10. Sensory, Lecture Questions

Describe the process in which sound waves are conducted to the Organ of Corti (aka: spiral organ)

1. Sound waves enter the auditory canal and vibrate the tympanic membrane, which vibrates the ossicles in the middle ear (the malleus, the incus, and stapes) 2. The sound waves or vibrations are then sent through the oval window, making vibrations or waves in the fluid in the canals of the ear. 3. The waves in the fluid of the inner ear, stimulates hearing receptors that are located in the Organ of Corti (spiral organ) in the cochlea which send information to the temporal lobe of the cerebrum.

What is the correct sequence for lacrimal fluid production and drainage?

1. Tears are produced by the lacrimal gland 2. Tears disperse medially across the surface of the eye 3. Fluid enters the lacrimal canaliculi and collects in the lacrimal sac 4. Fluid drains through the nasolacrimal duct 5. Fluid enters the nasal cavity

Farsightedness is due to a:

A shortened eyball

The anterior cavity of the eye is filled with ______, a clear fluid similar to blood plasma.

Aqueous humor

Which of the following is part of the inner (neural) tunic of the eye? A. ciliary body B. retina C. choroid coat D. sclera E. cornea

B. retina

Which of the following structures is NOT involved in hearing? A. Ossicles B. Cochlea C. Semicircular canals D. Pinna

C. Semicircular canals Semicircular canals are involved with dynamic equilibrium (maintenance of balance while spinning or moving in different directions)

Which of the following is NOT a color pigment found in cones? A. red B. green C. yellow D. blue

C. yellow

In which structure does absorption of light rays occur in the eye?

Choroid

The lens of the eye rounds up or bulges for ______ vision.

Close

The mucous membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids is called the:

Conjunctiva

The fibrous tunic is the outermost layer of the eyeball: in the front it is clear, forming the _____, but the major areas are white and form the ______.

Cornea Sclera

What structures are involved in light refraction? To what extent does contribute?

Cornea (80%) Lens (20%) *Note the biggest role of the lens is accommodation.

Which of the following structures have hair cells receptors? A. cochlea B. semicircular canals C. vestibule D. All of the choices are correct

D. All of the choices are correct

What is the function of the Eustachian (auditory) tube?

Equalizes air pressure in the middle ear

The three pairs of muscles attached to the outside of the eyeball that are used for eye movement are called __________ muscles.

Extrinsic muscles

Both rods and cones are found with the same density in the entire retina (True/False)

False. Rods are more concentrated in the periphery of the retina, while cones are more concentrated in the central of the retina.

The _____ is the outermost layer of the eyeball. In the front it is clear, forming the ______. The surrounding areas are white and form the ____.

Fibrous tunic Cornea Sclera

The cones are most densely packed in the:

Fovea centralis

What is the area that contains only cones for the most acute vision?

Fovea centralis

What part of the retina is responsible for the sharpest vision?

Fovea centralis

What is the function of the rods?

Function in dim light

The buildup of pressure do to an increased amount of aqueous humor is known as:

Glaucoma

The sets of color receptors (cones) in the retina contain photopigments that are:

Green, blue, and red.

______, or taste, is the sensation and perception of chemicals dissolved in saliva.

Gustation

Where is the greatest concentration of cones located?

In the fovea centralis

Where would you find the protein crystallin?

In the lens

In the front of the eye, the vascular tunic forms the:

Iris

The muscle that controls the amount of light that enters the eye through the pupil is the:

Iris

The anterior and posterior cavities of the eye are separated by the:

Lens

What is the purpose of blinking of the eyes?

Lubricate and remove debris from eye surface

Name the three ossicles in order from lateral to medial.

Malleus Incus stapes

Conduction deafness may be due to damage to the:

Malleus, incus, and stapes

The Eustachian (auditory) tube connects the throat with the:

Middle ear

The choroid

Middle layer of the eye that furnishes nourishment to the eye via blood vessels. It includes the iris

People who can see close objects better than those far away have:

Myopia

_______, or smell, is the sensation and perception of chemicals dissolved in the fluids of the nasal membrane.

Olfaction

Where does the visual pathway cross so that each optic tract carries impulses from the opposite visual field?

Optic chiasma

What part of the retina lacks photoreceptors?

Optic disc

The place where the optic nerve exits the eye is the:

Optic disc (blind spot)

The photopigment rhodopsin is found in:

Rods

Compare and contrast rods and cones in terms of their number, location, pigment content, and abilities to assist in sharp vision, color vision, and night vision.

Rods contain rhodopsin and are more numerous, more peripheral and specialized for night vision. Cones contain photopsins and are responsible for sharp color vision.

Protection and support is the protection of which layer of the eye?

Sclera

If you enter a fish market and smell the strong fishy odor, but the odor quickly seems to fade away, you have experienced:

Sensory adaptation

What are the primary taste sensations?

Sweet Salty Bitter Sour Umami

The middle and inner ear are housed within the _______ bone.

Temporal

Describe the focusing process of the eye:

The focusing of the eye, or accommodation, is the result of the contraction and relaxation of the ciliary muscle. When an object is near, the ciliary muscle contracts and the lens becomes round so the object is in focus on the retina. When an object is far away, the ciliary muscle relaxes and the lens flattens.

What is the function of eyebrows?

They prevent sweat, water, and debris from falling into the eyes, but are also involved with communication and facial expression.

The function(s) of the ossicles in hearing is (are):

To magnify the sound waves about 20 times and transfer the sound waves to the fluid of the inner ear.

Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but cones are more important for color vision (true/false)

True

Floaters that cast shadows on the visual receptors are usually located in the _______ humor.

Vitreous

_______ humor function to support the shape of the retina and helps to maintain the shape of the eye against the pressure of the extrinsic muscles.

Vitreous

The posterior cavity of the eye is filled with _____, a jelly-like substance which is produced before birth and is not replaced.

Vitreous humor

Changing the shape of the lens for near and far vision is called:

accommodation

During youth, the lens is flexible, which allows us to ____. The process is called _______.

alter its shape to focus on nearby or distant objects; accommodation.

The function of the ossicles is to:

amplify sound waves and transmit them to the inner ear.

Tears contain ______ and ______, which protect the eye from bacteria.

antibodies; lysozyme

The anterior compartment of the eye is filled with a fluid called the:

aqueous humor

The clouding of the lens is called:

cataracts

The lens is held in place by the:

ciliary body

High acuity vision is provided by ______.

cones

Sharp, color vision is a result of the function of:

cones

Most of the light-bending (refraction) which results in an image forming on the retina is due to the _______.

cornea

After being funneled by the auricle, sound waves pass (in sequence) through the:

external auditory (acoustic) meatus, tympanic membrane, ossicles, oval window

People who can see far objects better than those that are close have:

hyperopia

The olfactory receptors are located:

in the roof of the nasal cavity

The cochlea is part of the:

inner ear

The structure that produces tears is called the:

lacrimal apparatus

Treatment for cataract usually removes the:

lens

An emotional response to an odor means that the ________ is involved.

limbic system

Destruction of the macula lutea that contains the fovea centralis results in:

macular degeneration

Blindness caused by abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina is:

macular degeneration (wet type)

The ossicles are part of the:

middle ear

What structure is connected to the nasopharynx by the eustachian (auditory) tube?

middle ear

Astigmatism is due to a(an):

misshapened cornea or lens

Worldwide, blindness is most commonly caused by changes in the:

neural tunic (nervous tunic)

The external auditory canal is part of the _______ (outer, middle, inner) ear.

outer ear

What structure does the stapes attach to?

oval window

The gustatory (taste) area of the cerebrum is located in the:

parietal lobe and insula

Age-related decline in hearing is called:

presbycusis

What is the function of the iris?

regulates the size of the pupil

Photoreceptors are located in the:

retina

Conscious awareness of incoming sensory information is called:

sensation

Nearshightedness is due to a(an):

shortened eyeball

Name the special senses that are detected by chemoreceptors.

taste and olfaction

The auditory cortex is called the:

temporal lobe

The olfactory area of the cerebrum is located in the:

temporal lobe

Visual acuity is measure by comparison with the AVERAGE. I fone has 20/20 vision, it means that one sees as clearly at 20 feet a:

the average person sees at 20 feet

The sensory receptors for taste are located in:

the taste buds

The eye is composed of three layers, called _____.

tunics

What separates the outer ear from the middle ear?

tympanic membrane

The ______ is the middle layer of the wall of the eyeball.

vascular tunic

The gelatinous mass inside of the eye is called the:

vitreous humor

The posterior compartment of the eye is filled with a clear gel called the:

vitreous humor