104 !

Elmer McCollum

"Dr. Vitamin" discovered Vit A and D, understands importance of "palatability"

Nassauer, S. The Psychology of Small Packages

"handtomouth platform,"An "artificial barrier" helps eaters decide when to stop,

Mod 4 lec

- Pastoralism: animal husbandry

According to the Kuhnlein article, which of the following are reasons for dietary change in indigenous populations?

- Political upheaval - Shifts in climate or weather patterns - Delocalization of the food supply - Industrialization

main 4 components of food security

- availability - access - utilization - stability

mod 8 lecture

- flavor = aroma+taste - gustatory flavor (taste) - taste receptors detect 5 tasates: sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami - all tastes can be detected everywhere. - umami = brothy, savory sensations; detection from receptors for certain amino acids like glutamate - flavor generation - biology cookking and microbes - root veggies vs processed foods = food movement in US - top chef, eat real, edible schoolyard project; not everyone can afford to participate; if food movemnet doesn't move to democratize benefits of good food, it will be elitist. - domestic food trendsin US: processed packaged foods, out of balance with recommendations -lower percent of income spent on food -globalization -cooking less often -increased snacking and solo dining - leveraging culture for health and sustainability - preservation/reintroduction of traditional food culture for empowered health change

Module 2

- food adaptation and evolution - over time, animals may evolve to have more permanent traits -food available in environment -->animals that can eat the food do, and/or develop traits to assist (ADAPT) --> animals who eat food live, pass on food-eating genes --> animals who can't eat the food die or don't procreate --> next animals have traits adapted to eat the food --> food available in environment - sagittal crest - assists with chewing tough, fibrous foods - sagittal crest and tooth morphology - herbivorous, carnivorous, and omnivorous. - what are we meant to eat - diet of early hominids to the homo group; humans are opportunistic omnivores from the Maasai tribe (milk, meat, blood) and inuit groups (>95% animal) to vegan (plant-based) and frutarian (raw fruits, nuts, seeds) - humans are opportunistic omnivores - the only diet that consistently health is the standard american diet = SAD - genes and health - genes and racial health disparities; paleolithic diet debate: pre-agricultural revolution; diet likely consisted mainly of: meat, seafood, plants, nuts, seeds, smaller amounts of wild tubers and grains; there is no one caveman diet. - paleo diet, inconsistencies - evolution of meat, environmnetal concerns, absence of wild foods, biodiversity, lifestyle differences: exercise, lower constant stress, etc.; certain aspects of the paleolithic diet are beneficial - modern-day hunter gatherers - freegan: rejection of consumerism, obtain nutrients primarily by retrieving discarded food; foragers - seek out wild foods that would otherwise go to waste - paleolithic era (2.5mya-12,000ya)--> mesolithic era (inbetween)--> neolithic era (12,000-2000 ya) --> population explosion

mod 7 lec

- food preferences: food enviornment, ideology, branding - food preferences and packaging - people provided with a large container ate 53% more popcorn - brocolli bites: antioxidant rich, low sodium, mouthwatering - preference characteristics: env impact, farm workers rights, animal rights - kids with ads: they recognize images, recall ad content, but don't understand purpose (0% of 6 year olds)

Vidal, John. UN warns of looming worldwide food crisis in 2013.

- global grain reserves hit critically low levels • Extreme weather means climate 'is no longer reliable' • Rising food prices threaten disaster and unrest

mod 6 lec

- hunger - 48 million in 2012; 57% increase from 1990s - temptation at checkout - 90% unhealthy - portion sizes increasing - 1.8$ billion spent per year, food marketing, to kids (mostly>51% on sugary stuff, then fast foods) - food deserts or swamps - disparities in access to healthy food: 30 million Americans lack access to healthy food; AAs are 2.5x likely than whites to lack access; latinx are 1.4 times likely than whites to lack access; low-income census tracts have half supermarkets as wealthy; urban/rural low-income comms and comms of color are most likely to lack access to healthy food - food away from home on rise - energy density; nutrient densit - more costly. - american diet quality - slight improvement in recent yearas - disparities in diet quality - bincrease in quality of diet for high SES, decrease in diet for low SES. - hunger + global burden of malnutrition: prevalence of undernourishment in otal pop - double burden of malnutrition = undernutrition]optimal nutrition ] overnutrition (1.9 billion adults overweight globally, 450 million adults underweight) - highest rates food insecurity: mississippi, texas, arkansas - lowest rates: north dakota, Mass, virginia

Module 2 cont'd

- paleolithic era and transition to homo group: physiology: smaller mouths, weaker jaws, smaller teeth (Some sharper), smaller stomachs, smaller large intestine, smaller gut volume, larger brains --> diet low in fiber, higher energy density, decreased cost of digestion; more nutrients available for brain. - Neolithic era aka agricultural revolution - domestication of plants and animals; population growth and social interaction - agricultural revolution: dietary changes :- concurrent health deterioration- less diverse diet--> harder to achieve balance --> nutritional deficiencies, increased risk of widespread famine; increase in infectious diseases; inequalities - importance of food source biodiversity - diverse potatoes and cloned potatoes (cloned-all die when blight); after disease, diverse potatoes still exist. - changes during industrial revolution: work, agriculture--> industry; live, rural-->urban; shift in meal patterns, work conditions lead to disease, malnutrition; increase manufacterd food, mixed blessing of technological food developments. - fire: food processing, energy, and the cooking hypothesis - softening and cooking food makes it easier to digest: OUTSOURCED DIGESTION; cooking hypothesis: increased energy and nutrient density from cooking allowed for brain development - dietary change and human brain evolution - foliage to roots (2) increased meat consumption and tools for processing (3) cooking (4) improved cooking methods - dietary change and human brain evolution - chicken and egg syndrome; large brains require an enriched diet, but obtaining an enriched diet, requires large brain; one argument: lipids from seafood obtained accidentally helped 'jumpstart' brain - fire is not just important for meat - does weight loss always = healthy? associated risks - infertility, malnutrition/underweight; other: dental caries from frequent eating - bottom line: a variety of cooked and raw is best

food preferences and labeling - proposed label changes:

- serving size: updated to be more realistic, larger, bolder type - daily values - % comes first - calories - larger type - added sugars - actual amounts - nutrients required - food rating system - checks, calories per serving (nutrition, foodness, welfare)

Korean Meal Patterns

-3 small meals with frequent snacking -rice is considered the main dish of each meal -drinking is a social ritual -chopsticks and soup spoons are the only eating utensils

Many physiological changes occurred when our earliest ancestors transitioned to the homo group. Which statement is NOT a true statement regarding the possible reasons for these changes?

-A need to adapt to environmental changes led to an increase in brain size X-An increased intake of dietary fiber led to a decrease in stomach volume -To allow for a more omnivorous diet, tooth morphology changed -Fewer calories were needed for the smaller gut, leading to more calories being made available for the brain and an increase in brain size -An increased consumption of meat led to increased brain size and development

Which of the following is an example of a core Fast Food Value presented by Alice Waters?

-Cheapness -Uniformity -Availability -Speed

Which of the following is a requirement for this course?

-Completing three written research assignments -Reading assigned articles and submitting two questions based on the readings -Participating in a digital group presentation -Answering two weekly prompts on the discussion forum

Module 3 lecture

-Dr. vitamin - elmer mccolum; pioneer in animal studies, nutrition; with assistance from others, discvoered Vit A, helped w B and D. Understood importance of palatibility. - evolutionary vitamin decay - humans, primates and guinea pigs - disabled GULO gene --> scurvy potential - do vitamins help hide the low quality of our diet? - leading cause of death in 1900: TB, GI infections, heart disease, pneumonia; 2010 - cancer, heart disease. - past: undernutrition, acute (vit A, D deficiency, iodine, calories low); current: overnutrition, chronic - past: reactive; current: proactive - white is still biggest mijority re ethnic identity, but decreasing (latino, black, etc grew) - PH nutrition efforts recommendation example - Nutrition labeling education act 1991 - to combat obesity - PH nutrition efforts - mandate example - restrictions and taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages: ethics of excluding sweetened beverages from SNAP. can we view soda the same way?

Which of the below is NOT an example of the changes on the proposed new Nutrition Facts Panel?

-Including added sugars -Larger font for the total calorie count X-Dietary fiber removed -More realistic serving sizes -Potassium content added

According to the Verza article, why is Coca-Cola and soda in general so widely consumed in Mexico?

-Over time, soda has become embedded in cultural and religious events -Soft drink companies are embedded in local and federal politics -It is cheaper and more accessible than water

Which of the following statements about health and wealth in the United States is false?

-People in the U.S. live shorter, sicker lives than people in almost every industrialized nation. X-Health outcomes have more to do with genes than on social inequities. -The United States ranks 30th in life expectancy. -The United States spends 2 trillion dollars per year on medical care. -The United States has the highest gross national product in the world.

The Crystal, et al. study on organic produce concluded that there is NOT strong evidence in support of the fact that organic foods are more nutritious than conventional foods. Why might you still choose to purchase organic foods?

-The production of organic foods supports a healthier soil ecosystem -The study has limitations, such as the fact that it is a meta-analysis and thus, more research is needed to reach a conclusion about the health of organic foods -The production of organic foods uses fewer synthetic pesticides

Dussehra

-a Hindu 10 day holiday observed in the north and south -a special dish is prepared each day and every day that dish is added to those prepared in previous days, culminating in an enormous feast on the last evening after a torchlight parade of ornamented elephants

Paan

-a combination of betel nuts and spices, such as anise seed, cardamom and fennel, wrapped in large, heart shaped betel leaves secured with a clove -it is chewed to freshen the breath and to aid digestion -dinner ends with this

Northeast Fare

-abundance of the atlantic -plenty of native and introduced produce -freshwater wealth -hard apple cider

Adaptation of Food Habits for Caribbeans

-accept some american foods like frozen and dehydrated products -meat, milk, soft drinks consumption increase on the mainland

Hard (Apple) Cider

-an alcoholic beverage caused by the fermentation of sugars in apple cider -new jersey is the state where it was first distilled to produce to produce the apple brandy known as applejack, sometimes called New Jersey lightning

Older Adult Nutrition Intake

-asian american adults are less likely than white adults to have heart disease -china: heart disease low; strike very high; cancer leading cause of death -japan: type 2 diabetes for men; ELDERS HAVE LOWER INTAKE OF CALCIUM LEADING TO OSTEOPOROSIS HIGHER THAN IN WHITES -NHPI elders reported food security issues as a result of inadequate income

Health Beliefs of Caribbeans

-believe that illness is a punishment from god -fate determines life and death -haitians recognize blood irregularities

Laotian Settlement

-cambodian and laotian immigration to the US did not begin until the US granted asylum to the residents of the refugee camps along the border with thailand in 1976-1970 -many of the refugees were hmong and mien

Pakka Foods

-cooked foods that are fried in ghee -pure -ex) milk

Asia's Landmass

-encompasses 1/3 of the world's landmass and nearly 2/3 of the global population -divided into east asia, southeast asia, south asia

SA Family Life

-family life is important in all SA societies -patriarchal -in argentina, extended family gathers together at least once a week and on holidays -in brazil, daily visits by extended family are common

South Fare

-food reflect both the bounty of the plantation and the scarcity of the slave diet -combines traditional foods of the native americans, the europeans settlers, and the african slaves -hot breads are the cornerstone of every meal -country hams, ribs, fatback, cracklings, and chitterlings were traditionally produced from hogs -seafood -fried chicken -whiskey in charred oak barrels

Health of Caribbeans

-health disparities for hispanics compared to the general population -lower rates of preventive care, health care insurance coverage, and higher rates of risk factors -rates of overweight and obesity are higher than national or state averages -dominicans and puerto ricans 2-3x at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes than americans

Duan Wu/Dragon Boat Festival

-held on the 15th day of the 5th month to commemorate the drowning death of a famous 3rd century BCE poet

Interaction Styles of Japanese

-high context -nontouching culture -stand or sit farther apart than do most americans -formality and politeness are essential

Regional Fare

-home style food prepared with local ingredients -dependent on agricultural conditions and seasonal availability -ethnic and religious practice affect the development of this -economics contribute to the popularity of certain foods such as beer markets

Cultural Perspective of Caribbean Islanders

-immigrants from the Caribbean vary in both economic and educational attainment -largest group of US hispanic population are residents from puerto rico, followed by cuba and the dominican republic -majority of cubans came to the US after fidel castro overthrew the dictatorship of batista in 1959 -4 immigrant groups of dominicans

Jhuta Foods

-innately polluted -ex) alcohol, meat -all leftovers, unless completely untouched by the consumer or by other foods that have been eaten

Difference between chinese and japanese cuisine

-japanese food preparation and presentation are unique -each item is to be seen, tasted, and relished -visual appeal reflects balance among the foods and environment

SEA promotion of health and prevention of illness

-keeping healthy requires personal harmony with the supernatural world, nature, society, and family fulfilled thru one's obligations to one's ancestors, one's religion, and one's kin and community -illness defined by a cause, not its symptoms -combine multiple belief systems: yin and yang, mexican hot and cold theory, supernatural world -filipinos believe illness seen a punishment against god -in the vnm, health is related to personal destiny

Cold Foods

-low in calories, raw or boiled/steamed, soothing -green or white in color -veggies and fruits

Religion of Filipino Americans

-majority are roman catholics -some are muslims -believe that those who hold a good life on earth will be rewarded after death -believe that god controls fate

SEA Religions

-many SEAs hold beliefs dating back to the ancient religions prevalent before the introduction of Buddhism, Catholicism, and Islam -most believe in spirits and ghosts, esp ancestors as guardians -Laotians are theravada buddhists -Cambodians are buddhists -Vietnamese are buddhists or roman catholics -filipinos are roman catholics

Traditional SA Food Habits

-native ingredients and prep techniques are combined with the foods of colonial europeans -diet is largely corn based and spiced with chile pepper -tomatoes are common -beef, rice, onions, and olive oil, introduced by the spanish and the portuguese, are eaten regularly -beans are common but not eaten at every meal -meats are grilled or smoked -3 meals a day -women prepare meals and serve them to men, women eat after men finish -european style dining is common

Indian Religion

-nearly 85% are hindus -less than 1% buddhism -2.3% christian -sikh believe in a single god -98% pakistanis are muslim

Midwest Fare

-no frills homestead and farm food -prime meat or poultry prepared simply; served with veggies, potatoes, and fresh bread -canning and freezing are common activities -wild rice

The Moon Festival

-occurs at the end of Sept. on a full moon -symbolizes togetherness of family

Salaam

-pakistanis -a very soft shake of the right hand, then touching the heart -traditional greeting between men

- breastfeeding benefits: good for baby

-perfect ratio of macronutrients -immune factors -safe and clean -encourages a healthy microbiome -reduced risk of obesity / allergies -increased IQ

Um and Yang

-proper balance must occur to maintain health -influenced by the relationships of the 5 evolutive elements (fire, water, wood, metal, and earth) and ki (vital energy)

Common Foods in India

-rice, dairy, wheat, dal -yogurt and cooking fat ghee (pure butter)

NHPI Nutritional Status

-serious nutritional deficiencies are uncommon -NHPI elders reported food security issues as a result of inadequate income -NHPIs have high rates of smoking, alcohol consumption and obesity -many NHPIs value a larger body size -leading cause of death are cancer, heart disease, unintentional injuries, stroke, and diabetes -NHPIs are 30% more likely to be diagnosed with cancer as compared to non-hispanic whites

SUNDS

-sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome -unique to SEA in the US -when a healthy person dies in their sleep

Interaction Styles of South Americans

-tend toward formality in their interaction with others -present, direct eye contact

Ch'ing Ming

-the chief spring festival, falls 106 days after the winter solstice -families go to cemetery and tend the graves of their relatives -food fed to dead

What region is known as the great plains and america's breadbasket in the US?

-the midwest -known for bread, wheat, corn

Jerk

-the wet spice mixture used as a bbq seasoning -includes allspice, black pepper, cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg, thyme, scallions and extremely hot scotch bonnet chile peppers

Hot Foods

-those high in calories, cooked in oil, and irritating to the mouth -red, orange, or yellow in color -meats, eggs, chile peppers, tomatoes, eggplant, persimmons, pomegranates, onions, leeks, garlic, ginder and alcohol

West Fare

-trappers and traders often survived on dried bison meat -some miners prepared their own meals (pork, beans, hardtrack) -farmers and ranchers consumed game with cornbreads and potatoes -CA emphasizes fresh, local cuisine

4 Immigrant Groups of Dominicans

-trujillo era -post-trujillo era -flotilla group -those who have left since the early 1980s

Kaccha Foods

-undercooked foods that are boiled in water, baked, or roasted -polluted -ex) rice, dal

Tiffin

-used to distinguish a snack from a meal -ex) coffee or tea

Korean Breakfast

-was traditionally the main meal in Korea but not it is something light -soup is always served at breakfast, along with rice -eggs, meat, fish or veggies may top the meal -kimchi and dipping sauce come with them

Onam in Kerali

10 day festival culminates with a feast served by the local women

Graff et. al. argue that because the messages are inherently misleading, marketing to children below the age of ____________ is not protected by the first amendment and should be regulated.

12

Neolithic era

12,000ya, aka "agricultural revolution" domestication of plants and animals

After 5 years in the U.S., Latino immigrants are ______ likely to have high blood pressure than when they first arrived.

150% more

Approximately when did the U.S. Department of Agriculture begin advising Americans on what to eat?

1894

When did USDA begin advising us on what to eat?

1894

mod 3 lecL USDA dietary guidelines

1943 - groups; butter/margarine, green/yellow veggies; organges/tomatoes/grapefruit; bread/flour/cereals; meat/poultry/fish/eggs; milk/milk products; pottoes/other veggies and fruits 1956-1992 - milk group/meat group / vegetable-fruit group / bread-cereal group 2005 - mypryamid - person running on side; meat&beans/mlikanddairy/veggies/grains 2011 - myplate - pic of plate with fruits, grains, veggies, protein, dairy. 2011 - harvard healthy eating plate - addresses inefficiencies of myplate - healthy oils, water, whole grains, healthly protein, fruits, veggies, stay active

Homo group

2.5 mya, larger brains, tools, expanded beyond Africa

Paleolithic era

2.5mya-12,000ya, characterized by development of stone tools, hunter-gatherer societies, low population density.

Homo sapiens

200,000ya-present, Africa to worldwide, lived through Paleolithic area

TIM

3 forces of kapha, pitta and vata

Parathropus group

3-1 mya, large teeth, powerful jaws

It is estimated that ________________ to ________________ percent of all food in the United States is wasted.

30-40

Australopithecus group

4-2 mya, walked upright regularly, climbed trees

Number of food insecure people in US

40 million

Civilization began how long ago in India?

4000 years ago

Ardipithecus group

7-4 mya, closest link to other primates

Indian Meal Composition and Cycle

=2 full meals with some snacks -early risers begins with rich coffee or tea boiled with milk and sugar -water most common beverage -all meals presented at once and eaten with hands

Food insecurity

A household-level condition of limited or uncertain access to a sufficient amount of affordable, nutritious food.

national food policy

A national food policy would do that, by investing resources to guarantee prevention of death from chronic disease: ● All Americans have access to healthful food; ● Farm policies are designed to support our public health and environmental objectives; ● Our food supply is free of toxic bacteria, chemicals and drugs; ● Production and marketing of our food are done transparently; ● The food industry pays a fair wage to those it employs; ● Food marketing sets children up for healthful lives by instilling in them a habit of eating real food; ● Animals are treated with compassion and attention to their well-being; ● The food system's carbon footprint is reduced, and the amount of carbon sequestered on farmland is increased; ● The food system is sufficiently resilient to withstand the effects of climate change.

What are possible reasons for the transition physiological changes to the homo group?

A need to adapt to environmental changes led to an increase in brain size allow for more omnivorous diet, tooth morphology changed fewer calories were needed for the smaller gut, leading to more calories being made available for the brain and an increase in the brain size an increased consumption of meat led to increased brain size and development

A person eating a traditional diet in Peru is most likely to have a microbiome profile similar to which of the following populations?

A person eating a traditional diet in Africa

What is a "sanctuary restaurant" as defined in the Severson article?

A restaurant that pledges to prohibit harassment based on factors like religion, sexual orientation, or immigration status.

Privilege

A set of unearned benefits given to people who fit into a special group

Technology

A society's technology interacts with other aspects of culture (ex. fire)

Macdiarmid, J., Kyle, J., Horgan, G., & et al. Sustainable diets for the future: can we contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by eating a healthy diet?

A sustainable diet that meets dietary requirements for health with lower GHGEs can be achieved without eliminating meat or dairy products or increasing the cost to the consumer.

The Edible Education Project seeks to get people to think about food as a(n) ________________ subject.

Academic

Ideology

Accepted definition of what is food. Possibly shaped by religion, symbolism.

Access

Access by individuals to adequate resources to acquiring appropriate foods for a nutritious diet

Contributing factors to malnutrition in "industrialized populations"

Access to healthy food, household income and food prices, subsidies, child care and other expenses, education, time constraints

Functional medicine

Addresses the underlying causes of a disease using a system-oriented approach, engaging both practitioner and patient in a personalized, therapeutic partnership.

Which of the following is NOT one of the demands made by Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers during the boycott of the California Table Grapes?

Adequate Housing

Which of the following is NOT one of the demands made by Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers during the boycott of the California Table Grapes?

Adequate housing

Influences on US food practices

Advancements in technology, ideological perspective, social organization, socioeconomics/politics, physical environment... Work. Freedom. Progress!

High rates of breastfeeding in the United States since 1970 are disproportionately observed in ____________ mothers.

Affluent

According to farmer, poet, and environmental activist Wendell Berry, "eating is a(n) ___________ act".

Agricultural

Almost 70% of water used in the world is intended for ________________ purposes.

Agricultural

Cash crops

Agricultural crop grown for sale, not eaten by household.

Industrial Revolution dietary changes

Agriculture became industry, living went from rural to urban, shift in meal patterns, "mixed blessings" regarding food

The Green Revolution

Agriculture modernization 1940-60s, more yield, GMOs, machines, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, monoculture, feedlots, aquaculture. Increase in specialization

Which of the below foods or beverages is/are allowed in Judaism, but not in the Islamic faith?

Alcohol

Organic farming

Alternative to industrial agriculture. Higher soil fertility, lower energy usage, decrease in pesticides in run-off, no GMO concerns, increased biodiversity (?), potential health benefits (?)

McDonald, C. The Breast Milk Gap.

America worse at breastfeeding than Malawi, Burundi, DR of Congo, Niger,

Ali Bouzari -

An Ingredient (with a capital "I") is a fundamental building block or recurring theme that works behind the scenes in everything we cook. There are millions of ingredients, but only eight Ingredients: Water, Sugars, Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Minerals, Gases, and Heat.

Judaism diet

Animals with cloven hooves, chew cud and properly slaughtered are okay as well as scaled, finned fish. Other animals, shellfish, most insects, blood, milk/meat from same animal are not okay. Work forbidden on Sabbath.

Which of the following agricultural methods does Polyface Farm NOT practice?

Applying synthetic fertilizer

Country with the highest beef consumption

Argentina

________________ is the country that consumes the most soft drinks worldwide.

Argentina

Availability

Availability of sufficient quantities of food of appropriate quality and diversity

Pillars of food security

Availability, access, utilization, stability

Patwardhan, B. et al. Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Comparative Overview

Ayurveda, the traditional Indian medicine (TIM) and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) remain the most ancient yet living traditions. There has been increased global interest in traditional medicine. Efforts to monitor and regulate herbal drugs and traditional medicine are underway. China has been successful in promoting its therapies with more research and science-based approach, while Ayurveda still needs more extensive scientific research and evidence base. This review gives an overview of basic principles and commonalities of TIM and TCM and discusses key determinants of success, which these great traditions need to address to compete in global markets.

Perez-Escamilla, R. Acculturation, nutrition, and health disparities in Latinos.

Background: Latinos have become the largest minority group in the United States and will represent 25% of the US population by 2050. Latinos experience a disproportionate burden of poverty and poor health outcomes. Objectives: We critically examined the evidence for a link between acculturation and health disparities in Latinos with a focus on type 2 diabetes (T2D) and nutrition-related risk factors and illustrated how acculturation principles can help design a culturally appropriate T2D self-management intervention in Latinos. Results: The preponderance of the evidence supported an association of acculturation with poor dietary quality and obesity. These associations appeared to be modified by several socioeconomic and demographic factors and were not always linear. The association between acculturation and T2D is unclear. Conclusions: Longitudinal studies and more sophisticated analytic approaches are needed to better understand if and how acculturation affects health-disparity outcomes in Latinos. Tailoring interventions to the acculturation level of individuals is likely to help reduce health disparities in Latinos.

As described in the Pollan article: "Why did the Obamas fail to take on corporate agriculture?" why was Big Ag upset about the fact that Michelle Obama planted a vegetable garden at the White House?

Because the garden was organic

When General Mills added the label "Not Made with Genetically Modified Ingredients" to Cheerios, why didn't the oats change?

Because the oats were already non-GM (there's no such thing as GM-oats)

Carman, T. Should white chefs sell burritos? A Portland food cart's revealing controversy.

Beeccaaussee ooff Poorrttllaand''ss undeerrllyyiingg rraacciissm,, tthee ppeeooppllee whoo rriigghttllyy oown ttheessee ttrraadiittiioonss aand cculltturreess tthaatt eexxiisstt aarree aallrreeaadyy ttrreeaatteed ppoooorrllyy.. Theessee aapppprroopprriiaattiingg bbussiineesssseess aarree errassiing and explloiittiing ttheeiirr aallrreeaadyy maarrggiinaalliizzeed iideenttiittiieess ffoorr tthee ppurrppoossee ooff pprrooffiitt aand pprraaiissee.. BUT cuultural ambassadorship > cultural appropriation

Reasons for less breastfeeding

Belief that breastmilk is not enough, potential stigma, push from formula companies, focus on high-tech solutions, women in workplace

Berkeley Soda Tax

Berkeley first city to tax sugar-sweetened beverages driven by need for additional tax revenue and increased obesity concern

Cause of health disparities; roberts

Best predictor of health is an individual's position in the social hierarchy.

Pollan, M. Why did the Obamas fail to take on corporate agriculture? The New York Times, 2016.

Big Food had a big problem with the first lady's food talk, and especially with one modifier: organic. In fact, she seldom if ever used that word to describe her garden, but the White House news release announcing the garden made much of the organic practices they were using — fertilizing with compost, using beneficial insects instead of chemicals to control pests and so on — so the press invariably referred to it as the White House's "organic garden." - as big food partnered with michelle obama in her war on obesity, it engaged in a campaign against any new law or regulation that threatened its freedom to make market junk food.

The Expensive Tissue hypothesis

Big brains, small guts: Brains are greedy for glucose, human brain uses 20% of BMR

Packaging psychology

Bigger containers and misleading photos lead to over-consumption. Barriers, even artificial, help to regulate consumption.

Restaurant menu labeling

Bill passed in 2010 as part of Affordable Care Act

Beneficial dietary phytonutrients that offer chemo-protection are often ___________, making them unpalatable to many consumers.

Bitter

In the Moss article about the "Extraordinary Science of Junk Food", the author explains how the "___________" is when a flavor or flavors is/are at the optimal level for a particular food.

Bliss point

Islam diet

Blood not allowed, improper slaughtering not allowed, carrion not allowed, intoxicants not allowed, no pork, insects are debated. Also, fasting during Ramadan.

Psychology and confusing labels

Brands are "rebranding" as consumers catch on. (Ex. "natural" or "simply" on Cheetos)

Breastfeeding and satiety

Breastfed are less likely to be obese --theory is that breast milk is more satisfying due to glutamate (umami)

Socioeconomic environment

Broader economic and political environment affects access to food.

Evolution of humans

C/N isotopes in bones and teeth, tooth morphology, dietary behavior of other primates, bones/shells next to hominid bones, locomotion and skeletal anatomy.

Which state emphasizes fresh, local cuisine?

California

Trans fat

Changes texture, adds shelf life, decreases saturated fat and costs. 1999 trans fat labeling proposed, 2002 scientists say there is no safe level, 2006 labeling mandatory.

Which of the below is considered to be a food high in umami?

Cheese Chicken broth Beef Mushrooms

Which population is the most dramatically impacted by agricultural pesticides?

Children in rural agricultural environments

Hidden hunger

Chronic lack of vitamins, minerals, and/or other nutrients

Critique of FOP labeling

Claims can be misleading/deceptive, claims cannot always be verified, "healthier" processed foods are not always "healthy," consumers may pick FOP foods regardless of nutritional value

Cuisine

Collectively what a population eats

Role of religion in diet

Communicate with higher power, demonstrate faith, discipline/empathy

Karuna (Buddhism)

Compassion for all creatures

GMO animal concerns

Compete with wild populations, genetic pollution, disease introduction

Western religions (100 CE)

Concrete distinction between humans, other animals, and nature

Social costs example

Contract farming, loss of family farming, weakening of local economies,

Marketing to children: Argument for regulation

Contributes to childhood obesity, all advertising to children under 12 is inherently misleading and does not fall under 1st Amendment

Farm Bill

Controversial bill renewed every 5 years that separates nutrition from agriculture bills

For Chinese-Americans in the Nan article, what are the two main reasons cited for why they tended to shift away from a traditional Chinese diet to a more Western diet after moving to the U.S.?

Convenience and availability

The Cooking hypothesis

Cooking increases overall energy obtained from that food by making digestion easier

The Lynch article suggests that the ____________ definition of "overweight" and "obese" may be different than the biomedical classification and that this definition might in fact have a greater influence on health behavior.

Cultural

Subsistence strategy

Decisions made by a group of people for the best way to procure food in a particular environment

Breastfeeding not only imparts benefits to the baby, but also to the mother. Which of the below is a benefit of breastfeeding for the mother?

Decreases depression rates Increases postpartum weight loss Increases bonding with baby Is free and clean

What is the primary mission of Imperfect Produce?

Decreasing food waste

Scientific research on vitamins begin by looking into which of the following?

Deficiency diseases

According to the Kuhnlein article, which of the following are reasons for dietary change in indigenous populations?

Delocalization of the food supply Shifts in climate or weather patterns Political upheaval Industrialization

Industrial agriculture

Delocalized, capital-intensive, labor of machines

Evolution

Developing a new characteristic

Drewnowski A., Gomez-Carneros C. Bitter taste, phytonutrients, and the consumer: a review.

Dietary phytonutrients found in vegetables and fruit appear to lower the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Studies on the mechanisms of chemoprotection have focused on the biological activity of plant-based phenols and polyphenols, flavonoids, isoflavones, terpenes, and glucosinolates. Enhancing the phytonutrient content of plant foods through selective breeding or genetic improvement is a potent dietary option for disease prevention. However, most, if not all, of these bioactive compounds are bitter, acrid, or astringent and therefore aversive to the consumer. Some have long been viewed as plant-based toxins. As a result, the food industry routinely removes these compounds from plant foods through selective breeding and a variety of debittering processes. This poses a dilemma for the designers of functional foods because increasing the content of bitter phytonutrients for health may be wholly incompatible with consumer acceptance. Studies on phytonutrients and health ought to take sensory factors and food preferences into account.

The _______ hypothesis states that with changing human ecology and the influences of modern life, our gut bacteria, which have protected us against many diseases throughout history, are degrading

Disappearing microbiota

The ________________ hypothesis states that with changing human ecology and the influences of modern life, our gut bacteria, which have protected us against many diseases throughout history, are degrading.

Disappearing microbiota

Social media and "digital grazing" cons

Distracted eating and overeating

Nutrient guidelines over time clip.. what was missing?

Diversity of population represented

What was missing in the video clip on Nutrient Guidelines Over Time?

Diversity of population represented

Front-of-Package (FOP) labeling

Driven by consumer confusion with current system and current inconsistent FOP programs (Smart Choices labeling put on hold for misleading claims)

Social media and "digital grazing" pros

Encourages interaction with food and may help establish a cooking community around food

Food environment

Environmental factors that influence food choices and diet quality

Breast milk gap

Ethnicity affects breastfeeding rates related to education, SES and culture --formula offered with benefit programs

Benefits of the family meal

Everyone eats healthier, fewer unhealthy weight control behaviors, lower risk of obesity, open communication, additional benefits for teens

Indigenous cultures & ecology

Ex. hunter-gatherers. Direct dependence on nature, hunting as a sacred act

_______ is using more land for food production, while _______ is producing more food from a given area of land.

Extensification, intensification

In the video on the fruitarian lifestyle with Michael Arnstein, Michael states that his main reason for eating only raw fruits and vegetables is that he doesn't have the time to cook.

FALSE

5 pillars of Islam

Faith, prayer, fasting, pilgrimage, and alms

According to Anna Lappé, we are still developing the technology needed to adequately feed the world.

False

According to Michel Nischan, the primary reason why people eat an unhealthy diet is because they do not understand the nutritional benefits of healthy foods.

False

According to scientific research, GM (Genetically Modified) foods are likely detrimental to health.

False

According to the Delboeuf Illusion, one trick for encouraging people to eat less and feel more satisfied is to serve food on a larger plate.

False

According to the ReFED Executive Summary, more food waste occurs upstream at farms and food manufacturing businesses than downstream at consumer-facing businesses.

False

During her travels, Dr.Daphne Miller found that people living in rural areas were generally less healthy than those living in cities because those in rural areas did not have access to grocery stores.

False

Edible Education uses food to help clarify concepts from math and science, but not literature and history.

False

Food that is blended requires more energy to digest than food that is whole.

False

Higher-income households are exposed to sugar-sweetened beverages and fast-food advertisements at a higher level than lower-income populations.

False

In the New York Times article, "The Single Most Important Ingredient", Samin Nosrat argues that salt has a greater impact on flavor than any other ingredient and that salt should only be applied at the table (not during cooking) in order to reduce total sodium consumption.

False

In the Sanger-Katz article, the authors present evidence suggesting that by fixing food deserts, the overall health of individuals in poor neighborhoods will inherently improve.

False

In the video on the fruitarian lifestyle with Michael Arnstein, Michael states that his main reason for eating only raw fruits and vegetables is that he doesn't have time to cook.

False

Insect eating is becoming popularized because insects are good sources of plant-based fiber.

False

T/F Research suggests that nutrition-focused land-use policies, such as zoning to restrict fast-food outlets in certain neighborhoods, are more often proposed in relatively small and affluent communities.

False

T/F food that is blended requires more energy to digest than food that is whole

False

Taste is responsible for a majority of the perceived flavor of a food, as there are 5 distinct receptors for different tastes.

False

There is consistent evidence that restaurant menu labeling is effective in encouraging consumers to make healthier food choices.

False

When Aquabounty genetically modified salmon is sold in stores, it must be labeled as a genetically modified product.

False

When Michael Moss asked the ad agency Victor & Spoils to tackle broccoli as their next product, they didn't think it made sense because they believed broccoli was already a popular vegetable.

False

Store/restaurant proximity

Fast food more prevalent in low income areas,

Higher BMI associated with...

Fast food, increased access to convenience stores, decreased access to grocery stores

According to Will Rosenzweig, Haas School of Business faculty and co-owner of the Republic of Tea, one reason why coffee is so popular in the United States is because coffee culture is ____________, while tea culture is ____________.

Fast, slow

According to the article by Block et. al, which environmental factor is geographically associated with predominantly black and low-income neighborhoods?

Fast-food restaurants

Baby-led weaning

Feeding as developmental process where babies use their own skills and cues

Pastorialism

Few material objects, increased division of labor, little or no concept of land ownership, highly nomadic. Low calories, high protein, high fat, rare heart disease.

Adaptation

Fine-tuning a characteristic

Specialization

Focus on a specific crop

Dietary Guidelines 2015

Focus on foods and dietary patterns over nutrients, remove total fat/cholesterol as nutrients of concern, specific sugar limits, highlight coffee can be part of healthy diet as well

Integrative medicine

Focuses on the whole person and makes use of all appropriate therapeutic approaches and fields of care for optimal health and healing.

____________ are certain foods that are forbidden in a family or culture due to tradition or convention.

Food Taboos

Baby Boomer trends

Food as key to living a higher quality of life, shop "old-fashioned way," less willing to pay more, tied to community, loyal to brands, prefer familiar foods, less diversity

Charitable food assistance

Food collected from grocery, whole sale, vendors is distributed to "agency network" aka soup kitchen or food pantries

Jernigan, V., et al. Food Insecurity and Obesity Among American Indians and Alaskan Natives and Whites in California.

Food insecurity is linked to obesity among some, but not all, racial and ethnic populations. We examined the prevalence of food insecurity and the association between food insecurity and obesity among American Indians (AIs) and Alaska Natives (ANs) and a comparison group of whites. Food insecurity was not associated with obesity in either group in analyses adjusted for sociodemographics and exercise. The ability to afford high-quality foods is extremely limited for low-income Californians regardless of race. Health policy discussions must include increased attention on healthy food access among the poor, including AIs/ANs, for whom little data exist. We found no difference in the prevalence of food insecurity between AIs/ANs and whites in this sample of low-income adults. Further, food insecurity was not significantly associated with obesity in either the AI/AN or white group.

Access and poverty

Food insecurity is strongly linked with income

In the United States, we measure hunger by measuring __________. A family is considered __________ when all members of the household have access at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life.

Food insecurity, food secure

Availability vs Accessibility

Food might be available, but poverty may make food inaccessible

In a __________ the community has very low availability of food in general, whereas in a __________ the community has very low availability of healthy food options and an abundance of unhealthy food options.

Food swamp, food desert

Food waste in US

Food waste is largest type of waste. Comes from under-harvest, rejections, home/restaurant waste.

Aspects of a sustainable diet

Food with lower agricultural and energy inputs, responsible seafood purchases, water/energy conservation practices

Allen, P. Realizing justice in local food systems.

For alternative agrifood social movements, food-system localization is both an ideal and a pathway to resolve environmental, social and economic issues in the food system. This article addresses the potential for equity within food-system localization in practical and conceptual terms. Historical processes have shaped regions and social relations with vast differences in wealth, power and privilege and this has implications for thinking about and enacting equity through food-system localization. If food-system localization efforts are to work toward equity, they must consider inherited material and discursive asymmetries within frameworks of economy, demography, geography and democracy.

______ is the original subsistence strategy of our earliest ancestors

Foraging

Stakeholders in cultural competency

Funders, plant breeders, nutritional scientists, governments and policy makers, target communities.

The problem with many studies attempting to explain the cause of racial disparities is that they conclude a genetic cause without ever studying_______.

Genes

Your ____________ is a factor beyond your control that may both influence inherent disease risk as well as alter preference for certain foods.

Genetic makeup

GMO

Genetically modified organisms

Cilantro genetics

Genetics determine whether it tastes like soap or not

Factors impact food preference

Genetics, ideology/culture/life experience, food marketing.

Intensification

Get more from the land

Benefits of breastfeeding

Good for postpartum weight loss, lowers depression, bonds child/mother, free, no refrigeration required.

Karma (Buddhism)

Good rewarded with good, bad with bad, only a matter of time

According to the article by De Vogil et. al, fast food consumption is an independent predictor of mean BMI in high-income countries. But, how do the results suggest that policy might play a role?

Government regulations preventing the spread of fast food might help to reduce this effect.

Chinese Alternative Medicine (CAM)

Growing trend of CAM use

Microbiome

Gut bacteria that have evolved with human and dietary evolution. Symbiotic relationship.

what of the following is not one of the demands made by cesar chavez and the US farm workers during the boycott of the california table grapes?

HOUSING! they advocated for fair bargaining, testing for pesticide residues, growers to stop using certain dangerous pesticides, and fair elections

The __________ plate was created in order to address the inefficiencies of MyPlate. One example of a difference between this plate and MyPlate is that it includes ______ instead of milk.

Harvard Healthy Eating, water

Horticulture

Harvest small plots of land for home consumption largely in tropical, humid, high rainfall lands. Relies on human energy, simple tools, slash & burn, supplemented with hunting/gathering, higher pop. density, increased social hierarchy/labor division, semi-permanent villages. Food determined by environment. Susceptible to famine/malnutrition.

Stability

Having adequate food at all times; access and utilization of food remains stable over time.

This is the term used when we attribute health benefits to a food with a label that is not actually an indicator of health benefits, such as "natural" or "low-fat".

Health-halo

__________ is the term for when a diet contains adequate calories and protein, but insufficient vitamins and minerals.

Hidden hunger

Sodium intake

High and very low sodium intake correlated with CVD

Why is it that in a foraging society, while food scarcity does exist, famine and chronic malnutrition are rare?

High dietary diversity Lower population density Fewer social inequities

Why is fast food bad?

High environmental costs, lack of nutrients, unhealthy foods, health risks, sick animals, and non-localized

Pesticides concerns

High level of exposure for farm workers(acute/chronic illness), may build up over time, developmental affects

Disparities in diet quality

High, medium SES quality increasing, low SES quality decreasing

Which of the below is NOT a food trend observed in the United States over the past 150 years?

Higher percent of income spent on food

Janmashtami

Hindu holiday commemorates the birth of Krishna

In the video clip from "Fresh", it is clear that everything Will Allen knows about farming he learned from ___________.

His parents

SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) and Block Granting

House budget plan is converting SNAP into a block grant. States decide who's benefits to terminate or continue.

Man-the-Hunter hypothesis

Human physiology started to change about 2 mya due to increased caloric density from meat

By what mechanism does fiber improve health?

If you dump a load of fiber—or microbiota-accessible carbohydrates—onto a colonic community of microbes, those that specialize in fermenting it will bloom. And they'll start churning out short-chain fatty acids. These acids are one of the long-sought mechanisms by which fiber prevents disease. Rodent studies suggest that as they diffuse into circulation, they stimulate the anti-inflammatory arm of the immune system—cells that help you not attack tree pollen and other harmless proteins—preventing allergies and other inflammatory diseases. The calming effect reaches as far as the bone marrow and lungs the acids reduced animals' vulnerability to asthma.

_____ is the main reason farmworkers are scared to speak up about the issues they are experiencing on the job.

Immigration status

Family

Important economic unit responsible for producing and distributing food.

What came first in our evolutionary history? Large brains, use of fire, enriched diet complete w/ omega-3 FA, or significant meat consumption in the diet?

Impossible for us to know for sure

Marketing to children

Include something with positive associations, bright colors, make parents think it's healthy by being misleading

What is the single best way to help improve the health of your gut microbiome?

Increase fiber intake

Getting to equity

Increase healthy options, reduce deterrents to healthy behavior, improve social and economic resources, build community capacity.

Food insecurity on college campuses is not a new occurrence, but what is one reason why prevalence has likely increased in recent years?

Increased cost of living in cities where colleges are located

Overnutrition leads to...

Increased rates of chronic disease (Related to obesity, heart problems, etc)

Trans fat concerns

Increases LDL, decreases HDL, increases triglycerides, plaque formation and inflammation

The Decolonizing Diet project in Michigan challenges people to eat a diet that can be best described as which of the below?

Indigenous

Which of the below religions emphasizes the strongest and most direct connection to nature?

Indigenous religions

Diet

Individually what someone eats

Why is overnutrition increasing?

Industrialization and globalization is leading to changing dietary patterns. Urbanization and sedentary lifestyles. Increased fast food availability.

4 P's: Price

Inexpensive foods are the most heavily marketed. More profit, more appeal, greater variability in purchasing.

US food practices

Infrequent cooking, eating out is no longer a special occasion, grazing (lots of snacking), solo dining (largely due to work demands, desk job)

exercise and human brain - reynolds

Interestingly, after multiple generations, these animals began to develop innately high levels of substances that promote tissue growth and health, including a protein called brain-derived neurotrophic factor, or BDNF. These substances are important for endurance performance. They also are known to drive brain growth. Levels of BDNF, early ancestors: Eventually, these early athletes had enough BDNF coursing through their bodies that some could migrate from the muscles to the brain, where it nudged the growth of brain tissue.

Eastern religion (600 BCE)

Interrelation between humans and other life forms

Big 3 Micronutrient Deficiencies

Iron (3.5 billion), iodine (740 million), and Vitamin A (190 million children <5)

Intensive agriculture

Irrigation, animal labor, terracing, crop rotation, fertilizers. Dense population, differentiation of skills, materialism, land ownership, permanent homes/structures, trading, taxes.

The primary reason why a double cheeseburger is cheaper than a head of broccoli in the United States is because fast food __________.

Is heavily subsidized

Western religions & ecology

Islam, Judaism, Christianity --share biblical heritage. Monotheistic, humans rule animal kingdom and are separate from other species in natural world

Which came first in our evolutionary history?

It is impossible for us to know for sure

What was the key problem with the Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative of 2009?

It was a voluntary self-regulation program

Which state discovered whiskey in charred oak barrels?

Kentucky

Labeling and behavioral psychology

Label something "antioxidant-rich" or "mouthwatering" and people are more likely to choose that item

Undernutrition

Lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having or eating enough food necessary for growth and health

The Industrial Revolution

Late 18th century, innovative technologies led to mass production.

Kashrut (Judaism)

Laws pertaining to food

Agricultural revolution dietary changes

Lead to population explosion, but also less diverse diet which leads to difficulty achieving balance, nutritional deficiencies, risk of famine, infectious diseases, social inequality.

School lunch political battleground

Let's move campaign - michelle obama; not supported by lunch ladies

By analyzing two different populations with genetically similar backgrounds, Schulz and colleagues conclude that the significantly higher diabetes rates of U.S. Pima Indians as compared to Mexican Pima Indians can be attributed only to differences in which of the following?

Lifestyle Environment

Efforts to reduce food waste

Local programs/campaigns (composting), industry goals, commitments, and campaigns (trayless dining, portion control), personal efforts

Costs of monoculture

Loss of biodiversity, decrease in nutritional status, vulnerability to drought/famine/disease, loss of culinary variety/tradition

Stunting

Low height for age

Which statement below summarizes the conclusion from the Institute of Medicine report on Sodium Intake of Populations?

Low sodium intake is a risk factor for disease as is sodium intakes that are too high.

Wasting

Low weight for age

Poverty and spending on food

Lower income families spend a much larger portion of their income on food and are unable to spend it on healthier food kids might not eat/fill them up.

Parent roles in food-family relationship

Make food accessible/available, portion control, modeling behaviors, feeding styles

Which of the following is NOT an example of a core Fast Food Value presented by Alice Waters?

Marketing

Which of the following is NOT an example of a core Fast Food Value presented by Alice Waters?

Marketing Core fast food values: Cheapness Speed Uniformity Availability

4 P's: Place

Marketing saturated environment (Ex. TV, schools, stores, cell phones, internet, movies, magazines, billboards, etc)

In the Edible Education excerpt about Transparency of the Food System, Michael Pollan talks about his visit to a potato farm where they grow Russet potatoes. Why do the farmers he talks to primarily grow Russet potatoes?

McDonald's requests Russet potatoes Americans like their food to be consistent

Challenges to providing Kosher food

Meat and milk must be Kosher, separate equipment for milk/meat, equipment must be certified Kosher.

Verza, Maria. The "Coca-Colaization" of Mexico, the Spark of Obesity.

Mexico - 2.25 L daily, Chiapas - city wher 70% is overweight, 30% obese/ with 1994 North american free trade act, coke consumption doubled. soft drinks + malnourishment = alam, in chiapas. --> diabetes, heart disease, blindness...

mwas

Microbiome-wide association studies (MWASs) in humans or animal models have revealed that substantial deviations from "normal" are observed in several disease states. Probiotics are defined as live microbes that confer a health benefit when consumed in adequate quantities.

Generation Z

Millennials on steroids. Technologically savvy, diverse ethnicity, want to change the world, personalization, tries different ways of eating

Disparities in access to healthful food

Minorities, low SES

US food environment

More food availability, bigger portion sizes, more food marketing, lower proximity to grocery stores, increase in healthful food prices

Garsd, Jasmine. Taking the Heat: Is foodie culture making room for female chefs? National Public Radio, 2015

More male chefs than female

Modern industrial practices

More yields, wealth of knowledge, grow everywhere all year, abundant and cheap

Buddhism diet

Most are vegetarian, often vegan. May avoid alcohol. Monks rely on alms

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Practice Application Paper. Cultural Competency: Where It Is and Where It's Headed.

Most patients first language not english..

SNAP and work requirements

Must be able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWD) ages 18-49, time limit is >80 hours/month or comply with workfare program --otherwise, only 3 months in 3 years.

Rasmussen, K. Calibrating Flavour part 1: measuring the sense in a fast paced world.

Napping® is a sensory method where participants are presented all samples at one time and asked to arrange them on X,Y coordinates of a sheet, placing samples closer together that are more similar, and farther apart that are less similar (Figure 2). The purpose of the study was to capture the sensory differences in a large set of spice blends and pastes using two fast sensory methods, Napping® and Ultra-Flash Profiling (UFP). The results could then be analyzed to determine the adequacy of the sensory evaluation methods.

Child nutrition programs

National School Lunch Program (NSLP), National School Breakfast Program (NSBP), Child & Adult Food Care Program (CAFCP), Summer Meals Program.

One aspect of the New Nordic diet is an emphasis on the connection between food and ________________.

Nature

4 P's: Products

New introduced food/beverage items. >50% are candy, gum, snacks, beverages

Social Organization

Norms that regulate relationships and, in turn, access to food.

In the Barnhill article on excluding sugar-sweetened beverages from the SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program), the author argues that soda does not further the aims of the SNAP program because it is not _________.

Nutrient-dense

As countries increasingly globalize, a concurrent increased consumption of processed foods, added sugars, calories, and animal products typically takes place. This is known as the ________________.

Nutrition transition

o'keefe - Cardiovascular Disease Resulting From a Diet and Lifestyle at Odds With Our Paleolithic Genome: How to Become a 21st-century Hunter-Gatherer

Nuts are a valuable source of monounsaturated fats and have been shown to be cardioprotective in at least 6 epidemiological studies.' HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein hunger gathering - These circumstances provided a diet high in lean protein, polyunsaturated fats (especially omega-3 [(D-3] fatty acids), monounsaturated fats, fiber, vitamins,minerals, antioxidants, and other beneficial phytochemicals.

Schulz, L.O., et al., Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S.

OBJECTIVE— Type 2 diabetes and obesity have genetic and environmental determinants. We studied the effects of different environments on these diseases in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S. RESULTS— The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the Mexican Pima Indians (6.9%) was less than one-fifth that in the U.S. Pima Indians (38%) and similar to that of non-Pima Mexicans (2.6%). The prevalence of obesity was similar in the Mexican Pima Indians CONCLUSIONS— The much lower prevalence of type 2 diabetes and obesity in the Pima Indians in Mexico than in the U.S. indicates that even in populations genetically prone to these conditions, their development is determined mostly by environmental circumstances, thereby suggesting that type 2 diabetes is largely preventable. This study provides compelling evidence that changes in lifestyle associated with Westernization play a major role in the global epidemic of type 2 diabetes.

Evaluation of sensory science requires both ___________ and ___________ tools.

Objective, subjective

Lynch E., Kane J. Body Size Perception Among African American Women.

Objective: To assess body size perception among African American women using cultural definitions of body size terms. Methods: Sixty-nine African American women classified Body Image Scale figures as overweight, obese, and too fat, and independently selected the figure they considered closest to their current body size. Results: Body size classifications of figures did not vary by participant weight status. Overweight figures were not considered too fat. Conclusions and Implications: The difference between cultural (folk) and medical definitions of body size terms may serve as a barrier to effective communication between patients and providers about health effects of excess adiposity.

Timmerman, G., Brown, A. The Effect of Mindful Restaurant Eating Intervention on Weight Management in Women

Objective: To evaluate the effect of a Mindful Restaurant Eating intervention on weight management. The intervention, using 6 weekly 2-hour, small group sessions, focused on reducing calorie and fat intake when eating out through education, behavior change strategies, and mindful eating meditations. Results: Participants in the intervention group lost significantly more weight (P¼.03), had lower average daily caloric (P ¼ .002) and fat intake (P ¼ .001), had increased diet-related self-efficacy (P ¼ .02), and had fewer barriers to weight management when eating out (P ¼ .001). Conclusions and Implications: Mindful Restaurant Eating intervention was effective in promoting weight management in perimenopausal women.

De Vogil R., et al. The influence of market deregulation on fast food consumption and body mass index: a cross-national time series

Objective: To investigate the effect of fast food consumption on mean population body mass index (BMI) and explore the possible influence of market deregulation on fast food consumption and BMI. Conclusion Fast food consumption is an independent predictor of mean BMI in high-income countries. Market deregulation policies may contribute to the obesity epidemic by facilitating the spread of fast food. In this article we use a novel measure - the number of per capita fast food transactions (local and transnational) - to test the hypothesis that rising fast food consumption has been a major determinant of population increases in body mass index (BMI) among high-income countries belonging to the (OECD). We also examine whether market deregulation may have contributed to higher BMI by facilitating the spread of fast food.

Nan LV., et al. Dietary Pattern Change and Acculturation of Chinese Americans in Pennsylvania.

Objective: To obtain information about dietary pattern change of Chinese Americans in Pennsylvania and its relationship with demographic characteristics and acculturation indicators. Results: After immigration, Chinese Americans increased consumption frequency of all seven food groups (grains, vegetables, fruits, meat/meat alternatives, dairy products, fats/sweets, and beverages) and Western foods while consumption frequency of traditional Chinese foods decreased. Dietary variety also increased after immigration. Higher education and higher income levels were associated with a larger increase in consumption frequency of grains, vegetables, and fruits. Persons who resided in the United States for a longer period of time shared a greater increase in their consumption frequencies of vegetables, fats/sweets, and beverages. Persons with better English proficiency had a greater increase in their consumption frequency of grains, fruits, meat/meat alternatives, and fats/sweets. Conclusions: This study can help nutrition educators design educational programs for first-generation Chinese Americans that can facilitate the adoption of more healthful dietary practices. Nutrition educators should consider the dietary changes of Chinese-American participants, such as skipping breakfast and increased consumption frequency of fats, sweets, and soft drinks, which were observed in this study. For example, acculturated first-generation Chinese Americans should be encouraged to decrease fats, sweets, and soft-drink consumption. Less-acculturated persons should be encouraged to maintain their healthful dietary pattern and increase consumption of vegetables and fruits.

Pastorialism: animal husbandry

Obtain food from raising and breeding animals. Arid, open land.

Christianity & diet

Often includes communion with God through food. (Ex. 7th-day Adventist whole/healthfulness is important, advocates for vegetarianism, most avoid alcohol/caffeine)

The concept of the ________________ demonstrates how, unlike many other living things, humans can obtain nutrients from both plant and animal foods, which is both a blessing and sometimes a curse.

Omnivore's Paradox

Chang, Kenneth. Stanford Scientists cast doubt on advantages of organic meat and produce. The New York Times, 2012.

One finding of the study was that organic produce, overall, contained higher levels of phosphorus than conventional produce. But because almost everyone gets adequate phosphorus from a wide variety of foods, they said, the higher levels in the organic produce are unlikely to confer any health benefit. The organic produce also contained more compounds known as phenols, believed to help prevent cancer, than conventional produce. The study's conclusions about pesticides did seem likely to please organic food customers. Over

Rosen, Y. Shift from traditional foods takes toll on Alaska Native populations.

One thing that may be contributing to poor dietary habits, Ferguson said, is something called "epigenetic" stress -- externally caused physiological stress that creates physical traits passed on to future generations.

The term _______ omnivores means that humans take advantage of the food that is available in the environment around them.

Opportunistic

Humans are...

Opportunistic omnivores

In the video clip about Native Americans in Minnesota, what is the term that the "Sioux Chef" uses for commodities like lard and sugar?

Oppression food

Carrington, Clear differences between organic and non-organic food. The Guardian, 2014. (Links to an external site.)

Organic food has more of the antioxidant compounds linked to better health than regular food, and lower levels of toxic metals and pesticides, according to the most comprehensive scientific analysis to date. Sanders said he was not persuaded by the new work. "You are not going to be better nourished if you eat organic food," he said. "What is most important is what you eat, not whether it's organic or conventional. It's whether you eat fruit and vegetables at all. People are buying into a lifestyle system. They get an assurance it is not being grown with chemicals and is not grown by big business." why people choose organic - healthy eating; avoiding chemical residue; care for environment and nature; taste of organic food; animal welfare

"Mental seasoning"

Packaging affects perception of food (Ex. silver spoon vs plastic, heavier plate, cheese eaten with knife, rounded packaging).

Subsistence strategy: hunter-gatherer

Paleolithic era --rise of agriculture. Technology included human energy and simple tools. Small communities, placed value on sharing, labor divided by age and gender. Migratory patterns, mostly nomadic.

shute - cooking up change, food fuels civil rights

Paschal - southern cooking, brought people together. Gilmore - club from nowhere, sold baked goods, then proceeds went for gasoline that ferried people around.

The first ice cream parlor was founded in...

Pennsylvania (1800)

Utilization

People have the knowledge and infrastructure to choose, prepare, and distribute foods in a way that results in good nutrition.

Halal (Islam)

Permitted food laws

Kosher (Judaism)

Permitted foods

Double burden of malnutrition

Persistence of undernutrition along with rapid rise in overweight and obesity

GMO benefits

Pest, disease, herbicide resistance, increased nutritional value, reduced pesticide use (?)

GMO concerns

Pesticide/herbicide resistant pests, DNA mutations, allergenicity, unintended harm to other organisms, monopolies, ethical considerations, no labeling in US

Which biocultural framework factor is the primary reason for the high levels of sodium in Scandinavian foods?

Physical environment

A milkshake labeled "indulgence" led to a faster decrease in ghrelin, the hunger hormone, vs. a milkshake labeled "sensishake" despite calories being the same for both. This research is primarily an example of the connection between food labeling and ____________.

Physiology

Which of the below foods is a common cause of disagreement in the "school lunch political battleground"?

Pizza

What does Guthman argue is necessary (and often lacking in obesity rhetoric) to create a healthier food system?

Policy

Food Police, guthman

Pollan and other experts think that if people just know where their food comes from, they'll change their habits. Obesity epidemic - blamed often on fat people, like it's always a choice. Moral high horse. need more policy.

Eastern religions & ecology

Polytheistic, inter-relatedness of humans and other beings, reincarnation, non-violence, nature is sacred

____________ is an example of a negative health impact associated with acculturation of recent Latino immigrants to America, while ____________ is an example of a positive health impact.

Poor dietary habits, fewer barriers to healthcare

Populations at risk for undernutrition

Poor, refugees, chronic infection, infants/children, women

Neolithic era social changes

Population growth, larger group settlements -> social interaction, not everyone had to be involved in getting food, food trade

_________ happens when certain groups of humans have adapted genetically to be better suited to different diets.

Population-level differences

Poverty and hunger

Poverty is largest contributor to hunger and malnutrition

In the King's Candy podcast, what candy did Robert make in his secret kitchen as he started a chapter of the Black Panthers?

Pralines

Which of the statements below are true regarding the Fijian case study presented in America the Beautiful?

Pre-Western influence, larger bodies were perceived as beautiful.

Which of the traits below is/are more likely to be observed in Baby Boomers than Millenials?

Preference for familiar food Shopping the "old fashioned way"

Women, infants & children (WIC)

Pregnant, breastfeeding, infants & children under 5 years old.

Leveraging culture for health

Preservation/reintroduction of traditional food culture for empowered health change

ReFed. A Roadmap to Reduce U.S. Food Waste by 20 Percent.

Prevention, recovery, recycling Prevention: Standardized Date Labeling, Consumer Education Campaigns, Waste Tracking & Analytics. Recovery: policy, education, logistics. Donation tax incentives, standardized donation regulation, donation matching software; Recycling: centralized composting, centralized anaerobic digestion, and water resource recovery facilities with AD. Path ahead: policy (donation tax incentives, food donation regulation, recycling best practices); education (consumer education campaigns); innovation (packaging/labeling, software,

Consumer level food environment

Pricing, availability, social surroundings (friends, family)

What do all successful diets have in common?

Pro-vegetable, anti-processed, low to no sugar and refined grain, more limited = more difficult to sustain

Domestic food trends (US)

Processed, packaged foods, out of balance with recommendations, lower % of income spent on food, disconnected/delocalized, cooking less often, grazing, solo dining

4 P's marketing

Product Price Place Promotion

The 4 P's of Marketing

Product, Price, Place, Promotion

Conditional Cash Transfers (CCT)

Programs that transfer cash, generally to poor households on the condition that those households make pre-specified investments in the human capital of their children.

Haram (Islam)

Prohibited food laws

CCT incentives

Provides economic incentive to change behavior regardless of social norms, cost/benefit analysis, individual contexts, etc.

What causes health disparities?

Racial and ethnic minorities -> increased exposure to poor SES environments -> increased stress -> increase in unhealthy biological and behavior responses -> health disparities

"Redlining"

Ranked each neighborhood by investment risk, often African Americans targeted and deemed "red neighborhood"

Administering vitamin A-rich sweet potatoes to a population experiencing vitamin A deficiency disease is an example of a(n) ________________ public health campaign.

Reactive

What are the 3 main tenants of freeganism in order of importance?

Reduce, reuse, recycle

What are the three main tenants of freeganism in order of importance?

Reduce, reuse, recycle

Severe undernutrition

Reduced head circumference, kwashiorkor, marasmus, wasting

Which idea below is an example of a technological food development popularized in the Industrial Revolution and a negative ramification associated with that development?

Refinement strips nutrients from grains

Food neophobia

Reluctance to try new foods

According to the Department of Labor, 7 of the top 10 lowest paid jobs are _________ jobs.

Restaurant

according to the department of labor, 7 of the top 10 lowest paid jobs are ________ jobs

Restaurant

A staple food of most horticulturists is ___________, which is one reason why horticultural societies are susceptible to famine and malnutrition.

Roots

What helped our ancestors chew tough, fibrous foods? Similar to modern-day primates?

Sagittal crest

Lecture Mod 1

Salt recommendations: conflicting opinions on connection b/t increased salt intake and increasedVCD. Most in the US still currently consume too much salt. - biocultural framework - personalized nutrition - nutrigenomics - relationship b/tgenes and diet - sodium intake USA: procesed foods > natural > processed meat > home cooking - scandinavia and salt: sodium intake higher than in US, but cardiovascular disease rates lower; chronic disease is new occurrence, hard to connect to traditional diets of past. - omnivore's paradox / dilemma - you want to try new foods but you're comfortable with what you know. omnivores must seek out and explore new potential foods while remaining wary of them until they are proven safe. Omnivores therefore go through life with two competing motives: neophilia (an attraction to new things) and neophobia (a fear of new things). People vary in terms of which motive is stronger, and this variation will come back to help us in later chapters: - social - of or relating to a society - culture - shared understandings that characterize a group. behaviors, beliefs. - society and ideology - the family unit plays a big role in establishing the sociocultural environment and defining what is a food

Severson, K. Chefs Struggle Over Whether to Serve Up Politics.

Sanctuary restaurants are not like sanctuary cities, which have laws to protect undocumented immigrants

Barnhill article argument that soda does not further the aims of the SNAP program because it is not

Satiating

In the Barnhill article on excluding sugar-sweetened beverages from the SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program), the author argues that soda does not further the aims of the SNAP program because it is not _________.

Satiating

Disabled GULO gene

Scurvy potential

Which of the below is NOT a key focus of Phat Beets Produce?

Seasonality

The Nation of Islam links a soul food diet to a ____________ diet, which is why they reject many staple foods in soul food cuisine.

Slave

Why is undernutrition not improving rapidly?

Slow progress in improving water and sanitation systems. Public health systems are not strong.

Slow vs fast food "movements" in US

Slow: Policies, embracing ugly produce, teaching kitchens, films about food. Fast: Miracle cure sales, fad diets, fast-casual restaurants, home food delivery, tech over human services, meal replacements, solo dining, social media (?)

Although now ubiquitous, ________________ used to be considered "low class" until foods such as pretzels were commercialized.

Snacking

Socioeconomic status

Social class or standing defined by education level, income, occupation, power, privilege, etc.

A(n) ___________ food system is one in which power and material resources are shared equitably so that people and communities can meet their needs, and live with security and dignity, now and into the future.

Socially just

Which of the following is the single best predictor of health?

Socioeconomic status

Which of the below foods has NEVER been included in the USDA recommendations as part of a food group that should be consumed daily?

Soda

Which of the below foods has NEVER been included in the USDA recommendations as part of a food group that should be consumed daily?

Soda foods that have: Margarine Potatoes Pork Corn

Sustainability concerns

Soil erosion, water use, energy use, social costs, vulnerability to famine, unpredictability of GMO crops/animals, delocalization, animal/human welfare, antibiotic/pesticide use, farming seafood. cloning

According to Carlo Petrini, food is no longer produced to be eaten, but to be ________________.

Sold

SAD

Standard American Diet: Processed foods, added sugars, sedentary lifestyle, high levels of omega-6 vs omega-3.

Tavernise, S. Calories on Menus: Nationwide Experiment Into Human Behavior.

Starting next November, menus in many places where Americans eat — like chain restaurants and some movie theaters, convenience stores and amusement parks — will have to list calories. consumers even saw the posted calories, and of those, a little over a quarter (around 15 percent of the total) said the information changed what they ordered. those who changed their ordering behavior tended to be the more educated consumers — in other words, not the target population. Americans with more education tend to be less likely to be obese than those with less, though there are exceptions.

Rosenzweig argues in his Fortune article that food entrepreneurs (or "foodpreneurs") should consider themselves ____________ the food system, rather than hackers or disrupters.

Stewards of

Breastfeeding sociocultural influences

Still taboo in US, creates discomfort for some, lots of controversy from feminists.

Indigenous religion

Strong emphasis on relationship with land and non-human beings

Which of the below is NOT an example of a physiological change that occurred when our earliest ancestors transitioned to the homo group?

Stronger jaws

Which of the below is NOT an example of a physiological change that occurred when our earliest ancestors transitioned to the homo group?

Stronger jaws changes: Smaller large intestine Smaller teeth Smaller stomach volume Some sharper teeth

Mild undernutrition

Stunting, underweight

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for this course?

Submitting a weekly reflection video

In the Edible Education excerpt about Transparency of the Food System, Raj Patel uses _______ to highlight the lack of transparency in our food system.

Sugar

According to Robinson in "Breeding the Nutrition Out of Our Food", we have selectively bred certain species of fruits and vegetables to be higher in _________ and _________ and lower in nutrients.

Sugar, starch

Because ____________ have a higher sensitivity to ____________, they have an increased likelihood of diet-related disease.

Super-tasters, bitter foods

Potential solutions to undernutrition

Support maternal nutrition and health, support breastfeeding and infant nutrition, improve public health infrastructure (clean water, immunizations, etc)

Slow Food's mission

Supporting Buy Local movement, protect local culinary traditions, preserving seeds and plant varieties, promoting local food production and local cuisine, educating citizens about risk of fast food, factory farms, and monoculture farming, lobbying against GMOs, lobbying for organic farming and against pesticides, teaching gardening skills and connecting people to their food

Dietary Guidelines 2015 critique

Switch to nutrients when highlighting foods to "eat less," removal of recommendations influenced by environmental factors (plant-based), conflicting/confusing recommendations

In functional medicine, practitioners attempt to address the underlying causes of a disease using a ____________-based approach, rather than just addressing the ____________ of the disease.

Systems, symptoms

Racial disparities in health are firmly established, but identifying their cause is controversial.

T

The sagittal crest helped our ancestors chew tough, fibrous foods, as it similarly helps some modern-day primates.

T

T/F Racial disparities in health are firmly established, but identifying their cause is controversial

TRUE

T/F current USDA DGA are influenced by political factors?

TRUE

The Powell, et. al. article describes how advertisers graphically target ____________ to market specific foods to African American populations.

TV ads

Grier S., Kumanyika, S. The Context for Choice: Health Implications of Targeted Food and Beverage Marketing to African Americans.

Targeted marketing of high-calorie foods and beverages to ethnic minority populations, relative to more healthful foods, may contribute to ethnic disparities in obesity and other diet-related chronic conditions. We conducted a systematic review of studies published in June 1992 through 2006 (n=20) that permitted comparison of food and beverage marketing to African Americans versus Whites and others. Eight studies reported on product promotions, 11 on retail food outlet locations, and 3 on food prices. Although the evidence base has limitations, studies indicated that African Americans are consistently exposed to food promotion and distribution patterns with relatively greater potential adverse health effects than are Whites. The limited evidence on price disparities was inconclusive.

Sociocultural Environment

Technology, social organization, and ideology

Which of the below statements is NOT true when comparing the USDA MyPlate and the Harvard Healthy Eating Plate graphics?

The Harvard Healthy Eating Plate specifies "organic vegetables", while MyPlate just indicates "vegetables".

Rise in food allergy hypotheses

The Hygiene Hypothesis, delayed introduction of foods, increased awareness/reporting, forms of the foods that we eat

Georgia Gilmore helped to fuel the Civil Rights movement by providing food during which event(s)?

The Montgomery bus boycott

Although focused primarily on politics, which organization also provided nourishing food to children on a mass scale?

The Nordic Food Lab

Otokiti, et al. Impact of Acculturation and Diverse Ethnomedical Beliefs on Health care Delivery to recent New York Immigrants.

The U.S remains the most culturally diverse nation in the world and New York City (NYC) is the largest, most populous, densely populated major city in the U.S. The New York region continues to be the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States. The multicultural nature of NYC is such that 36% of its population is foreign born and almost half of its population speaks a language other than English at home. Acculturation explains the process of cultural and psychological change that results at both individual and group levels following the meeting of cultures. It can be considered as a process by which people achieve social and functional fitness within a host community. This process is not without its challenges. In this paper we examine the various acculturation strategies and their impact on health of new immigrants while showing the significance of diverse ethnomedical beliefs of the recent NYC immigrant.

What do the Sonnenburgs believe is the primary factor that is starving the microbial self?

The Western Diet

What do the Sonnenburgs, key researchers of the human microbiome, believe is the primary factor that is "starving the microbial self"?

The Western Diet

What do the Sonnenburgs, key researchers of the human microbiome, believe is the primary factor that is "starving the microbial self"?

The Western diet

Cultural humility

The ability of a person to maintain an interpersonal stance that is open to other ways of life in relation to aspects of cultural identity that are most important to the person.

Graff, Samantha et al. Government Can Regulate Food Advertising To Children Because Cognitive Research Shows That It Is Inherently Misleading

The childhood obesity crisis has prompted repeated calls for government action to curb the marketing of unhealthy food to children. Food and entertainment industry groups have asserted that the First Amendment prohibits such regulation. However, case law establishes that the First Amendment does not protect "inherently misleading" commercial speech. Cognitive research indicates that young children cannot effectively recognize the persuasive intent of advertising or apply the critical evaluation required to comprehend commercial messages. Given this combination—that government can prohibit "inherently misleading" advertising and that children cannot adequately understand commercial messages—advertising to children younger than age twelve should be considered beyond the scope of constitutional protection.

Cultural competency

The delivery of health services that are respectful of and responsive to the health beliefs, practices, and cultural and linguistic needs of diverse populations.

Where's the fruit

The findings of this study also suggest that there may be an important role for government regulation. Current FDA regulations on health claims and product definitions such as those for fruit drinks are not sufficiently protecting parents and children; these regulations need to be updated to ensure the packaging clearly states fruit content on the cover. Further, parents and children would be assisted by requiring that added dietary sugars be included on the nutrition facts panel, so they can better understand how much sweetener is in these products.

Smith-Spangler, Crystal &et al. Are Organic Foods Safer or Healthier Than Conventional Alternatives?

The health benefits of organic food are unclear. The published literature lacks strong evidence that organic foods are significantly more nutritious than conventional foods. Consumption of organic foods may reduce exposure to pesticide residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. no diff in vitamins; more e coli in organic; conventional chicken and pork h ave a higher risk for contamination with bacteria resistant to 3> antibiotics than wer eorganic. no difference in risk for contamination of produce/animal products with pathogenic bacteria. conventioanl produce - 30% higher risk for pesticide contamination no long-term studies of health outcomes of populations having mostly organic vs conventionally produced food.

Which option below is NOT emphasized in the New Nordic Movement?

The promotion of a diet high in wild game meat

Anderson-Loftin, W. et al. Soul Food Light: Culturally Competent Diabetes Education.

The purpose of this study was to test effects of a culturally competent, dietary self management intervention on physiological outcomes and dietary behaviors for African Americans with type 2 diabetes. soul food light Results suggest the effectiveness of a culturally competent dietary self-management intervention in improving health outcomes for southern African Americans, especially those at risk due to high-fat diets and body mass index ≥ 35 kg/mm2. Given the burgeoning problem of obesity in South Carolina and the nation, the time has come to focus on aggressive weight management. Diabetes educators are in pivotal positions to assume leadership in achieving this goal for vulnerable, rural populations. BMI and FHQ

Nutrigenomics

The relationship between genes and diet

Challenge of modern dietary illnesses

They develop over time, cures require holistic approach, studying them is problematic ("gold standard" is impractical, observation based)

Which of the below statements is true for ALL of the populations in the U.S. that have higher rates of diabetes than the general population?

They have been dispossessed of their land and their history

In Guthman's article, she criticizes the work of Michael Pollan and others in the food movement, particularly how they discuss the dramatic rise of obesity in recent years. What is the main issue that Guthman has with how Pollan and/or others approach the obesity epidemic?

They should spend more time educating people about the negative health consequences of obesity, such as increased risk of Type 2 diabetes or heart disease.

4 P's: Promotion

Think of McDonald's/Olympics, Doritos/Taco Bell, celebrities/item, Pepsi/Kendall Jenner (lol)

Sustainability

To maintain the food system, the raw materials for foods and natural resources used for food transformation and distribution must be conserved, not depleted or degraded.

Kuhnlein - dietary change and traditional food systems of indigenous people

Traditional food system" is used to identify all food within a particular culture available from local natural resources and culturally accepted. 1. decrease in # plant/animal species, transfer of cultural knowledge to youth, time/energy for harvesting bc employment and increased concern for env contaminants --> 2. decreased density of species, decrease land use and harvesting, increased new foods available and acceptable --> 3. LOSS OF TRADITIONAL FOOD SYSTEMS--> 4. decrease in cultural specific food activities, increased sedentary life, decrease dietary diversity and cultural morale--> 5. INCREASE OBESITY, diabetes, alcoholism, gall bladder disease, heart D, anemia, tooth loss, otitis media, infections, cancer. kung bushmen, kalahari desert - meat veggies hunting gathering, then 1984 --> food purchased fro mstores, then anemia nuxalk - british columbia - fishing/hunting/gathering - mostly fish; food availability and taste preferences/appreciation hopi - Hopi children and demonstrated intakes below the recommended daily allowance for vitamin D, calcium, and zinc; energy, fat, sucrose, and cholesterol were above recommended levels; and traditional food use was not reported for kids, diabetes later. nankane, northern ghana - millet replaced sorghum, Changes provided more stability to local food supply and an increase in diet variety. PAPUA NEW GUINEA - Consumption of starchy tubers was largely replaced by imported rice, and traditional sources of fish and meat were replaced by imported tinned meat and fish. Fat and alcohol consumption increased. The author concludes that changes in traditional food systems has generally led to an improvement in nutritional status S A H T u DENEMeTIS- loss of traditional food use with each generation, and that dietary quality is lost with decreased use of nutrient-dense traditional food and increased use of market food. MAYAOFGUATEMALA - diet diversity increased but severe economic crisis of the 1980s may explain the absence of overall improvement in nutritional status. BAFFIN INUIT - traditional food for this culture is vital to maintaining dietary adequacy for many nutrients because market food that is available, purchased, and consumed is of inferior nutritional quality

In the Edible Education clip, Paul Shapiro compares current innovation in the food industry to previous innovation in the ____________ sector.

Transportation

Pedestrian foragers

Travel by foot, flexible to environmental changes (aboriginals)

Equestrian foragers

Travel by horse, allowed to follow seasonal migration of larger herbivores, more hierarchical political systems

Aquatic foragers

Travel through and rely on water (Inuits of Alaska, almost no plant calories)

Artificial barriers when eating food, such as wrappers on each bite-sized candy, help to regulate eating and lead to decreased consumption.

True

Food justice includes not only issues specifically related to food, but also challenges like housing, police brutality, and economic sovereignty.

True

Microbial cells outnumber human cells in the human body.

True

Racial disparities in health are firmly established, but identifying their cause is controversial.

True

Research suggests that lowering prices of fruits and vegetables may be more effective than traditional educational campaigns encouraging the consumption of fruits and vegetables.

True

T/F Microbial cells outnumber human cells in the human body:

True

The Jernigan et. al article discusses how the food insecurity-obesity paradox may vary by race and ethnicity.

True

The MacDiarmid article, Healthy Diets and Environmental Sustainability argues that it is possible to create a diet lower in greenhouse gas emissions by reducing, rather than eliminating, meat and dairy products.

True

The current USDA Dietary Guidelines are influenced by political factors.

True

The difference in nutrient content between organic and conventional produce is dependent on the variety of produce in question.

True

The sagittal crest helped our ancestors chew tough, fibrous foods, as it similarly helps some modern-day primates.

True

What an individual can afford to buy is one factor that partially defines the individual food environment.

True

Mushkin, S. et al. Trouble in Aisle 5,

Ubiquity for the sake of conformity is so Baby Boomer. Convenience, fresh/healthy, value (this is not always price), variety and natural/organic all seem to be important attributes (at least for now) for this very independent cohort.

Masumoto, David Mas. Working with Ghosts in the Field of American Agriculture. Food and Society Policy Fellows, 2008.

Undocumented workers - 12 million undocus The term "immigrant worker" reframes the debate. These ghosts contribute to local and regional economies. They are wanted. They fill jobs often few will do. They're a type of economic refugee, fleeing the poverty and economic conditions of one country and seeking a better life here. A

Which of the below describes one of the main mantras of Chef Dan Barber's cooking philosophy?

Use everything

Extensification

Use more land

Diet of foragers

Varied by ecosystem. Highly correlates with degrees latitude.

According to Chris Gardner in the Edible Education lecture, which of the following arguments would be the best way to get someone to replace animal-based foods with vegetables in their diet?

Vegetables are better on the environment than animal-based foods

Hinduism diet

Vegetarianism is common, reverence for cows = no beef (milk, curd, ghee, urine and dung used in worship), may avoid alcohol, onions, and garlic

Food-Family Relationship

Venue to communicate feelings, organize family roles, socialization of children

Empowerment program: microcredit

Very small loan to people or communities who lac the usual collateral, steady employment, credit history. Designed to support entrepreneurship, alleviate poverty, empower women, uplift communities

Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative 2009

Voluntary self-regulation program, designed to shift advertising to healthier food.

WIC and immigration status

WIC, school lunch, and emergency Medicaid are not restricted to immigrants.

If you decide to forage wild edible plants, it is important to always ________ the plants that you pick with the intention of eating.

Wash

Food security

When all members of a household have access at all times to enough food for a healthy, active life.

Mindful eating

When distracted, you are more likely to eat more now and later --eating mindfully can lead to healthy changes.

Which of the following accurately defines the term, "double-burden of malnutrition"?

When undernutrition is coupled with being overweight or obese

Physical Environment

Why do we grow what we do? Climate, soil, water, plant life, animal life.

Robinson, Jo. Breeding the Nutrition Out of Our Food. The New York Times, 2013.

Wild dandelions, once a springtime treat for Native Americans, have seven times more phytonutrients than spinach, which we consider a "superfood." A purple potato native to Peru has 28 times more cancer-fighting anthocyanins than common russet potatoes. One species of apple has a staggering 100 times more phytonutrients than the Golden Delicious displayed in our supermarkets. SUPERSWEET corn, which now outsells all other kinds of corn, was derived from spontaneous mutations that were selected for their high sugar content. In 1959, a geneticist named John Laughnan was studying a handful of mutant kernels and popped a few into his mouth. He was startled by their intense sweetness. Lab tests showed that they were up to 10 times sweeter than ordinary sweet corn.

Who is the leader of sweetened condensed milk, butter, cheese?

Wisconsin

Anthropocentrism

World created for humans

Which of the below statements regarding chronic and acute deficiency disease is NOT true?

X-Chronic disease occurs suddenly, whereas acute deficiency disease develops over a longer period of time. -Randomized controlled clinical trials are more difficult to conduct with chronic disease. -While acute deficiency diseases are often cured with nutrient supplementation, the remedy for chronic disease is usually a combination of factors. -In the United States today, chronic disease is more common than acute deficiency disease. -Randomized controlled clinical trials are the gold standard of research for both chronic and acute deficiency diseases.

TCM

Yin and Yang

In the Mindfulness Movie, Brian Wansink states that "The best diet is the one ____________."

You don't know you're on

Nixon, Laura. Fast Food Fights in sleepy villages and urban jungles: the importance of community characteristics and policy purpose over fast food zoning. American Journal of Public Health, 2015.

Zoning and other land-use policies are a promising but controversial strategy to improve community food environments. To understand how these policies are debated, we searched existing databases and the Internet and analyzed news coverage and legal documentation of efforts to restrict fast-food restaurants in 77 US communities in 2001 to 2013. Policies intended to improve community health were most often proposed in urban, racially diverse communities; policies pro-posed in small towns or majority-White communities aimed to protect community aesthetics or local businesses. Health-focused policies were subject to more criticism than other policies and were generally less successful. Our findings could inform the work of advocates interested in employing land-use policies to improve the food environment in their own communities.

Holi

a Hindu spring festival celebrated in the south featuring reenactments of Krishna's life, fireworks, and colored powders tossed everywhere

tactile sensations - astringency and spicy

astringency - tannins bind proteins and cause friction - dry, puckery, rough spicy - radish vs jalapeno - pungent v hot.

food movement in US

availability of affordable ugly produce - opening healthy fast food restaurants in underserved areas - attempts at culturally diverse, nourishing school lunches

Just D. and Wansink B. Smarter Lunchrooms: Using Behavioral Economics to Improve Meal Selection.

behavioral economics - students are more likely to choose with more options. self attribution and reactance The first is called reactance. When people feel coerced into doing something, they often react to this coercion by intentionally rebelling. Thus, forcing kids to abstain from a lunchtime cookie or brownie every day may unintentionally pave a direct afterschool path to the convenience store or their home where they can find cookies or brownies thus avoiding the heavy hand of the school lunch administrator. The second principle is self-attribution. When people feel as if they have freely and consciously made a decision, they take ownership of that decision and tend to have a greater enjoyment of the outcome. As a simple example, consider a small child being asked to go to bed. If told that bedtime is at 8:30 p.m., the child may be irritated and angry because he or she is being forced to go to bed.

Pollan best friends germs

bifidobacteria - Where do these all-important bifidobacteria come from and what does it mean if, like me, you were never breast-fed? Mother's milk is not, as once was thought, sterile: it is both a "prebiotic" — a food for microbes — and a "probiotic," a population of beneficial microbes introduced into the body. H. pylori -

McMillan, Tracie. 'Forked' Rates Restaurants on How They Treat Their Workers. NPR, 2016.

biggest problems facing restaurant workers: No. 1 is poverty wages, both tipped and untipped. No. 2 is benefits, [especially] the lack of paid sick days. tipped minimum wage, hasn't gone up in a quarter century. [ROC has] members whose mothers worked at the same wage they do: $2.13 an hour. It's a legacy of slavery; it comes from not wanting to pay black workers, former slaves, anything at all. That means we as consumers are doubly subsidizing billion dollar corporations [like Darden, which owns Olive Garden]: We're paying worker wages entirely through our tips, and subsidizing their survival through taxpayer funded public assistance. The other problem is 70 percent of tipped workers are women, and [some] suffer from the absolute worst sexual harassment.

Moss, M. The Extraordinary Science of Addictive Junk Food.

bliss level - perfect combos

Article by Leonard and Robertson, points out that humans actually consume a diet that is higher in quality than what would be expected for our size. This primarily attributed to our relatively large_____

brain

The article by Leonard and Robertson, "Evolutionary perspectives on human nutrition..." points out that humans actually consume a diet that is higher in quality than what would be expected for our size. This is primarily attributed to our relatively large_______.

brains

Pacific Islanders Native Grown Foods

breadfruit, taro, cassava, yams, pigs, poultry

Wild Rice

called a grain but actually the triangular shaped seed of an aquatic grass found in shallow rivers and lakes, is a minnesota specialty

Pacific Islanders Import Foods

canned meats and fish

Wisconsin is know for its dairy foods, esp cheeses such as...

colby and brick

Carroll, Abigail. How Snacking Became Respectable. The Wall Street Journal, 2013

commercialization --> snack foods becoming redeemed (rejuvenation of the pretzel).

Tandoor

cooking style of india using rounded, clay, charcoal-burning oven

Scientific research on vitamins begin by looking into what?

deficiency diseases

TNN, Nutrition rank gives food for thought.

despite having the strongest nutrition and under nutritionrelated commitments and policies, Nestle India, maker of Maggi noodles, scored the second lowest for nutrition qualities "India faces the serious and escalating double burden of malnutrition, with a large undernourished population, as well as growing numbers of overweight and obese people who are developing chronic diseases

Flournoy, Rebecca, Healthy Food Healthy Communities: Promising Strategies to Improve Access to Fresh, Healthy Food and Transform Communities,

develop better grocery stores; improve small stores; start and sustain farmers' markets; connect local farmers to low income consuemrs; comm supported agriculture/gardens -policy link and cali endowment innovative ways that low-income communities are improving access to healthy, fresh food.

due to the correlation b/w endurance capacity and relative brain to body size ratio, scientists hypothesize that ________ may have helped to make early humans smarter

exercise

Block J., et al. Fast Food, Race/Ethnicity, and Income.

fast-food restaurant density in shopping areas with 1-mile buffers was independently correlated with median household income and percent of black residents in the census tract. Similar results were found for shopping areas with 0.5-mile buffers. Predominantly black neighborhoods have 2.4 fast-food restaurants per square mile compared to 1.5 restaurants in predominantly white neighborhoods. Conclusions: The link between fast food restaurants and black and low-income neighborhoods may contribute to the understanding of environmental causes of the obesity epidemic in these populations.

The difference between wild and feral plants is that _____ plants were once cultivated but are now growing w/o cultivation, where as _____ plant were never cultivated

feral, wild

Walker, R., et al. Disparities and access to healthy food in the United States: A review of food deserts literature.

food desert - area devoid of a supermarket, access to healthy food is limited;

Comfort Foods

foods that demonstrate affiliation with a culture

The problem with many studies attempting to explain the cause of racial disparities is that they conclude a genetic cause w/o every studying:

genes

Pinsker J. Why So Many Rich Kids Come to Enjoy the Taste of Healthier Foods.

goitrin, a compound that tastes very bitter to people with a certain gene—which serves as a (meager) defense against getting eaten. the steep up-front cost of introducing foods to children is enough to deter a number of parents from trying. This cost-cutting decision may explain some of the differences between how rich and poor Americans eat.

Insect eating is becoming popularized because insects are NOT good sources of plant-based fiber.

high protein

Institute of Medicine - Sodium intake

higher risk for too much sodium--> CVd/stroke: AAs, 51>, and people with hypertension/diabetes/chronic kidney disease. The new studies support current efforts to reduce excessive sodium intake in order to lower risk of heart disease and stroke. However, the evidence on health outcomes is not consistent with efforts that encourage lowerng of dietary sodium in the general population to 1,500 mg/day. Further research may shed more light on the association between lower—1,500 to 2,300 mg—levels of sodium and health outcomes.

The sociocultural environment is comprised of

ideology technology social organization

taylor - eating indigenously

indigenous diet

double burden of malnutrition

large undernourished population, as well as growing numbers of overweight and obese people who are developing chronic diseases

mod 5 lecture

life expectancy in US - birth: both sexes, 78,9; females higher - food taboos - BF rates drop after infant welfare movement and infant food industry, maternal welfar increase after lactational physio - social org: more women in workforce, push from frumula companies (increase to access, more affordable) - role of parent and child: role of parent, availability (what) exposure (where, when) - role of child: (if any, how much) - acculturation - blending of two cultures; can further compound health disparities; health benefits with access to health care - religion and food - symbolism: dates (common way to break fast, mimick how Mohamed broke Ramadan), noodles (long life), colored easter eggs (rebirth Easter, Jesus resurrected - religion, Christian) - evolution of religion: env connection: indigenous religions (strong emphasis on relaitonship with land and non-human beings); eastern religions-600BCE (interrelation between humans and other life forms); western religions-100CE (concrete distinction between humans, other animals, nature); - Judaism (not Kosher) - milk with meat, shellfish, most insects - Islam (not Halal) - alcohol, insects (debated) - neither kosher nor halal = pork, blood, amphibians, animals not slaughtered correctly - long term veg liv longer, life expectancy - integrative medicine - cultural competency - delivery of health services that are respectful of and responsive to health beliefs, practices, and cultural linguistic needs - western medicine : symptoms --> illness - functional medicine - there is a mind body connection - Delboeuf illusion - small plate filled looks bigger than big plate with less food. - mindful eating --> complementary and alternative medicine; functional approach, inconsistent policy standards, low profit potential,

Leschin-Hoar, C. Slice the Price of Fruits and Veggies, Save 200,000 Lives?

lowering price -

Compadrazgo

means co-parenting in puerto rican family

Foods typically not consumed in cultures in Asia

milk, dairy, pork not consumed in korea

Yong, E. Breastfeeding the Microbiome.

more than two hundred human milk oligosaccharides, or H.M.O.s. They are the third-most plentiful ingredient in human milk, after lactose and fats, and their structure ought to make them a rich source of energy for growing babies—but babies cannot digest them. H.M.O.s pass through the stom ach and the small intestine unharmed, landing in the large intestine, where most of our bacteria live. food for microbes. microbes called Bi dobacteria ("Bifs," to their friends) were more com mon in the stools of breast-fed infants than bottle-fed ones. They argued that human milk must contain some substance that nourished the bacteria— something that later scientists called the bifidus factor. B. infantis earns its keep. As it digests H.M.O.s, it releases short-chain fatty acids, which feed an infant's gut cells. Through direct contact, B. infantis also encourages gut cells to make adhesive proteins that seal the gaps between them, keeping microbes out of the bloodstream, and anti-inflam matory molecules that calibrate the immune system. These changes only happen when B. infantis feeds on H.M.O.s; if it gets lactose instead, it survives but doesn't engage in any repartee with the baby's cells. In other words, the microbe's full beneficial potential is unlocked only when it feeds on breast milk.

Chinese New Years

most important festival begins on the evening of the 23rd day of the last lunar month of the year

Kristoff, N. The Breast Milk Cure.

most nutritionists are adamant that babies are best off with nothing but breast milk for the first six months of life; low-tech solution to infant malnutrition - water for some reason is thought to be sub in Niger

Sanger-Katz, Margot. Giving the Poor Easy Access to Healthy Food Doesn't Mean They'll Buy It,

no more than a tenth of the variation in the food people bought could be explained by the availability of a nearby grocery store. The education level of the shoppers, for example, was far more predictive. education of the shoppers was much more predictive than their incomes. Poorer families bought less healthy food than richer ones. But a bigger gap was found between families with and without a college education. Those results, Ms. Handbury said, suggest that improving people's diets will require both making food accessible and affordable and also changing people's perceptions and habits about diet and health.

Thailand Breakfast and Lunch Meals

noodle dishes

Egan, Sophie. Devoured: From Chicken Wings to Kale Smoothies - How What We Eat Defines Who We Are. Harper Collins: NY, 2016.Preview the document

nutrification - good stuff removed; "additivity dominance" to describe our tendency to perceive a food as less natural if something is added to it than if something is removed from it.

Powell L., et al. Racial/ethnic and income disparities in child and adolescent exposure to food and beverage television ads across the U.S. media markets

obesity prevalence / health burdens - greater among US minorities and low income. designated market area (dma) spot television ratings - used to assess exposure to food ads. tv ads for sugar beverages and fast food restaurants - higher in areas w/ higher portions of black kids and lower income households.

Barnhill - Impact and Ethics of Excluding Sweetened Beverages From the SNAP Program

objections to restriction on SNAP assistance: excluding sweetened beverages from SNAP will not affect SNAP participants' purchases of sweetened beverages. - Other objections question the equity of excluding sweetened beverages from SNAP, claiming that excluding sweetened beverages from SNAP reduces the consumer choice of SNAP participants and creates a disparity in consumer choice. - but the primary goal of SNAP is to improve the diet, nutrition, and health of low-income people, and the exclusion of sweetened beverages is an effective way to achieve this goal. The USDA should approve the proposed demonstration project in which sweetened beverages would be excluded from the food items eligible to be purchased with SNAP benefits in New York City.

The term__________ omnivores means that humans take advantage of food that is available in the environment and around them:

opportunistic

which foods is a comon cause of disagreement in the "school lunch political background? "

pizza

- breastfeeding benefits: good for mom

postpartum weight loss -depression -bonding -free, no refrigeraiton req'd -good for both: less picky eaters later on

petrini - terra madre

price - main choice criterion; food = commodity; low cost of food but high and hidden price (economically and in earth's capacity to produce food in future).

Leonard - Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Nutrition: The Influence of Brain and Body Size on Diet and Metabolism

primate diet quality (i.e., caloric and nutrient density) is inversely related to body size and total resting metabolic requirements (RMR). Humans, however, consume a diet of much higher quality than is expected for our size and metabolic needs. This energy-rich diet appears to reflect an adaptation to the high metabolic cost of our large brain.

The Food Chain Workers Alliance. The Hands that Feed Us. 2012

production, processing, distribution; median wage is less than $10. hours worked - 40% worked more than 40 hours per week; 83%, no health insurance; lack of mobility - most never received promotion; employment law violations-lots of wage theft; breaks-some don't always receive lunch or 10min break.

freeganism

reduce consumption reuse recycle

Rosenzweig, W. How Foodpreneurs are reinventing your kid's school lunch STEWARDS**

revolution foods - Revolution Foods produces fresh, healthy meals. (Kids are involved in the creation of recipes that are refined by culinary experts.) Vegetables are introduced in creative ways; students learn about the foods they eat, where they come from and why they are important to their well-being. The RF offering is wholly distinct from the highly processed and commercial fast foods that have filled a staggering number of school cafeterias during the past two decades. Oakland, New Orleans and Elizabeth, New Jersey. Food entrepreneurs would be well served to envision themselves as stewards, rather than hackers or disrupters. Foodpreneurs by nature have a responsibility to a broad ecosystem of stakeholders — from their customers' guts and taste buds to the producers who grow real food and bring it to market. Some food leaders are even becoming externally accountable to the system of natural capital in which their products are produced—including the vital assets of healthy soil and clean air and water—with transparent reporting of their supply chains, labor practices and ingredients. Stewards also manage short-term expectations within a long-term perspective.

Dominant Religion of SA

roman catholic

A staple food of most horticulturists is ___________, which is one reason why horticultural societies are susceptible to famine and malnutrition.

roots

Nosrat, Samin. The Single Most important Ingredient.

salt common table salt ksoher salt sea salt anything you cook for yourself is lower in sodium than restaurant food

Main Commodity in Alaska

seafood

What are the examples of a physiological change that occured when our earliest ancestors transitioned to the homo group?

sharper teeth smaller teeth smaller large intestine smaller stomach volume

Asado

sides of beef, whole lambs, hogs, and kids (young goats) are hung over smoldering wood to slowly cook for hours in a method called ____________

Provincial Cuisine

simpler fare made at home or local cafes featuring fresh local ingredients

Empanadas

small turnovers made with wheat flour dough and filled with a savory meat mixture

What has NEVER been included in USDA recommendations as part of a food group that should be consumed daily?

soda

Bouzari, A. Ingredient.

solid liquid gas, water in all its forms

Kimchi

spicy pickled cabbage

Community level food environment

stores (supermarkets, convenience stores), restaurants (fast food, etc)

Turnwald B., et al. Association between indulgent descriptions and vegetable consumption: Twisted carrots and dynamite beets.

study tested whether labeling vegetables with the flavorful, exciting, and indulgent descriptors typically reserved for less healthy foods could increase vegetable consumption Labeling vegetableswith indulgent descriptors significantly increased the number of people choosing vegetables and the total mass of vegetables consumed compared with basic or healthy descriptions, despite no changes in vegetable preparation.

In "Breeding the Nutrition Out of Our Food" we have selectively bred certain species of fruits and vegetables to be higher in _______ and ______ and lower in nutrients.

sugar, starch

The sociocultural environment is comprised of 3 things

technology social organization ideology

Divali

the festival of the lights, is the hindu new years holiday

"Why did the Obama's fail to take on corporate ag? Big Ag got upset at michelle obama for planting an organic vegetable garden at the white house because....

the garden was organic

Cerviche

the use of raw fish marinated in lime juice

Mod 2 - personalized health, nutrition, microbiome

to what extent can we manipulate our biology via microbiota - live microbes (microbiota transplants, bacterial cocktails); prebiotics (complex carbs that promote gut residents); microbiota-targeted small molecules; synthetic biology applications (therapeutic delivery, diagnostics). - microbiota accessible carbs (dietary fibers)--> primary fermenters--> acetate, co2, h2, formatae, propionate, lactate, butyrate-->methanogens, sulfate reducers, acetogens : trophic chain rx --> - diff metabolic scenarios: SCFA (small chain fatty acids) into circulation from high simple carb diet. - could there be an incompatibility between our human genome and microbiome - fiber-deficient diet result in irreversible loss of microbiota diversity - - huntergatherer - agriculture - industrial food - processed sanitized food - dietary change / species reintroduction

How a national food policy could save millions of lives --> Bittman, Pollan and Salvador

tweak SNAP regulations (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Benefits, the program formerly and more familiarly known as Food Stamps) so that the program concerns itself with the quality of calories instead of just their quantity. - The argument that soda and other junk masquerading as food should be made ineligible for purchase by food stamps, as are alcohol and tobacco, is one that's been gaining momentum in the last few years. - but if we advocate any tinkering with SNAP, it may make the program more vulnerable to cuts which it can ill afford. - billions of snap dollars are spent on soda so make sure it's spent on nutritious foods: - first, remove the subsidy for sugar-sweetened beverages, since no one without a share in the profits can argue that the substance plays a constructive role in any diet. & make it easier to buy real food;

while public health nutrition campaigns of the past usually focused on problems of ______, today in industrialized nations they focus more on problems of _________

undernutrition, overnutrition

Traditional Seasonings for Caribbean Islanders

use of chili, hot sauces

Hazel, AB H., et al. Diet Quality of Americans Differs by Age, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, Income, and Education Level.

use the Healthy Eating Index-2005, a measure of diet quality in terms of conformance to the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, to describe the diet quality of Americans by varying sociodemographic characteristics in order to provide insight as to where diets need to improve. Children and older adults had better-quality diets than younger and middle-aged adults; women had better-quality diets than men; Hispanics had better quality diets than blacks and whites; and diet quality of adults, but not children, generally improved with income level, except for sodium. The diets of Americans, regardless of socioeconomic status, are far from optimal. Problematic dietary patterns were found among all sociodemographic groups. Major improvements in the nutritional health of the American public can be made by improving eating patterns.

Jati

used to evaluate relative spiritual purity of all foods

comparing ingredients using chromatography

venn diagram: many shared compounds if Ns is large (middle, overlapping compounds - coffee, beef). if Ns small, few shared compounds (shrimp, lemon). - ingredients --> flavor compounds --> flavor network --> prevalence; shared compounds - north american: milk, butter, vanilla, egg, cane molasses, wheat - east asian: soy sauce, scallion, sesame oil, rice, soybean, ginger

If you decide to forage wild edible plants, it is important to always _______ the plants that you pick w/ the intention of eating:

wash

Guthman J. Bringing good food to others: investigating the subjects of alternative food practice.

whitened cultural practices in food movements

Berry, W. Wendell Berry: The Pleasures of Eating.

work in a farm, know where your food comes from