Bostick v. Clayton County, Georgia (2020), the Supreme Court ruled that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1974

prohibits employers from firing LGBT employees because of their sexual orientation and gender identity.

In the wake of the police killings and the protests in 2020, state and federal legislatures have

reconsidered their stance on the militarization of police.

The practice of preventing Black homeowners from buying property in white neighborhoods by only making or insuring loans within specific geographic areas such as inner cities is known as

redlining.

Some states allow people and organizations to refuse service to LGBTQ persons based on their asserted right to

religious liberty.

All levels of government worked to _____ housing discrimination between 1940 and 1970.

require and enforce

In the post-Reconstruction South, the federal government

seemed to abandon African Americans and the quest for equality under the law.

In the Plessy case, the Supreme Court established the standard of

separate but equal.

The primary focus of the #MeToo movement is on

sexual violence and coercion.

Even after the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, women's educational and work opportunities were limited by (Choose every correct answer.)

social norms. state laws.

The attempt to control an election's outcome by preventing or discouraging certain categories of potential voters is voter

suppression

A report by the Department of Justice in the killing of Michael Brown found

systematic oppression of Black citizenry by the police.

The national courts have established ______ that the government uses to determine when unequal protection under the law is legal.

tests

In Shelby County v. Alabama (2013), the Supreme Court found

that part of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was unconstitutional.

Initially the battles for women's voting rights took place at the state level of government because

the Constitution reserved for the states the authority to determine who had the right to vote.

The Montgomery bus boycott was considered a success because (Choose every correct answer.)

the Supreme Court ruled that segregated buses were unconstitutional. the protests garnered national media attention and public sympathy.

The law that was passed by Congress in the aftermath of the violent murders of activists in Mississippi, intending to eliminate discriminatory local and state government registration and voting practices, was called

the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

In Gideon v. Wainwright, the Supreme Court established that

the government must provide lawyers to individuals who cannot afford their own attorney.

Uncle Tom's Cabin depicted

the harsh reality of slavery in the United States.

The test a court uses to determine whether unequal treatment is illegal depends on

the inherent characteristic that is the basis of the differential treatment.

For Asian Americans the "glass ceiling" refers to

the underrepresentation of Asian Americans from the very top job leadership positions.

Individuals whose gender identity does not match the sex they were assigned to are referred to as

transgender.

Since 1992, the Supreme Court has evaluated state abortion laws by using the ______ test.

undue burden

Legal or illegal attempts to control the outcome of an election by preventing or discouraging certain categories of voters from casting ballots is

voter suppression.

The right to vote has been and continues to be a contentious issue because of the conflict over the relationship between

voting and citizenship.

The civil rights of Mexican-Americans who chose to remain on their land and become U.S. citizens following the Mexican-American War in 1848

were not protected, though the United States had promised to do so.

Which constitutional amendment did the Commission on the Status of Women urge women to cite in lawsuits pursuing equal rights?

Fourteenth Amendment

Match each legislative act with its provisions. Instructions

1973 Rehabilitation Act matches Choice, Prohibited discrimination against people with disabilities in federally funded programs Prohibited discrimination against people with disabilities in federally funded programs Americans with Disabilities Act matches Choice, Extended the ban on discrimination against people with disabilities in education, employment, health care, housing and transportation to all programs and organizations Extended the ban on discrimination against people with disabilities in education, employment, health care, housing and transportation to all programs and organizations

Which woman founded the National Women's Party, which adopted more radical tactics in fighting for women's suffrage?

Alice Paul

the Movement was composed of numerous Latino organizations focusing on a variety of issues, including rights to equal employment and educational opportunities.

Chicano

Which law, passed by Congress and also known as the Anti-Ku Klux Klan Act, made it a federal crime to deprive individuals of their rights, privileges, and immunities?

Civil Rights Act of 1872

Which of the following were achieved by activists on behalf of Japanese Americans who were interned during World War II?

Congress repealed a section of the 1950 Internal Security Act. President Reagan signed a bill providing $1.2 billion in reparations.

African American civil rights victories were the result of which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)

Effective strategies used by activists The movement's strong leadership New national media covering the struggle

Which of the following women played an important role in securing legal and political rights for women in the United States?

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Abigail Adams Lucretia Mott

Presently, those fighting for Asian American civil rights are focusing on what area?

Employment

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 mandated equality in the which of the following areas?

Employment

In which type of crime is the offender motivated by his or her bias against the victim because of race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity?

Hate crime

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered citizens have organized to fight for equal rights provisions in which of the following areas? (Choose every correct answer.)

Housing Marriage Employment

Which act ensured that Native Americans would have the full protection of the Bill of Rights, but lacked an enforcement mechanism?

Indian Civil Rights Act

Which of the following is the earliest group that actively campaigned for full suffrage for native peoples?

Indian Rights Association

The time after the Civil War between 1866 and 1877, when the institutions and infrastructure of the South were rebuilt, is known as the

Reconstruction era.

Which 1971 Supreme Court case used the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to find a law that discriminated against women unconstitutional?

Reed v. Reed

The inauguration of which president ended the Reconstruction era and opened the way for the implementation of Jim Crow laws throughout the South?

Rutherford B. Hayes

What was the central finding of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)?

Segregated schools violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Which of the following describes Rosa Parks's best known act of resistance?

She refused to leave her seat in the front of the bus to make room for a white passenger.

Which of the following refers to the legal right to bring lawsuits in court?

Standing to sue

Which event was responsible for triggering the gay and lesbian rights movement in the United States?

Stonewall incident

After his inauguration in 2017, how did President Trump and his administration address the issue of illegal immigration?

They expanded the grounds of who could be deported beyond the previous focus on felons and safety threats.

African American women seeking the right to vote did which of the following?

They joined the major women's suffrage organizations, AWSA and NWSA. The formed their own regional societies.

Match the post-Civil War amendments with their description. Instructions

Thirteenth Amendment matches Choice, Ended slavery throughout the United States and prohibited it in the future Ended slavery throughout the United States and prohibited it in the future Fourteenth Amendment matches Choice, Mandates the same privileges and immunities for all citizens and due process protections for all people Mandates the same privileges and immunities for all citizens and due process protections for all people Fifteenth Amendment matches Choice, Expanded voting rights to formerly enslaved people Expanded voting rights to formerly enslaved people

Which parts of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as written by Congress or added later, prohibit discrimination in all personnel decisions based on gender as well as in other categories?

Title VII Title IX

What was the purpose of the ADA Restoration Act of 2008?

To broaden the definition of impairments that are covered by the Americans with Disabilities Act

When President Trump mobilized the military to stop protests in the aftermath of the killings of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor, protestors viewed this action to mean that property was more important to the government than their lives.

True

Which four of the following are particularly relevant to the third wave of the women's rights movement?

Unequal pay The glass ceiling Sexual harassment Issues arising from intersectionality

The 2013 Supreme Court case that overturned a key provision of the Defense of Marriage Act was

United States v. Windsor.

What is the name of the set of laws that limited the rights of "freemen," or formerly enslaved people, that was passed immediately after the Civil War by the various southern states?

Black Codes

is nonviolent refusal to comply with laws or government policies that are morally objectionable.

Blank 1: Civil Blank 2: disobedience

List the following achievements of the civil rights movement in a chronological order from first to last.

Ending segregation in public schools Barring racial discrimination in accommodations and private employment Desegregation in housing

Which issues are central to the third wave of the womens' rights movement in the United States?

Ending sexual violence Unequal access to legal rights

What government body did Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 create that still administers the enforcement of Title VII today?

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Which of the following was the goal of the second wave of the women's rights movement?

Equal legal rights for women

Which clause of the U.S. Constitution was at the center of the argument in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?

Equal protection clause

The shooting death of an African American teenager named ______, in the fall of 2014, caused many young activists around the country to come together and organize the Black Lives Matter movement.

Michael Brown

Which Supreme Court case decreed that state governments, not the U.S. Constitution, established voting rights?

Minor v. Happersett

Which of the following events was a direct result of Rosa Parks's conviction?

Montgomery bus boycott

Recently, what voter-suppression tactics have been directed at college students? (Choose every correct answer.)

Moving polling places farther from campus Making it difficult to establish local residency Confronting students about their IDs

Which association, founded in the early 20th century, focused on the inequalities brought forth by the separate but equal doctrine?

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Which of the following constitutional amendments granted women the right to vote?

Nineteenth Amendment

Which of the following was the result of the march from Selma and Bloody Sunday? (Choose every correct answer.)

Public opinion swayed in favor of civil rights. A renewed focus on voting rights pressured Congress to pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Which of the following occurred in the 1960s as the result of the civil rights movement? (Choose every correct answer.)

Racial discrimination in housing was prohibited. Public accommodations were desegregated. Universal suffrage was promoted.

In terms of inherent characteristics, people disagree about whether or not the list should also include which of the following categories? (Choose every correct answer.)

Sexual orientation Age Disability

What did the mother of Emmett Till, a 14-year-old African American slain in Mississippi, do that helped to gain national attention for the civil rights movement?

She allowed a magazine to publish pictures of his mutilated corpse to show what racism had done to her son.

Latinos in the United States include those whose families hail from which of the following locations?

The Caribbean South America Central America

During which time period did advocates for women's civil rights begin their efforts to secure for women the right to vote?

The mid-1800s

Match the following legislative acts accordingly.

Voting Rights Act matches Choice, Aggressively sought to counter nearly one hundred years of disenfranchisement Aggressively sought to counter nearly one hundred years of disenfranchisement Civil Rights Act of 1964 matches Choice, Barred racial discrimination in accommodations and private employment Barred racial discrimination in accommodations and private employment Civil Rights Act of 1968 matches Choice, Prohibited racial discrimination in housing Prohibited racial discrimination in housing

Match the description to each point of view about voting. Instructions

Voting is every citizen's right. matches Choice, Access to voting is fundamental and must be protected by law. Barriers to voting are threats to democracy. Access to voting is fundamental and must be protected by law. Barriers to voting are threats to democracy. Voting is a privilege of citizenship. matches Choice, Voting is a reward for civic virtue, and only the most committed citizens should determine the nation's course. The ballot must be protected from potential fraud. Voting is a reward for civic virtue, and only the most committed citizens should determine the nation's course. The ballot must be protected from potential fraud.

Rank the following interpretations of the establishment clause from most strict to most flexible, with the most strict interpretation at the top.

1. Separation 2. Neutrality 3. Accommodation

Which of the following has been the nation's primary response to claims of systemic racism and police abuse?

Body cameras for police

Which term refers to the rights and privileges guaranteed to all citizens under the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments?

Civil rights

What does the Fifth Amendment prohibit? (Choose every correct answer.)

Compelled self-incrimination Double jeopardy

Which of the following explains why right-to-privacy cases tend to link the privacy right to rights that are explicitly established in the Bill of Rights?

Controversy over right to privacy issues

Which of the following are considerations of the Lemon test for assessing a government program's relationship with religious institutions? (Choose every correct answer.)

Does the program create excessive entanglement between church and state? Does the program have a secular purpose? Does the program have as its principal effect the advancement of religion

Protection against cruel and unusual punishment is contained in the

Eighth Amendment.

According to a 1984 case, what two kinds of freedom of association does the Constitution protect?

Expressive associations Intimate associations

According to Supreme Court jurisprudence, the government is barred from ever interfering with the exercise of religion.

False

According to the Supreme Court, for a search to be considered reasonable, a search warrant must always be produced.

False

The concept of "equal protection of the laws" is defined explicitly by the Constitution.

False

The last category of civil liberties that bear directly on civic engagement consists of the criminal due process protections established in the First, Second, Seventh, and Eighth Amendments.

False

When the strict scrutiny test is used, it is impossible for the state to justify discrimination based on inherent characteristics.

False

The purpose of the Miranda rights statement is to remind suspects of their

Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.

Which amendment requires police to get a warrant before engaging in a search?

Fourth Amendment

the Slave Act in 1850 was an attempt by the U.S. Congress to stall or prevent the secession, or separation, of southern states from the Union.

Fugitive

Which Supreme Court decision found that the application of the death penalty was arbitrary and discriminatory and thus, was incompatible with the standards in contemporary society?

Furman v. Georgia

Identify the characteristics that are considered inherent. (Choose every correct answer.)

Gender Race Religion National origin

The landmark case that firmly established the right to privacy is

Griswold v. Connecticut.

In which of the following places would the police most likely have to obtain a warrant before conducting a search?

In a person's home

Which of the following accurately describe the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution?

It mandated due process and equal protection for all people. It provided all native-born and naturalized persons with the privileges and immunities of national citizenship. It overturned the Dred Scott decision.

The first people of African descent to arrive in the New World landed in

Jamestown.

How do judges view laws that treat citizens differently on the basis of suspect classifications such as race, ethnic origin, and religion?

Judges assume the laws violate the Constitution.

The Supreme Court determined that privacy rights extend to consensual activity between same-sex partners in

Lawrence v. Texas.

Which of the following are needed to limit the government's use of social media in investigations? (Choose every correct answer.)

Legislation to determine when and if a social media organization may deny warrantless requests Legislation that mandates the public disclosure of the scope of the government inquiries

In Baze v. Rees the Supreme Court ruled that which method of execution was constitutional?

Lethal injection

Which of the following was a key turning point in the Civil War?

Lincoln's issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation

What has been at the heart of many civil rights struggles for equality in America?

People disagreeing strongly about what "equal treatment" requires

In a free exercise case, which of the following is the government permitted to regulate?

Religious actions

The rapid development of surveillance technologies is the greatest threat to which of the following rights?

Right to privacy

Which case was the first to attempt to extend the privacy rights established in Griswold v. Connecticut?

Roe v. Wade

Which of the following is the strictest interpretation of the establishment clause?

Separationism

Match the three possible interpretations of the establishment clause with their meaning.

Separationism matches Choice, The establishment clause does not allow for any support of religious sects. The establishment clause does not allow for any support of religious sects. Neutrality matches Choice, The establishment clause allows the government to provide nonbiased support toward all religious groups. The establishment clause allows the government to provide nonbiased support toward all religious groups. Accommodation matches Choice, The establishment clause allows the government to support any religious group as long as it does not rise to the level of an official state religion. The establishment clause allows the government to support any religious group as long as it does not rise to the level of an official state religion.

At the time that the U.S. Constitution was adopted, what enabled some states to continue to permit persons of African descent to be enslaved?

Some of the most important provisions of the new federal Constitution treated enslaved African Americans as property.

When a law potentially discriminates based on inherent characteristics, the courts use which test to determine the legality of the law?

Strict scrutiny test

Which two of the following were most instrumental in bringing to public attention the need for greater police accountability in the use of deadly forces in interactions with persons of color?

The Black Lives Matter movement Cell phone videos

How has the Court ruled on abortion rights issues after Roe v. Wade?

The Court has developed a compromise position on abortion rights.

On what basis have members of the alt-right challenged universities that hesitate to allow them to speak on campus?

The First Amendment

Which amendment ensures the right to legal counsel?

The Sixth Amendment

Which of the following constitutional amendments establish formal rules for conducting a trial? (Choose every correct answer.)

The Sixth Amendment The Fifth Amendment

What two factors are important in cases in which the Supreme Court has extended the right to privacy to the right to engage in sexual activity?

The activity is consensual The activity takes place at home

Why did the Supreme Court suspend the death penalty in the 1972 case Furman v. Georgia?

The application of the death penalty was arbitrary and discriminatory and thus was incompatible with the standards in contemporary society.

Which of the following did the Court consider when making its decision in Gideon v. Wainwright?

The community's view of fundamental fairness

In which of the following scenarios would the Supreme Court find the death penalty unconstitutional?

The defendant received an unfair legal process.

By what period did slavery begin to replace indentured servitude for Africans in the American colonies?

The mid-1600s

Which of the following are established protections according to Miranda v. Arizona? (Choose every correct answer.)

The right to remain silent The right to an attorney

Facial recognition technology (FRT), in which a computer can match a photo to a known image of a suspect, raises concerns about civil liberties for which of the following reasons? (Choose every correct answer.)

There is a strong possibility of false identifications from photos and footage of poor quality. The FBI has no control over how other agencies might use the technology it has developed. China uses FRT to identify people who violate social norms, not laws.

Which amendment within the Bill of Rights specifically mentions the right to privacy?

There is no direct mention of privacy in the Bill of Rights.

Why do students of color and their allies believe that universities have the right to prevent members of the alt-right from speaking at their schools?

They believe the alt-right is an existential threat to their very existence.

What function do the criminal due process rights in the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments fulfill?

They establish guidelines for law enforcement, trial, and punishment.

Because of contentiousness over the right to privacy, cases brought before the Supreme Court tend to pair the right to privacy with other rights that are well established and more widely accepted.

True

In the case of Burwell v. Hobby Lobby (2014), the Supreme Court ruled that requiring Christian companies to provide contraception coverage to employees burdened religious liberty only when the companies were "closely held."

True

The Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments protect individuals against abuses by the state and, in so doing, promote a view of justice that the community widely embraces.

True

The United States has recently experienced a decline in press freedom despite the formidable cultural and constitutional protections this institution enjoys.

True

When it was first written, the Constitution implicitly endorsed the unequal and discriminatory treatment of African Americans

True

Which popular book bolstered the abolitionists' efforts to actively challenge slavery in the United States?

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Critics of attempts to make obesity a protected characteristic make which of the following arguments? (Choose every correct answer.)

Weight is under an individual's control, unlike race or gender. Workplaces will be forced by antiweight discrimination laws to neglect concerns about workers' safety. Laws prohibiting discrimination will affect insurance premiums by keeping workplaces from encouraging weight loss.

Before a warrant is issued, what must be determined?

Whether probable cause exists

In light of our polarized political system, which of the following free speech issues have some of the nation's elite universities had to consider?

Whether to allow alt-right speakers who were galvanized by white supremacy to speak on campus

Which of the following questions have been raised in response to the use of body cameras by police officers in the wake of several high-profile police killings of civilians?

Will cameras improve the quality of policing? Will cameras lead to increased government surveillance of civilians? Will cameras enable police profiling?

In deciding free exercise cases, a court must

balance an individual's right to the free practice of religion with the government's need to adopt a program or policy.

Based on the exclusionary rule, evidence that is illegally obtained ______ be used in a trial.

cannot

Constitutionally imposed constraints on government are called

civil liberties.

Constitutionally imposed governmental responsibilities are called

civil rights.

The Supreme Court ruled that an Ohio program that gave vouchers to parents to offset the cost of parochial schooling was

constitutional, as the program was based on private choice not government endorsement of a religious school.

The exclusionary rule forbids

courts to admit illegally seized evidence during a trial.

In the 2002 case Lawrence v. Texas, the Court ruled that the privacy rights associated with sexual activity ______ apply to same-sex couples.

do

The Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments provide citizens with

guaranteed procedures throughout the criminal justice system.

In 1976, the Supreme Court allowed the reinstatement of the death penalty in states that

had implemented adequate legal safeguards.

State-funded programs, based on the Supreme Court decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman, are unable to withstand scrutiny under the establishment clause if the program

has a significant effect on advancing a religion.

In which of the following instances would a warrantless search be valid?

if there is no reasonable expectation of privacy

Characteristics such as race, religion, national origin, or sex, which are protected by government assurances of civil rights, are called

inherent characteristics.

Civil rights are government protections against discrimination based on

inherent characteristics.

The Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution protects two types of freedom of association, including, Incorrect Unavailable associations, which are close human relationships maintained as part of an individual's personal liberty.

intimate

Under the intermediate scrutiny test (also known as the heightened scrutiny test), gender-based discrimination

is legal if the government can prove that it is substantially related to the achievement of an important public interest.

According to a lawsuit filed by the American Civil Liberties Union in 2019, the Department of Homeland Security has targeted journalists who were covering

issues related to migrants on the Mexican border.

The right of the individual to be left alone to make decisions freely is known as the right to

privacy

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited

private businesses and organizations from discriminating in hiring decisions based on inherent characteristics.

A major concern with the development of new forms of data-collection technology is that they will

sacrifice citizens' privacy and liberty.

A major difference between separationists and accomodationists is whether

there should be a solid wall between government and religion.

Social media platforms are seeking to provide more _____ cooperation with governmental demands for user's personal data.

transparency about

When first written, the Constitution

treated people of African descent as property.

According to the Constitution, a reasonable search is one where the police have obtained a(n)

warrant