10th History Final (as of 5/29/14)

Taille

A tax in France from the 1700's for the third estate. This tax went to the government and was paid by only the third estate, the 1st and 2nd were exempt. This really hurt the third estate financially, making the fish richer and the poor poorer.

Berlin Conference of 1883

A Conference Held to Settle Disputes Over Territories Where- Berlin (African Continent) When- 1884-1885 Did what- The conference recognized both British and German claims for territory in East Africa. Portugal received a clear claim on Mozambique. No African delegates were at the conference, it was all outside leaders, settlers, colonizers etc. Significance- It settled disputes making the colonization process simpler and easier for the Europeans. Also guidelines for future territorial claims were put into place which also made the colonization process simpler and easier.

13. Mohandas Gandhi

A Young Hindu from South Africa Where- India (London, South Africa) When- 1915 (1869, 1893) Did what- He was born in 1869 in Gujarat, in western India. He studied in London and became a lawyer. In 1893, he went to South Africa to work in a law firm serving Indian workers there. He soon became aware if the racial exploitation of Indians living in South Africa. Significance- When he returned home to India, he became active in the independence movement. Using his experience in South Africa, he set up a movement based on nonviolent resistance. Its aim was to force the British to improve the conditions for the poor and grant independence to India; Ultimately, Gandhi's movement would lead to India independence.

Mandates

Acquisitions Where- Ottoman Empire, Europe, World When- After WWI Did what- Acquisitions made over previously Ottoman Empire places. Significance- The acquisitions were: France got Lebanon and Syria and Great Britain received Iraq and Palestine. Woodrow wilson had opposed the outright annexation of colonial territories by the Allies. As a result, the peace settlement created the mandate system. This sytem stated that a nation officially governed another nation on behalf of the League of Nations, but did not own the territory.

Principle of legitimacy

Agreement Where- When- Did what- Significance-

Principle of Intervention

Agreement Where- Europe When- 1800's Did what- Great powers had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions Significance- Stopped revolutions in unstable countries. Britain refused to agree to the principle but Austria, Prussia, Russia, France used military forces to stop revolutions in Spain and Italy, and restored the monarchs to their thrones there.

War Guilt Clause

Article of the Treaty of Versaille Where- Germany (Europe) (World) When- June 28 1919 Did what- Declared Germany (and Austria) were responsible for starting the war. Orered Germany to pay reparations for all the damage to which the Allied governments and their people had been subjected as a result of the war "imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies." Significance- These __________, were vast German payments that would cover the costs of war. France also wanted Germany to also be stripped of all weapons and a separate Rhineland as buffer state between France and Germany to be created.

Klemens von Metternich

Austrian Foreign Minister Where- Vienna When- (1773-1859) COV: 1814+ Did what- Lead the congress of Vienna. Significance- Claimed that he was guided by the principle of legitimacy; he wanted to restore the monarchy and royal families (Already happened in France, but he helped spread it throughout Europe).

1. Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Austro-Hungarian Leader Where- Austria-Hungary, Bosnia, Serbia When- June 28, 1914 Did what- He was the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. On June 28, 1914 he and his wife, Sophia, visited the Bosnian city of Sarajevo. In Serajevo a group of conspirators, called the Black Hand, from Serbia, threw a bomb at the archduke's car but it exploded against the car behind him. On the way back, however, one of the Black Hand's members, Gavrilo Princip, a 19-year-old Bosnian Serb, shot both the archduke and his pregnant wife, succeeding in their goal. Sig.- This set of a series of events that eventually led to WWI (The Great War). First of all Austria-Hungary, backed by Germany, sent Serbia an ultimatum. The Serbians would have had to give up some of their sovereignty to agree to the terms of the ultimatum, so they rejected. Austro-Hungary then declared war on Serbia. Allys and supporters of the countries then joined in the war leading to WWI.

7. Mao Dun; Ba Jin

Ba Chinese Authors Where- China When- Around 1900+/- Did what- M.D. wrote Midnight, which described the changing customs of Shanghai;s urban elites. B.J., an author of numerous novels and short stories, was one of China's foremost writers at the turn of the century. Born in 1904, he was well attuned to the rigors and expected obedience of Chinese family life. In his trilogy, Family, Spring, and Autumn, he describes tje disintegration of traditional Confucian ways as the younger members of a large family attempr to break away from their elde Significance- Portrayed the influence that foreign ideas and culture had on literature and authors. Western novels and short stories began to attract a larger audience and although most stories written after WWI dealt with CHinese subjects, they reflected the Western tendency toward a realistic portrayal of society. Often, they dealt with the new Westernized middle class. Most of China's modern authors showed a clear contempt for the past.

2. Trench Warfare

Battle Style Where- Europe (Everywhere) When- 1914+ Did what- Trenches were dug and protected by 5 ft tall walls of barbed wired, equipped with concrete machine-gun nests and other gun batteries, supported further back by heavy artillery. Troops lived in holes in the ground separated from each other by a strip of territory known as no-man's-land. Significance- The development of trench warfare was unexpected and difficult to cope with. Military leaders only knew the war strategies of movement and maneuver. Trench warfare was a new concept and the leaders' best strategy was to send large groups of men at a time to try and break through the barbed wire, into the enemy's trench to try and bring the war to the older style. Unfortunately, these breakthrough attempt rarely worked and many men died while trying to attempt them; the war proved to be a war of attrition. (See below)

Khartoum

Battle, City or Place Where- North Africa When- 1985 Did what- Britain wanted to restore Egyptian authority over Sudan so they sent in a military force under General Charles Gordon to defeat Muhammad Ahmad and his troops. Significance- However Gordon and his army were defeated at Khartoum in 1885, Gordon was one of the victims who died from the battle.

Social Darwinism

Belief Where- EVerywhere When- 1800s+ CHECK Did what- I believed that in the struggle between nations, the fit are victorious.. Significance- Was tied to Imperialism because it was saying that the "better" country should have control of the "worse" country. Also tied/led to racism saying that one race is inferior to another.

Treaty of Locarno

Border Defining Document Where- Germany, France, Belgium (Europe) When- 1925 Did what- During the brief period of European prosperity a document was was fostered by the foreign ministers of Germany and France; Gustav Stresemann and Aristide Briand. Germany's new western borders with France and Belgium were guaranteed. Significance- This pact was viewed as a new era of European peace prompting a news headline of "France and Germany Bn War Forever". The pact was actually a symbol of false hope because there was little way to enforce these no-war policies. As we know war soon followed this pact.

2. Sarajevo

Bosnian City Where- Bosnia/Austria-Hungary When- June 28, 1914 Did what- Where the Archduke of Austria-Hungary and his pregnant wife were killed. The Black Hand (whose members killed the Archduke), wanted Bosnia to be free of Austria-Hungary and to become part of a large Serbian kingdom. Significance- The killing of the archduke set off a series of events that eventually led to WWI (The Great War).

Thomas Macaulay

British Administrator and Historian Where- India (Britain) When- 18/19s Did what- He introduced the new education system, in India and said that it would use the English language. Sig.- Helped educate the Indians, but may also have caused anger or distress that they are using another language. It also reflects the sense of superiority that the British brought with them to India.

John Maynard Keynes

British Economist Where- Great Britain When- Around 1936+- Did what- Believed that in a free economy, depressions need government intervention, contrary to previous theories.. He argued that unemployment came not from over production, but from a decline in demand. By putting people back to work, he said, demand would increase, having the country avoid debt and simply engage in deficit spending. Significance- He was largely ignored by British political leaders, which was a mistake.

Cecil Rhodes/ Rhodesia; "I think that what God would like me to do is paint as much of Africa British red as Possible"; "from the Cape to Cairo"

British Leader Where- Burma When- 1880s Did what- Influenced British policy in South Africa. Rhodes founded the diamond and gold companies. Significance- Rhodes made a fortune of the diamond and gold companies giving him power, influence and he also gained control of a territory north of Transvaal, which he named Rhodesia after himself. Rhodes thought that he/ Britain should obtain as much AFrican territory as possible once saying that "I think that what God would like me to do is paint as much of Africa British red as Possible"; "from the Cape to Cairo". His ambitions, however, led to his downfall in 1896 when the British government forced him to resign as prime minister of Cape Colony after discovering that he planned to overthrow the Boer government of the South African Republic without his government;s approval. The British action was too late to avoid a waste between the BRitish and the Boers however. The war that happened was called the Boer War (see below).

Lord Kitchener

British Military Commander in India Where- India (Britain) When- 1800s/1900s Did what- Beleived that Indians were inferior to the British. Significance- Continued the belief that Indians were not equal to the British, making their lives harder and making them have less rights and power.

2. Lawrence of Arabia

British Officer Where- The Middle East, Ottoman Empire (Great Britain) When- 1917+ Did what- A british officer known as __________, In 1917, urged Arab princes to revolt against their Ottoman overlords. Significance- In 1918, British forces from Egypt destroyed the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East.

David Lloyd George

British Prime Minister Where- Great Britain When- December 1918+ Did what- Was a key leader in the Paris Peace Conference. Significance- He wanted to make the Germans pay for the dreadful WWI. He compromised on the request.

3. Lusitania

British Ship Where- Atlantic Ocean (South of the U.K.) When- May 7, 1915 Did what- On May 7, 1915, the British ship Lusitania was sunk by German forces. There were about 1,100 civilian casualties, including over 100 Americans. After strong United States protests, the German government suspended unrestricted submarine warfare in September 1915 so they could avoid aggravating the United States further. Significance- By January, 1917, however, the germans were eager to break the deadlock in the war, so they resumed the use of unrestricted submarine warfare in able to starve the British into submission, possibly within six months. This brought the U.S. into the war in April 1917. The United States troops however did not arrive in large numbers in Europe until 1918.

Saya Sen

Buddhist Monk Where- Burma When-1930 Did what- Led a peasant uprising against the British colonial regime many years after the regime had completed its takeover.. Significance- Showed the "taken-over" citizens were unhappy with their new living conditions and rulers. Saya Sen was just one of the many unhappy people.

6. Role of Women in War

Change Brought About By WWI Where- Europe (Everywhere) When- 1914+ Did what- Since so many left to fight, women had to fill their roles. They were employed that had once been considered beyond their capacity, SOme examples are chimney sweeps, truck drivers, farm laborers, and factory workers in heavy industry. For example, 38% of the workers in the Krupp Armaments works in Germany in 1918 were women, Significance- The place of women in the workforce was far from secure however. This view was shared by both men and women at the time. At the end of the war, governments quickly removed women from the workforce and the jobs they had encouraged them to take earlier. They also lowered their wages. Overall, however, women gained more rights, social status and political emancipation in some countries. They even got the right to vote in Germany, Austria and the United States immediately after the war. Most British women gained the vote in 1918. Many upper- and middle-class women had also gained new freedoms and young women from these groups took jobs, had their own apartments, and showed their new independence.

1. Qing

Chinese Dynasty Where- China When- Pre 1800-Late 1800s/Early 1900s Did what- Ruled China for many years. Was at the height of its power in 1800. Sig.- Helped make China one of the most successful Empires. Unfortunately, around the start of the 20th century, the dynasty collapsed due to humiliation and harassment from western powers, corruption, peasant unrest and incompetence.

4. Emperor Pu Yi

Chinese Emperor Where- China When- 1908-1911+ Did what- When Empress Dowager Ci Xi died in 1908, the throne was given to the infant Henry__________ because Empress Dowager Ci Xi's nephew Guang Xu, a prisoner in the palace died one day before the empress. Significance- He was considered China's "last emperor" because in october 1911 an uprising was launched, collapsing the Qing dynasty.

12. Emperor Guang Xu / One Hundred Days of Reform

Chinese Emperor/ Reform Period Where- China When- June 1989 Did what- Emperor _____ launched a massive reform program based on changes in Japan. During the next few weeks, known as the _______, the emperor issued edicts calling for major political, administrative and educational reforms. With these reforms, the emperor intended to modernize government bureaucracy by following Western models; new educational system, Western style schools, banks and a free press, to train the military using modern weapons and Western fighting technique. Significance- Many conservatives at court opposed these reforms, They didn't see much of an advantage in copying the west. Some believed that adopting foreign policies leads to failure. The conservatives just believed that traditional Chinese rule should be reformed be replaced by Western policies. One of the people who opposed the reforms was Empress Dowager Ci Xi.

13. Empress Dowager Ci Xi.

Chinese Empress Where- China When- Around 1898+, or later Did what- She opposed Guang Xu's reforms and the One Hundred Days of Reform. She became a dominant force at court and with the aid of the imperial army, she eventually imprisoned the emperor. Significance- Guang Xu's attempt to copy Western policies and his reforms were stopped.

Ferdinand de Lessups/ Suez canal/ "lifeline to India"

French Entrepreneur/ Canal/ Important travel route Where- North Africa/ Egypt->India When- 1854-1869-1875-1881-1914 Did what- In 1854 F.d.L. signed a contract to begin building the Suez Canal, which finished in 1869. The Suez Canal connected the Mediterranean and Red Seas and was a "lifeline to India". Significance- The S. Canal caused Britain to take an active interest in Egypt because the Canal could help Britain maintain access to India immensely. In 1875 Britain bought Egypt's share in the Suez Canal; Britain wanted as much control of the S. Canal as possible. When an Egyptian revolt broke out in 1881, Britain suppressed the revolt. Egypt eventually became a British protectorate in 1914. The British also thought that they should control Sudan, which is south of Egypt to protect their control/ interests in Egypt and the Suez Canal. Muhammad Ahmad (see below) tried to gain control of the Sudan as well.

Grigori Rasputin

Friend and Mentor of Tsarina Alexandra Where- Russia When- Before 1916 Did what- Befriended Tsarina Alexandra and made her think he was holy be helping her kid, Alexis, with his hemophilia. Alexandra referred to Rasputin as "her beloved, never-to-bed-forgotten teacher, savior and mentor." She ended giving him significant power during WWI. Significance- He was not successful in his help leading so he was assassinated in December 1916. They shot him 3 times, tied him up and through him into the water thinking that would kill him. He, however, untied the rope and swam out of the water when he was finally killed.

Bismark/ "All this colonial business is a sham, but we need it for the elections"

German Chancellor/ His quote Where- East Africa, (Germany) When- 1885+ Did what- The Chancellor at first downplayed the need to colonize. More and more Germans called for a German Empire, however. Significance- The desire for an Empire made Bismarck decide to colonize even though he thought that," All this colonial business is a sham, but we need it for the elections". Basically he colonized to satisfy the Germans desire to grow into an empire like many other European countries had. Germany obtained holdings in Western AFrica and tried to develop unclaimed colonies in East Africa. Unfortunately the British (most important), the Portuguese and the Belgians also wanted East African territories so a conflict arose. This conflict was settled by the Berlin Conference (see below) in 1884 and 1885.

4. Emperor William II

German Leader Where- Germany (Austria-Hungary) (Europe) When- Around June 28, 1914+ Did what- He reassured Austria-Hungary- who was allied with Germany- that Germany would back them up. He, and his chancellor sent Austria-Hungary a "blank check", showing that they would give them their money, and support. He said that Germany would support Austria-Hungary even if they went to war with Russia. Significance- Austria-Hungary was confident enough to send Serbia an ultimatum that they would not accept; they sent the ultimatum knowing there would most likely be war, but they were ready for that. Sending the ultimatum eventually led to WWI (The Great War).

Dawes Plan

German Payments Plan Where- Germany, Europe, U.S. When- August 1924 Did what- A plan chaired by an American banker that produced a new plan for the German reparations set forth in the Treaty of Versaille. Significance- The plan first reduced the reparations and then coordinated Germany's annual payments with its ability to pay. German was also granted $200 million as a loan from the Dawes pan so the country could work on recovery. The loan quickly opened the door for significant American investments in Europe. Europe had a short prosperous period, lasting from 1924 to 1929.

Weimar Republic

German Republic Where- Germany When- Around 1918+ Did what- A German democratic state that was created after the end of of the Imperial Germany of William II. The Republic had many problems because they had no truly outstanding political leaders, the faced serious economic battles, and they had to deal with the Great Depression (see above) Significance- In 1925, Paul von Hindenburg was elected president. He was 77, a military war hero and did not fully endorse the republic he had been elected to serve. The inflation cause problems as well, making the salaries for widows, teachers, civil servants and others who lived on fixed incomes not nearly enough to support themselves as well as others. The Great Depression also brought up unemployment significantly; in March, 1930 it had grown to 3 million people and by December of that same year it had grown to 4.38 million.

6. Schlieffen Plan

German War Plan Where- Germany (Austria-Hungary) (Russia) (Belgium) (Europe) When- Around 1914+ Did what- Plan created by General Alfred von Schlieffen. The plan called for a two -front war with France and Russia, who had formed a military alliance in 1894. The plan went as so: Germany would conduct a small holding action against Russia while most of the army would carry out a rapid invasion of France. To get to France they would have to for through the level coastal area through Belgium. AFter France was defeated, the German invaders would move east to fight against Russia. on August 3, 1914 Germany declared war on France and sent an ultimatum to Belgium demanding the right if German troops to pass through Belgian territory, Belgium, however, was a neutral nation. Significance- On August 4, 1914, Great Britain declared war on Germany, officially for violating the Belgian neutrality, Britain, which was allied with the countries of France and Russia was concerned about maintaining its own world power. If Germany and Austria-Hungary were defeated what would be the position of a friendless Great Britain.

11. Charter Oath

Government Document Where- Japan When- 1868+ Did what- The Meiji reformers set out to create a modern political system based on the Western model. In 1868, the new leaders signed a __________, in which they promised to create a new legislative assembly within the framework of imperial rule. Although senior positions in the government were given to the daimyo, the key posts were held by modernizing leaders from the Sat-Cho group. Significance- The country was divided into 75 prefectures (The number was reduced to 45 in 1889 and remains at that number today). Japan became more modernized because they had a new government system and modernizing leaders in charge of that new system.

The Communist Manifesto/Karl Marx

Ideologist (Author) Where- Europe When- 1848+ Did what- Founder of communism, author of the communist manifesto. Significance- The Manifest blamed capitalism for poor working conditions and a class struggle. He created a new social system (along with Freidrich Engels) that was a solution to capitalism. It was called Marxist socialism, one form of the social system became know as communusm. Marx believed that all of world history was a "history of class struggles; in Marx's day the class struggle continued.

5. General Yuan Shigai

Chinese General (Revolutionary) Where- China When- Around 1911+ Did what- He was a member of the old order that controlled the army so Sun's party let him "rule". Without him the party wouldn't have had enough military or political strength to form a new government. He was a prominent figure in military circles, and had been placed in charge of the imperial army sent to suppress the rebellion. Instead, he abandoned the government and ended up agreeing to serve as president of a new Chinese republic and to allow the election of a legislature. Significance- After the collapse of the Qing dynasty, the military took over. Many feared that if the revolted turned into chaos, the Western powers would intervene destroying the last shreds of Chinese independence. Even the general's (his) new allis distrusted his motives. He understood little of the new ideas sweeping into China from the west, ruled in a traditional way and even tried to set up a new imperial dynasty. He was hated by reforms for using murder and terror to destroy the new democratic institutions and was hated by traditionalists (Qing supporters) for being disloyal to the dynasty he had served. His dictatorial efforts led to clashes with Sun's party, now renamed the Guomindang. He was strong enough to brush of the challenge of from the revolutionary forces, but he could not turn back history and he eventually died in 1916a and was succeeded by one of his officers.

5. Daimyo

Chinese General (Revolutionary) Where- Japan When- Around 1871 Did what- Were the local nobles in Japan. Had their power taken away by the new leaders of the Meiji rulers. These great lords lost their land, but as compensation were given government bonds and were named of the territories formerly under their control. The territories were now called prefectures. Significance- Gave up power to the new Meiji rulers, who began to change Japan's political landscape by abolishing the old order etc.

19. Constitution (1889)

Constitution Where- Japan When- 1889 Did what- Gave traditional values a firm legal basis, limited the right to vote to men, the Civil Code of 1898 played down individual rights and placed women within the context of their family role. Significance- While making Japan more modern, traditional values were still maintained. Also men were favored in society over women.

Congress of Vienna

Convergence Where- Vienna/Capital City of the Austrian Empire When- Started Fall of 1814 Did what- Foreigners converged on Vienna. Significance- The foreigners (British, Austrians, Prussians and Russians) came to undo the changes brought about by the French Revolution and Napoleon and restore the old order. Settlements were a goal of the foreigners. They shook up politics, economic structure and social and structure in Europe for years.

Soviets

Councils Where- Russia When- Around 1917+- Did what- Challenged the authority of the Russian provisional government. Were councils composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers. The ___________ of Petrograd had been formed in March 1917. At the same time, more of these councils sprang u p in army units, factory towns, and rural areas. Significance- The councils, largely made of of socialists , represented the more radical interests of the lower class. One group, the Bolsheviks (See below), led by V. I. Lenin, came to play a crucial role.

Ethiopia

Country Where- North Africa When- 1896 Did what- Italy tried to take over Ethiopia in 1896 but were defeated by Ethiopia which was humiliating because Italy was now the only European state defeated by an AFrican state. Significance- The humiliating loss led Italy to try again in 1911. Italy invaded and seized Turkish Tripoli, which it renamed Libya.

David Livingstone/Henry Stanley

Explorer/ Journalist Where- Central Africa When- 1841+ Did what- For 30 years he trekked through uncharted regions. He spent much of his time exploring the interior of the continent. When he disappeared for a while, the New York Herald hired a young journalist (H.S.), to find him. Significance- Livingstone's exploration was one of the main ways people outside of Africa heard about what was going on in AFrica and what AFrica was like; his view and knowledge on AFrica had a large impact on other's views and knowledge on Africa. Livingstone loved Africa. When Stanley came to AFrica and found Livingstone he famously said,"Dr. Livingstone, I presume". Stanley in AFrica was very different, he disliked it. He thought that Africa was a great money making opportunity. In the 1870s he explored the COngo river in Central Africa and encouraged Britain to send settlers into the COngo River Basin. When they refused, he asked King Leopold II of Belgium to send troops in and he did leading to a terribly harsh and one-side rule in the Congo (see below).

Irish Potato Famine

Famine Where-Ireland When- 1840s Did what- Was the exception to Europe's decline in death rates, war and diseases such as smallpox and the plague. Significance- The Irish depended on food so when a fungus infected the crops almos 1,000,000 (one million) died and a million more emigrated, many to the United States.

5. Extraterritoriality

Foreign Living System Where- China (Britain) When- Around 1842+ Did what- In the five ports the British got inn the Treaty of Nanjing, the Europeans lived in their own sections and were subject not to Chinese laws but to their own laws. Significance- Gave the Europeans more power, influence and freedom in China.

4. Treaty of Kanagawa

Foreign Trade Treaty Where- Japan When- Around 1853-1858 Did what- Under military pressures, Japan agreed to the Treaty of Kanagawa. Shipwrecked American sailors returned home, two ports were opened to Western traders, a U.S. consulate was established in Japan. In 1858, U.S. consul Townsend Harris signed a more detailed treaty calling for the opening of several new ports to U.S. trade and residences as well as an exchange in ministers. Significance- The U.S. became the first of many western nations to sign a treaty opening foreign trade with Japan. These treaties helped open Japan up to become a more powerful, modernized nation.

Cottage Industry

Production Method Where- Great Britain When- Pre-Industrial Revolution Did what- A system for cotton production before the Industrial Revolution. Significance- Made britain surge ahead in the production of inexpensive cotton goods. The system was two steps: first the spinners made cotton thread from raw cotton then the weavers wove thread into cloth on looms. These tasks were done by individuals in their rural homes.

Alexander Kerensky

Provisional Government Leader Where- Russia When- Around March 15+ Did what- Led the provisional government after the end of the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty. He and the government decided to have Russia stau in the war, a major mistake. THis decision satisfied neither the the workers nor the peasants. Significance- The government was eventually overthrown by the Bolsheviks, led by V. I. Lenin.

Empress of India/"Jewel in the Crown"

Queen Victoria and Her Power in India Where- India (Britain) When- 1876 Did what- As a result of the uprising, the British to move Indian rule from the Company directly to the British government and Queen Victoria around 1876. Sig.- The title of Empress of India was given to Queen Victoria and the people of India were now her colonial subjects; India became her "Jewel in the Crown".

1. Sun Yat-sen

Radical Reformer Where- China When- Around 1890 Did what- He formed the Revive China Society. He believed that the Qing dynasty was in a state of decay and could no longer govern the country. Unless the Chinese were united under a strong government, they would remain at the mercy of other countries. He believed that China should follow the pattern of Western countries, but he also believed that the Chinese had to be eased into democracy so he developed a three-stage reform process that include: (1) a military takeover, (2) a transitional phase in which his own revolutionary party would prepare the people for democratic rule, and (3) the final stage of a constitutional democracy. Sig.- In 1905, at a convention in Tokyo, he untied radical groups from across China and formed the Revolutionary Alliance, which was the start of revolutionary/pre-revolutionary activity in China. In 1911, his followers launched an uprising in central China while he was in the united states. This revolution collapsed the Qing dynasty.

Mass Society

Interest of the people Where- Europe When- Late 1800s+ Did what- The concerns of the majority of the population, including the lower classes, were central. Significance- Led to more even social classes, more people living in the cities, and increased city growth. Goes along with this time periods goal of equal rights and all people having a say in society.

24. "Gentlemen's Agreement"

International Agreement Where- Japan, U.S. When- 1907 Did what- Mutual suspicions between Japan and the U.S. were growing. The Japanese resented U.S. efforts to restrict immigration. Moreover, some Americans began to featr the rise of the Japanese power in the east. Significance- In 1907, President Theodore Roosevelt made a ____________ with Japan that essentially stopped Japanese immigration to the United States.

23. Russo-Japanese War

International war Where- Japan, Russia, Port Arthur When- 1904-1905 Did what- In 1904, Japan launched a surprise attack on the Russian naval base at Port Arthur, then moved into Manchuria and the Liaodong Peninsula. Russian troops could not stop the Japanese. The Russian commander in chief said that the Japanese were brave and active and the kept on sending waves of people in, never relaxing their efforts day or night. In the meantime, Russia had sent its Baltic fleet halfway around the world to East Asia, only to be defeated by the nre Japanese navy off the coast of Japan. Significance- After the Russian navy was defeated they agreed to a humiliating peace in 1905. They gave the Liaodong Peninsula back to Japan, as well as the southern part of Sakhalin, an island north of Japan. The Japanese victory stunned the world and helped Japan become one of the great powers.

Light Bulb/Thomas Edison

Inventor Where- United States When- Late 1800s/Early 1900s CHECK Did what- Created the lightbulb after the rise of electricity. (Also created the phonograph and other devices using electricity). Significance- Led to lighting done by electricity, less candles.

Robert Fulton/Steamboat

Inventor/ Transportation Method Where- North America When- 1807 Did what- Was a way for transportation and was powered by a paddle-wheel. Significance- BY 1860 a thousand steamboats were in the Mississippi River and transportation was easier in the Great lakes and along the Atlantic Coast.

10. Edo/Tokyo

Japanese City Where- Japan When- +++ Did what- Was where the Japanese capital was moved to. Significance- Served as an important location for political, economic and social matters in Japan.

14. Meiji Constitution

Japanese Constitution Where- Japan When- 1889 Did what- In 1889 the Meiji constitution was adopted under the Progressives. It was modeled after that of Imperial Germany and most authority was given to the executive branch. In theory the emperor exercised all authority, but in practice he was a figurehead. Real executive authority rested in the hands of a prime minister and his cabinet of ministers, who were handpicked by Meiji leaders. Under the new constitution, the upper house included royal appointments and elected nobles, while the lower house was elected. The two house had equal legislative power. Significance- The final result was a political system that was democratic in form, but authoritarian in practice. It was modern in external appearance, but was still traditional, because of the power that remained in the ruling oligarchy (the Sat-Cho leaders_. Although a new set of institutions and values had emerged, the system allows the traditional ruling class to keep its influence and economic power.

8. Emperor Mutsuhito

Japanese Emperor Where- Japan When- After 1868 Did what- Was the symbol of the new era in Japan after the Sat-Cho restored the power of the emperor. He was a young emperor and called his reign the Meiji or "Enlightened Rule", and has thus become known as the Meiji Restoration. (See below) Sig.- His rule was controlled by the Sat-Cho leaders, just as earlier emperors had been controlled by the shogunate. In recognition of the real source of political power, the capital was moved for Kyoto to Edo (now named Tokyo), the location of the new leaders. The imperial court was moved to the shogun's palace on the center of the city.

12. Ito Hirobumi

Japanese Foreign Studies Commissioner Where- Japan When- About 1868-1888 Did what- Led a Japanese commission that traveled to Great Britain, France, Germany, and the United States. Was part of the Meiji government; undertook a careful study of Western political systems. Significance- Help Japan modernize and pick up Western ideas and systems.

17. "rich country and a strong state"

Japanese Goal Where- Japan When- During Meiji Rule Did what- Was a factor in trying to survive against the challenge of Western nations. Significance- The reformers tried to have a wealthy and sturdy country.

Burma

Kingdom Where- Great Britain, Burma When- After 1819 Did what- Britain's activities in Burma led to the collapse of the Burmese monarchy. Britain soon established control over the entire country. Was the place after Singapore that was colonized by Britain. Significance- Britain wanted Burm (modern day Myanmar) to protect its possession in India, to have a land route through Burma into South China. Made France nervous.

Sir Robert Clive

Leader Where- North Africa, Sudan (Egypt and Britain) When- 1881-1885-1898 Did what- He launched a revolt that brought much of the Sudan under his control. Significance- Britain retaliated by sending in a military force under General Charles Gordon to restore Egyptian authority over Sudan. However Gordon and his army were defeated at Khartoum in 1885, Gordon was one of the victims who died from the battle. The British troops eventually seized Sudan in 1898. Mahdi Means "the rightly guided one" in Arabic.

V. I. Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks Where- Russia When- Around 1917 Did what- He led the Bolsheviks (See above) to become a party dedicated to violent revolution. Sig.- Between 1900 and 1917 he spent most of his time abroad. When the provisional government was formed in March 1917 he saw an opportunity for the Bolsheviks to seize power. I April 1917 German military leaders, hoping to cause disorder in russia, Shipped Lenin to Russia. Then in March 1917 he led the Bolsheviks to overthrow the provisional government and take power.

Sir Stamford Raffles/Singapore

Leader/Island Where- Great Britain, Singapore When- 1819+ Did what- Great Britain, under ___________ founded a new colony on a small island at the tip of the Malay Peninsula called Singapore. Raffles wrote about Singapore:"Here all is life and activity; and it would be difficult to name a place on the face of the globe with brighter prospects. Significance- Started the process of colonial takeover in southeast Asia. Singapore means "city of the lion." With so many new steamships, Singapore soon became a major stopping point for traffic going to or from china.

22. Civil Code of 1898

Legal Document Where- Japan When- 1898 Did what- Added on to the Meiji Constitution from 1889. Significance- Played down individual rights and placed women within the context of their family role. Men were favored in society.

Duma-

Legislative Assembly Where- Russia When- Around 1905-1907 Did what- The legislative assembly created by Czar Nicholas II. Significance- The assembly, however, did very little and the Czar took most of its power and strength away in a short period of time after its formation.

2. Triple Entente

Major European Alliance Where- Europe (France, Great Britain, Russia) When- 1907 Did what- France, Great Britain, and Russia formed this alliance. In the early years of the 20th century a series of crises and disputes tested the alliance; the troubles in the Balkans, for example. Significance- The European countries were angry at each other and since they had two major alliances, Europe was divided into two major sides. The countries were guided by their own self interests, but also had to keep up with their alliance.

1. Triple Alliance

Major European Alliance Where- Europe (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) When- 1882 Did what- Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed an alliance. In the early years of the 20th century a series of crises and disputes tested the alliance; the troubles in the Balkans, for example. Sig.- The European countries were angry at each other and since they had two major alliances, Europe was divided into two major sides. The countries were guided by their own self interests, but also had to keep up with their alliance.

1. Propaganda

Manipulative Ideas Where- Europe (Everywhere) When- Anytime (Around 1900s+) Did what- Ideas that were spread, often by the government, that influenced public opinion for or against a cause. European governments, starting around August, 1914, asked their people to defend against the aggressors. Sig.- National hatreds before the war had heated up. People believed that what their country was fighting for and doing was just. People also felt very enthusiastic about the war because governments made it seem like the war would only last a few weeks.

Pure Marxists

Marxist Party Where- Europe When- 1848+ CHECK Did what- Was one of two main Marxist party groups, that were divided on their goals. Significance- Thought that capitalism would be overthrown in a violent revolution

Revisionist Marxists

Marxist Party Where- Europe When- 1848+ CHECK Did what- Was one of two main Marxist party groups, that were divided on their goals. Significance- Revisionists rejected the revolutionary approach and argued that workers mist continue to organize in mass political parties and even work with other parties to gain reforms. AS workers received the right to vote, they could achieve their aims by working within democratic systems.

Concert of Europe

Meetings Where- Europe When- 1800's Did what- Meetings held to balance power. Significance- Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria (and later France) all participated in these meetings. The meetings tried to maintain the peace in Europe by balancing power.

3. Gavrilo Princip

Member of the Black Hand Where- Bosnian (Serbian) When- June 28, 1914 Did what- The member of the Black Hand that successfully killed the Archduke of Austria-Hungary and his pregnant wife. He was Bosnian Serb that wanted Bosnia to be free of Austria-Hungary and to become part of a large Serbian Kingdom; he was 19 at the time when he killed the Archduke. Significance- His killing of the archduke set off a series of events that eventually led to WWI (The Great War).

Austrian Empire

Multinational State Where- Austria/Europe When- 1814+ Did what- Had control of many different cultures; Germans, Czechs, Magyars (Hungarians), Slovaks, Romanians, Slovenes, Poles, Croats, Serbians, and Italians. Significance- The many different cultures being part of the same empire caused many problems. They found a common bond through the Hapsburg emperor. In 1848 demonstrations rebelled against the government in major cities. The revolutions were put down with the military defeating the Czech rebels in Prague as well as other rebels getting defeated.

Muhammad Ahmad/ the Mahdi

Muslim cleric, Leader Where- North Africa, Sudan (Egypt and Britain) When- 1881-1885-1898 Did what- He launched a revolt that brought much of the Sudan under his control. Significance- Britain retaliated by sending in a military force under General Charles Gordon to restore Egyptian authority over Sudan. However Gordon and his army were defeated at Khartoum in 1885, Gordon was one of the victims who died from the battle. The British troops eventually seized Sudan in 1898. Mahdi Means "the rightly guided one" in Arabic.

4. Total War

Nation Wide Support in War Where- Europe (Everywhere) When- 1914+ (WWI) Did what- A WWI dragged on, it became a ________, involving a complete mobilization of resources and people. It affected the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, however remote they might be from the battlefields. Significance- Masses of men had to be organized and si[[;ies had to be manufactured and purchased for years of combat. (Germany alone had 5.5 million men in uniform in 1916.) This led to an increase in government powers and the manipulation of public opinion to keep the war effort going. Women also had to become more involved in the workforce and took on new jobs

1. Gallipoli

Ottoman City Where- Ottoman Empire (Europe) When- April 1915 Did what- After the Ottoman Empire came into war on Germany's side in August 1914, Russia, Great Britain, and France-the Allies declared war on the Ottoman Empire in November, 1914. The Allies tried to open a Balkan front landing forces at __________, southwest of Constantinople, in April 1915. Sig.- However, Bulgaria entered the war on the side of the Central powers, as Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire were called. A disastrous campaign at Gallipoli forced the Allies to withdraw.

16. Indemnity

Payment Where- China When- Around 1900 Did what- After the Boxer Rebellion the Chinese government was forced to pay a heavy indemnity. Significance- An indemnity is a payment for damages- to the powers that crushed the uprising. The Chinese imperial government was now weaker than ever.

Reparations

Payments Where- France, Germany (Europe) When- Post WWI Did what- Georges Clemenceau (France) want __________. Significance- These __________, were vast German payments that would cover the costs of war. France also wanted Germany to also be stripped of all weapons and a separate Rhineland as buffer state between France and Germany to be created.

Paris Peace Conference

Peace Seeking Meeting Where- Paris (Europe) When- Early 1919 Did what- Delegates met in Paris in early 1919 to determine the peace settlement. National interests and previous treaties and agreements created immediate complications. Significance- The countries that made the biggest decisions were the Big Three: U.S., France and Great Britain. Wilson wanted to create world organization, the League of Nations, to prevent future wars. Georges Clemenceau (France) and David Lloyd George (Great Britain) wanted to punish Germany. In the End a compromise was made to achieve a peace settlement. On January 25, 1919 the conference accepted Wilson's idea of a League of Nations.

Kanpur

Place/ Massacre Where- India/Kanpur (Britain) When- Second Half of 1800s Did what- Indians armed with swords and knives massacred two hundred defenseless women and children in a building known as the house if ladies. Significance- The British then recaptured Kanpur and executed the Indians. The revolts and massacres, such as this one, caused the British to move Indian rule from the Company directly to the British government and Queen Victoria around 1876 (The Empress of India).

10. Spheres of Influence

Places Under European Influence Where- China (Europe) When- Late 19th Century- Early 20th Century Did what- Europeans states began to create areas where they had exclusive trading rights. After the Taiping Rebellion, warlords in the provinces began to negotiate directly with foreign nations. In return for money, the warlords granted these nations exclusive trading rights or railroad building and mining privileges. Significance-

13. Liberals, Progressives, Imperial Party

Political Parties Where- Japan When- 19th Century Did what- The _________ wanted political reform based on the Western liberal democratic model, with supreme authority vested in parliament as the representative of the people. The __________ wanted power to be shared between the legislative and executive branches, with the executive branch having control These two factions fought for control. Significance- Eventually the Progressives won and a new constitution (see below) was adopted under their rule. In the constitution most authority was given to the executive branch.

6. Chinese Communist Party

Political Party Where- China When- 19th Century Did what- Took complete control over China and ruled with Communism. Significance- Stayed in China for a long time and changed its culture, its effects are still very evident today.

Conservatism

Political Philosophy Where- Europe When- 1800's Did what- Supported social stability Significance- People such as Metternich believed in conservatism. Conservatives wanted tradition and social stability. They hated revolutions and would not accept demands from people that wanted individual rights or representative governments. They also thought that obedience to political authority was very important

Nationalism

Political Philosophy Where- Europe When- 1700s+ Did what- Gave people pride in their country. Significance- Arose in the French Revolution and then became more and more popular. The German nation-state developed on the Congress of Vienna in 1815 was not united so Nationalism was a threat because it could unite Germany and cause political, economic and military imbalance in Europe. Hungary also wanted its freedom from Austria, which Nationalism could help cause, and Hungary's independence would break up the Austrian Empire. Nationalism had an ally in liberalism because they both believed that freedom could be possible in people who ruled themselves.

Liberalism

Political Philosophy Where- Europe When- 1815+ Did what- Made many people want freedom from government restraint. Significance- Liberal beliefs stated that people should be as free as possible from government restraint, protection of civil liberties and basic rights, equality before the law, freedom of assembly, religion speech, and press and that these types of beliefs should be codified in a document similar to the American Bill of Rights. Many liberals favored a government rules by a constitutional monarchy and did not believe in democracy where everybody had the right to vote.

Protectorate

Political Unite Where- France, Vietnam When- 1884 Did what- A political unit that depends on another government for its protection.. Significance-Helped France continued its colonization, France was one of the countries that held a protectorate. Gave France more land.

Treaty of Versaille

Post WWI Treaty Where- Germany (Europe) (World) When- June 28 1919 Did what- Germany signed this treaty at _________ on June 29, 1919 and was by far the most important of the 5 peace settlements of Paris after WWI. Significance- Germany dislike the treaty and thought that it was a harsh peace. The treaty called for: the War Guilt Clause (see below), Germany reducing its army to a hundred thousand men, cut back its navy, eliminate its air force, return Alsace and Lorraine to France (were taken by the Germans in 1871), reward sections from eastern Germany to a new Polish state, and make German land along both sides of the Rhine a demilitarized zone and stripped of all weapons and fortifications.

Georges Clemenceau

Premier of France Where- France When- Around 1918+ Did what- Was a key leader in the Paris Peace Conference. Significance- Wanted national security, he thought that the French people had suffered most from the German aggression. The French in general desired revenge and security against future German aggression. Clemenceau also wanted Germany stripped of all weapons and vast German payments-reparations (see above)-to be payed to cover the costs of the war and a separate Rhineland as buffer state between France and Germany to be created.

2. Revolutionary Alliance/ Nationalist Party/ Guomindang

Pro-Revolution Group Where- China When- 1890+, 1905+, 1911+ Did what- Sun founded the Revolutionary Alliance in 1905. The Alliance eventually became the Nationalist party. The new organization advocated Sun's Three People's Principles, which promoted nationalism, democracy, and the right for people to pursue their own livelihoods. The party was small, but benefited by the rising discontent with the Qing and their failure to improve conditions in China. The Alliance was supported mainly by an emerging urban middle class. Significance- Was the start of revolutionary/pre-revolutionary activity in China. Showed the people's growing discontent with how China was being ruled. In 1911, the ______ launched an uprising in central China while he was in the united states. This revolution collapsed the Qing dynasty.

Henry Cort/Puddling

Process Where- Britain When- 1780s Did what- Increased the quality of Iron production. Significance- Developed by Henry Court, the process went as so; coke (derived from coal) was used to burn away impurities in crude iron (pig iron) and produce iron of higher quality. In 1740 Britain had produced 17,000 tons of iron. After puddling came to Great Britain in the 1780s production jumped to nearly 70,000 tons of iron. In 1852, about 3 million tons of iron were produced.

5. Mobilization

Process Where- Russia (Everywhere) When- Around July 28, 1914 Did what- Russia wanted to support Serbia's cause son on July 28, 1914, Czar nicholas order partial mobilization of the Russian army against Austria-Hungary. Mobilization is the process of assembling troops and supplies ams making them ready for war. In 1914, mobilization was considered an act of war. Leaders of the Russian army informed the Czar that they could not partially mobilize. Their mobilization plans were based on a war against both germany and Austria-Hungary. Significance- So they had the Czar order full mobilization of the Russian army on July 19, 1914, knowing that Germany would consider this an act of war. partially mobilizing , the leaders claimed, would create chaos in the army.

British East India Company

Ruling Power in India Where- India (Britain) When- 17/18 CHECK, 1857, 1876 Did what- To rule, they had its own soldiers and forts, it also hired Indian soldiers, known as sepoys, to protext the company's interests in the region Significance- In 1857, a grwoing Indian distrust of the British led to a recolt known to the British as the Great Rebellion or the Sepoy Mutiny and Know to the Indians as the First War of Independence. After the war a rumour that the British were issuing their Indian troops new buyers that were greased with cow and pig fat. The cow was sacred to the Hindus and the pig was taboo to the Muslims; so the Hindus and Muslims were angered. They responded by a group of Sepoys at an army post near Delhi refused to load their rifles with the new bullets. The British then arrested them, but the Sepoys then went on a rampage and killed 5o European men, women and children. Revolts quickly spread but disorganization and rivalries between Hindus and Muslims kept Indians from working together. The revolts caused the British to move Indian rule from the Company directly to the British government and Queen Victoria around 1876 (The Empress of India).

7. Tai Ping Rebellion

Rebellion Where- China When- 1850-1864 Did what- The Chinese government failed to deal with pressing internal economic problems. The Revolt was led by Hong Xiuquan, a Christian convert who viewed himself as a younger brother of Jesus Christ. Hong was convinced that t God had given him the mission of destroying the Qing dynasty. Joined by crowds of peasants, Hong captured the town of Yongan and proclaim a new dynasty the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace. In March 1853, the rebels seized Nanjing the second largest city of the empire, and massacred 25,000 men, women and children. The revolt continued for 10 more years but gradually fell apart, partially because the Europeans helped the Qing dynasty because they did not believe any good would come from the rebellion and it was all just bad violence. In 1864, Chinese forces with help from the Europeans, recaptured Nanjing and destroyed the remaining rebel force. Significance- The rebellion showed how people were unsatisfied with the current Qing Dynasty. The rebellion was also able to weaken the Qing dynasty because it appealed to many people because it called for social reforms such as giving land to all peasants and treating women as equals of men. Women even served in their own units in the Taiping army. The rebellion proved to be one of the most devastating civil wars in history. AS many as twenty million people died in the course of the 14 year rebellion.

15. Boxer Rebellion

Rebellion Where- China When- Beginning of the 20th Century Did what- ______ was the popular name given to members of a secret organization called the Society of the Harmonious Fists, Members of the society practiced a form of shadow boxing, or boxing with an imaginary opponent. They thought this form of shadowboxing would protect them from bullets. The members were upset by foreign takeover of Chinese lands, so at the beginning of 1900, boxer bands roamed the countryside and slaughtered foreign missionaries and Chinese Christians. They also killed foreign businessmen and even the German envoy to Beijing. Significance- The killings prompted an overwhelming response right away. An allied army consisting of twenty thousand British, French, German, Russian, American and Japanese troops attacked Beijing in August 1900. The army restored order and demanded more concessions from the Chinese the government. The chinese government was forced to pay a heavy indemnity (See below).

Great Rebellion/ Sepoy Mutiny/ First War of Independence

Rebellion Where- India (Britain) When- 1857 Did what- In 1867, a growing Indian distrust of the British led to a revolt known to the British as the Great Rebellion or the Sepoy Mutiny and Know to the Indians as the First War of Independence. Significance- After the war a rumour that the British were issuing their Indian troops new buyers that were greased with cow and pig fat. The cow was sacred to the Hindus and the pig was taboo to the Muslims; so the Hindus and Muslims were angered. They responded by a group of Sepoys at an army post near Delhi refused to load their rifles with the new bullets. The British then arrested them, but the Sepoys then went on a rampage and killed 5o European men, women and children. Revolts quickly spread and the Indians outnumbered the British by about 230,000 to 40,000 but disorganization and rivalries between Hindus and Muslims kept Indians from working together. The revolts caused the British to move Indian rule from the Company directly to the British government and Queen Victoria around 1876 (The Empress of India).

"White Man;s Burden"

Responsibility Where- Europe When- 1880+ CHECK Did what- Argued that Europeans had a moral responsibility to civilize primitive people.. Significance- This was a more religious and humanitarian approach to imperialism; less harsh, but was still saying the the whites were superior.

Revolution of 1905 or "Bloody Sunday" Duma-

Revolution Where- Europe/Russia/St. Petersburg/Winter Palace When- January 22, 1905/ Around 1905-1907 (Check) Did what- On January 22,1905 a massive procession of workers went to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to present of petition of grievances to the czar. Significance- The troops foolishly responded by opening fire on the peaceful demonstration, killing hundreds. Nicholas II then had to grant civil liberties and create a legislative assembly, called the Duma.

King Leopold II'S/ Congo

Ruler, Belgian Colony (Future Country) Where- Central Africa, Congo (Belgium) Did what- King Leopold rushed enthusiastically into the pursuit of an empire in AFrica and took Stanley's "offer" of sending settlers into the Congo. Sig.- King Leopold became a driving force behind the colonization of Central Africa. Unfortunately his rule was brutal and his main goal was profit. Around 10 Million people were killed in the Congo under Belgian rule. King Leopold's claim to areas of central AFrica prompted France to claim land in Central Africa, Frances territories were North of King Leopold's territories around the Congo River.

Thailand

State Where- Europe, Thailand When- After the French conquest of Indochina/ The last quarter of the 19th century, 1896 Did what- Britain and France both threatened to to place Thailand under colonial control. This was stopped by two remarkable rulers: King Mongkut and KIng Chulalongkorn, King Mongkut's son. Significance- They both preomoted Western learning and maintained friendly relations with the major European powers.In 1896, Britain and France agreed to maintain Thailand as an independent buffer state bewtween their possestops in Southeest Asia.

Petrograd bread Riots

Strikes Where- Russia When- Beginning of March 1997 Did what- After the government started _______ rationing in _________ because the price of bread skyrocketed, riots broke out. These riots were primarily led by working-class women who stood in line for ______ and held 12-hour jobs and had to help support their family. Significance- On March 8, about 10,00 women marched through the city of ____________ demanding "Peace and ______" and "Down with Autocracy." The women were soon joined by other workers and they called for a strike which shut down all the factories in the city on March 10. Tsarina Alexandra didn't take the riots seriously, saying that, "If the weather were very cold they would all probably stay at home." Czar Nicholas II said they could shoot the crowds to break them up. The Duma, which C.N.II. had tried to dissolve, met and the government encouraged him to step down, which ended up doing.

3. Three People's Principles

Sun Yat-sen's Principles Where- China When- 1890s+ Did what- Sun's Three People's Principles, which promoted nationalism, democracy, and the right for people to pursue their own livelihoods. Significance- Showed what Chinese people, especially pro-revolution ones, wanted. Unfortunately the qing did not use this knowledge to their advantage.

Capital

Supply of Money Where- Britain When- 1800s Did what- Britain's ready supply of money. Significance- Gave Britain the ability to invest in the new industrial machines and the factories needed to house them making many British people very wealthy.

9. Direct Rule

System Where- Burma, Indochina, the Mekong delta many French Colonies. When- Colonization/1800's-Early 1900's Did what- Was used when indirect rule was not possible and/or local elites resisted the foreign conquests. Significance- Local officials are removed from power and replaced with a new set of officials brought from the mother country. This system was more espensitec that direct rule, has much tight control, made a lot of culture be lost and was in general more harsh than indirect rule.

Imperialism; New Imperialism

System Where- Everywhere When- Old-Now Did what- Imp: The Extension of a nation's power. New Imp: Colonies became under control of Europe/Imp. Countries. Sig.- Increased countries land possession, wealth/economic success, resources and power and kept them up to par with modern advances.

Indirect Rule

System Where- Southeast Asia, the Dutch East Indies, many British Colonies. When- Colonization/1800's-Early 1900's Did what- Was used when a colonial power could realize its goals most easily through cooperation with local political elites. Sig.- Local rulers were allowed to maintain their positions of authority and statues in a new colonial setting. The Imperial power "governor" oversaw local rulers. This system was cheaper than direct rule, it disrupted culture much less, but was partially fraud/ an illusion.

Socialism (Utopian Socialism)/ Robert owen; New Lanark and New Harmony

System Where- Europe/Austria+Hungary When- 1800-1850+ Did what- Society, usually in the form of government, owns and controls some means of production such as factories and utilities. Significance- Arose because of the pitiful conditions brought up by the industrial revolution. Was largely the idea of intellectuals who believed in the equality of all people and who wanted to replace competition with cooperation in industry. Robert Owen, a British cotton manufactacturer was a utopian socialist. At Lanark in Scotland, Owen transformed a sqaulid factory town into a flourishing community, He created a similar community at New Harmony, in the United States in the 1820s, which failed.

16. Land Tax

Tax Where- Japan When- During Meiji Rule Did what- Taxed landowners 3 percent of the estimated value of the land annually, after the land was given from the daimyo to be the peasants' private property. Under the old system farmers had to pay a fixed percentage of the harvest to landowners, so in bad harvest years they would only have to pay very little or nothing. Sig.- In the new system, during bad years peasants often did not have enough money to pay the 3% tax so they would have to sell their lands to wealthy neighbors and become tenant farmers who paid rent to their new owners. By the end of the nineteenth century, about 40% if all farmers were tenants. The tax did, however, meet the budget needs of the government, so they could focus on the promotion of industry.

Zamindars/ Local Officials

Tax Collectors for the British in India Where- India, (Britain) When- 18/19 Did what- In rural areas, they were sent by the British to collect taxes. The British believed that by using these local officials it would make it easier to collect taxes from the peasants. Significance- Unfortunately, these tax collectors took advantage of their new authority. The increased taxes and forced the less fortunate peasants to become tenants or lose their land entirely. Pease unrest grew. Poor=>Poorer, Rich=>Richer.

7. Sat-Cho Alliance

Samurai Alliance Where- Japan When- 1863-1868+ Did what- These two samurai territories formed an alliance to force the shogun to promise to end relations with the west. The rebellious groups soon showed their weakness, however, when they fired on Western ships in the Strait of Shimonoseki, which leads into the Sea of Japan, but the Westerners fired back and destroyed the Choshu fortifications. Significance- This military defeat convince the rebellious forces to strengthen their military and they became more determined not to give in to the West. That Sat-Cho leaders urged the shogun to take a stronger position against the foreigners and demanded them to resign and restore the power of the emperor. In January. 1868 the Sat-Cho armies attacked the shogun's palace in Kyoto and proclaimed that the authority of the emperor had been restored. After a few weeks, the shogun's forces collapsed, ending the shogunate system.

6. Satsuma and Choshu

Samurai Territories Where- Japan When- Mid 1800s Did what- Resisted the shogun's decision to open up relations with Western powers. Two places that were especially against the new foreign relations were two samurai territories in the south. Both had strong military traditions and neither had been exposed to heavy Western military pressure. Significance- Eventually they formed the Sat-Cho alliance and demanded that the shogun resign and power be restored to the emperor.

James Watt/ Steam Engine

Scottish Engineer/ Invention Where- Great Britain When- 1760s Did what- Further increased the production of the cotton industry. Significance- Made a way so steam power could now be used to spin and weave cotton. This invention was used all across Great Britain and scenes it wa powered by coal it, machines didn't need to be located by streams.

1. Tokugawa

Shogunate Where- Japan (Western Nations) When- Around 1600+ Did what- Ruled the Japanese islands as a shogunate for a few hundred years. Near the end of their rule they started to trade with other countries. They first signed a treaty with the U.S., then more with other European countries. Sig.- By 1800 it had drove out foreign traders and missionaries and isolated Japan from virtually all contact with the outside world. Maintained formal relations with just Korea and informal trading links with Dutch and Chinese merchants continued at Nagasaki. When they opened relationships with Western nations, many people were unhappy and the Satsuma and Choshu samurais demanded resign and restored the power of the Japanese emperor.

"Peace, Land, Bread"

Slogan Where- Russia When- 1917+ Did what- Was one of the three slogans of the Bolshevik program. Significance- Laid out three things that were important; ______, _________, ________, which were pleasing ideas to the previously unsatisfied Russians.

White Collar Workers

Social Class Where- Europe When- 1880+ Did what- A group of middle class people that consisted of- traveling salespeople, bookkeepers, telephone, operators, department stores salespeople, and secretaries. Significance- They were not highly paid workers, but were often committed to middle-class ideals.

Proletariat

Social Class Where- Everywhere When- All the time Did what- The working class. Significance- According to Marx were one of two great classes; the oppressed.

Industrial Middle Class

Social Class Where- Europe/Britain When- The Industrial Revolution Did what- Was produced by the rise of industrial capitalism, an economic system based on industrial production. Replaced the bourgeois, or middle-class person. Significance- Was made up of the people who built the factories, brought the machines and figured out where the markers were. Their qualities included initiative, vision, ambition and offer greed. On manufacturer said, "Getting of money.. is the main business of the life of men.

Industrial Working Class

Social Class Where- Europe/Great Britain When- The Industrial Revolution Did what- The people who did labor. Created by the Industrial Revolution. Significance- Workers worked 12-16 hours per day, six days a week, with half-hour for lunch and dinner. There was no security of employment and no minimum wage. The works conditions were in cotton mills because of their temperature, dirtiness, dustiness, dangerousness and unhealthiness. Conditions in the coal mines were also bad; they had to dig coal out of the mines; horses, mules, women and children hauled coal carts on the rails to the lift; bad conditions included cave-ins, explosions, gas fumes (called "bad air"), cramped areas, constant dampness of mines. Women and children made up a large part of the cotton industry's workforce until the factory Act of 1833 which set 9 at the minimum age for employment reducing the number of kid workers and increasing the number of women workers.

Bourgeoisie

Social Class Where- Everywhere When- All the time Did what- The middle class including merchants, industrialist and professional people. Significance- According to Marx were one of two great classes; the oppressor.

Feminism

Social Class Where- Everywhere When- All the time Did what- The movement for women's rights. Significance- Started in the Enlightenment. During the I.R. women fought for property rights (finally granted some in 1870 in Britain), access to universities (partially successful), and entry into occupations dominated by men. (Doctor/Nurse, for example was successful)

Middle Classes

Social Class Group Where- Europe When- 1871+ Did what- Included the middle class of- Lawyers, doctors, engineers, architects accountants and chemists- and the lower middle class of small shopkeepers, traders and prosperous peasants- and the white collar workers- traveling salespeople, bookkeepers, telephone, operators, department stores salespeople, and secretaries. Significance- The middle classes shared a certain lifestyle with values that tended to dominate much of 19th century society. They shared their ideas with both their children and the upper and middle classes their society, especially in Victorian Britain, which is often considered a model of middle-class society.

Working Classes

Social Class Group (Author) Where- Europe, Great Britain When- 1871+, 1900 Did what- Were below the middle class on the social scale, made up almost 80% of European population. Included landholding s, peasants, farm laborers, and sharecroppers, especially in Eastern Europe. The Urban Working Class included skilled artisans, semi-skilled laborers and at the bottom of the Urban Working class there were unskilled laborers, day laborers and domestic servants. 1/7 of every employed person in Great Britain in 1900 was a domestic servant. Significance- They did a lot of the work and were a huge part of European population. After 1870 Urban workers experienced an improvement in the material conditions of their lives. Reforms created these better conditions. Also a rise of wages and a decline of consumer costs made it possible for workers to buy more than just food and housing (more clothes, leisure activities etc.). In addition, strikes were leading to 10-hour workdays and Saturday afternoons off.

Emmeline Pankhurst; Suffragists

Social Party Where- Europe When- 1903 Did what- Emmeline Pankhurst was a major supporter of women's rights and founded the Women's Social and Political Union in 1903 with her daughters. Suffragists did crazy things such as pelted gov't officials with eggs, chained themselves to lampposts, burned railroad cars and smashed the window of department stores on fashionable shopping streets. Suffragists were people who advocate the extension of political rights, such as voting rights Significance- She helped women gain rights through her support and unusual publicity stunts to call attention to women's rights demands. The suffragists did these crazy things with their aim being the right of women to full citizenship in the nation-state.

German Social Democratic Party (SDP)

Social Party Where- Germany (and other European States) When- After Marx's Rise or After 1848 (1875) Did what- Socialist parties formed by working-class leaders based on Marx's ideas. Significance- In general the Parties tried to help the working class/oppressed which could be done through revolution. The German Social Democratic (SPD in 1875) party was the most important and advocated for revolution while organizing itself into a mass political party that competed in elections for the German parliament. On in the parliament, the SPD delegates worked to pass laws that would improve conditions for the working class. Despite government efforts to destroy it, the German Social Democratic Party grew.

18. Community, Hierarchy, "three obediences"

Society Guidelines Where- Japan When- Tokugawa Era Did what- Before the Meiji reforms, Japanese society could be described by two words _______ and ____________. The lives of all Japanese people were determined membership in a family, village and social class. At the same time Japanese society was highly hierarchical. Significance- Belonging to a particular social class determined a person's occupation`and social relationships with others. Women were especially limited by the ________: child to father, wife to husband, and widow to son. Husbands could easily obtain a divorce, wives could not, women usually married around age 16 in arranged marriages, females did not share inheritance rights with males and few received any education outside the family.

Bolsheviks

Soviet Where- Russia When- Around 1917 Did what- They began as a small Marxist party called the Russian Social Democrats. THe Bolsheviks came under the leadership of V. I. Lenin. He led the Bolsheviks to become a party dedicated to violent revolution. Significance- In April 1917 Lenin was shipped by the German military to Russia, where he led the Bolsheviks to overthrow the provisional government.

Armistice

Truce Where- Europe (Germany) When- November 11, 1918 Did what- The new German government, the Social Democrats under Friedrich Ebert signed this type of document. Sig.- GErmany agreed to end the fighting and WWI

6. War of Attrition

Type of War Where- Europe (Everywhere) When- 1914+ Did what- Was a war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses. World War I was an example of this type of war. Significance- Millions of men lost their lives during World War I, because this type of war was based on how much loss a nation could withstand.

Mogul

Types of Rulers Where- India When- Throughout the 18th century. Did what- The Mogul rulers' power declined. Significance- More power was given to the British and the British East India Company was given power by the British Government.

14. John Hay / "Open Door Policy"

U.S. Secretary of State / Policy Where- China When- 1899+ Did what- U.S. Secretary of state presented a proposal that ensured equal access to the Chinese market for all nations and preserved the unity of the Chinese empire. None of the other imperialist governments opposed the idea, so Hay proclaimed that all nahir states with economic interests in China had agreed that the country should have a _________. Significance- America wanted China to survive and helped make that possible while still satisfying the interests of some trading companies in the United States. Also other countries could be part of the Chinese market, but would not have extreme power. The policy was fair and helpful.

Trade Unions

Unions Where- Great Britain->Throughout Europe When- 1870+ Did what- Won the right to strike in Great Britain in the 1870s. Significance- Was another force working for more even social classes. Workers in factories were organized into trade unions so they could go on strikes to achieve reforms. By 1900 there were 2 million workers in British trade unions. By 1914 there were almost 4 million (in Britain). Other European trade unions hadn't been as successful, but they had made considerable progress in bettering both the living and the working conditions of the working classes.

11. Mumbai (Bombay)

Urban Area in India Where- India, Mumbai When- Later 1800s/1900s Did what- Was the site of some of the first Indian nationalists. Many of these original Indian nationalists were per class and English-educated. Significance- At first these nationalists preferred reform to revolution, it the slow pace of reform convinced many Indian nationalists that relying on British goodwill was not a good Idea. In 1885 a small group of Indians met in Mumbai to form the Indian National Congress (INC).

4. Battle of Masurian Lakes

WWI Battle Where- Eastern Germany/ Masurian Lakes (Russia) When- September 15, 1914 Did what- At the beginning of the war, the Russian army moved into eastern Germany, but were defeated in multiple battles. One such battle was the ___________, on September 15, 1914. Significance- As a result of these defeats, the Russians were no longer a threat to German territory.

5. Battle of Verdun

WWI Battle Where- France/Verdun When- 1916 Did what- In 10 months at _______, France, in 1916, seven hundred thousand men lost their lives over a few miles of land. Significance- World War one had turned into a war of attrition (see below).

3. Battle of Marne

WWI Battle Where- Marne (France- on the way from Germany) When- September 6-10, 1914 Did what- The Germans were halted when on their way to take down Paris. To stop the Germans, French military leaders loaded two thousand Parisian taxicabs with fresh troops and sent them to the front line. Significance- The war quickly turned into a stalemate as neither side could dislodge each other from the trenches they had dug for shelter. These trenches were the first origins of trench warfare (see above), and the war was an early example of a war of attrition (see below).

3. Opum War

War Where- China (Britain) (India) When- 1839-1842 Did what- To fix their unfavorable trade imbalance in China the British started to trade opium. Opium was a highly addictive drug grown in India that was being shipped directly to Chinese markets. The Chinese had already made opium trade in China illegal and saw its dangerous so they tried to stop Britain from trading opium. The British refused so CHina blockaded Guangzhou to force traders to surrender their chests of opium. Significance- This blockade started the opium war. The British won easily; the British warships destroyed Chinese coastal river forts. When a British fleet sailed almost unopposed up the Chang Jiang River to nanjing, the Qing dynasty made peace.

11. Sino-Japanese War

War Where- China (Japan) (Korea) When- 1894 Did what- China went to war with Japan over Japanese inroads onto Korea, a land that the Chinese had controlled for a long time. The Chinese were defeated easily. Significance- The Japanese demanded and received the island of Taiwan, and the Liaodong Peninsula . Fearing Japan;' growing power however, the European powers forces Japan to give the Liaodong Peninsula back to China.

Boer War

War Where- South Africa When- 1899 -1902, 1910 Did what- The British and Boers;s fought for the control in south africa. The British fought the fierce Boer guerrilla resistance and burned their crops and took about 120,00 women and children into detention camps. The vastly larger British ARmy eventually won. Significance- In 1910, since the British ruled south africa they created an independent Union of South Africa, which combined the old Cape Colony with the Boer Republics.

Entrepreneurship

Wealthy Businessmen Where- Britain When- 1800s Did what- Found new business opportunities and found new ways to make profits. Significance- Helped the Industrial Revolution

Jean-Paul Marat

When- 1743-1793 CHECK Where- France Supported the revolution in many radical ways such as writing in a radical newspaper called the "Friend of the People" which said that people (the poor) need to fight back against the power through acts of violence.

Coalition

When- 1793 CHECK Where- France An alliance of Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Britain an d the Dutch Republic that were against France. This alliance was made because these countries felt threatened by the overthrow of the monarchy and king and the execution of King Louis XVI. They did not want anything like this to happen to them, so these countries allied so they could invade France. France countered this alliance by giving power to the Committee of Public Safety.

Reign of Terror

When- 1793-1794 Where- France The COPS set up the Reign of Terror to prosecute internal enemies of the revolution and the republic and supporters of the kind and the monarchy. Close to 40,000 people were killed, and 18,000 of those people such as King Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, Olympe de Gouges and Maximilean Robespierre died under the blade of the guillotine or the national razor. The Reign of Terror ended with Maximilean Robespierre's death after he got out of control and started a new religion, the Supreme Being. Overall it was a very deadly, violent radical time but in turn led to the Republic of Virtue.

Committee of Public Saftey

When- 1793-1794 CHECK Where- France A Committee of 12 people that held a lot of power in France. One of the Committee's most influential lead was Maximilien Robespierre. The Committee put in motion the Reign of Terror. The COPS said that the bloodletting was only temporary and would lead into the Republic of Virtue.

The Girondins

When- About 1790-1795 CHECK Where- France This group of people supported the revolution in a moderate sense. They wanted to change gov't structure away from the monarchy, but were not very radical and did not want to kill the King or do things along those lines.

The Mountain

When- About 1790-1795 CHECK Where- France This radical group of people greatly supported and led the revolution. They were very violent and even wanted to (and did) kill the king. They also wanted to get away from the king and the monarchy completely.

Reaction; Directory

When- Around 1795-1797 CHECK Where- France A corrupted group of power that did not fix France's money problems, made the radicals unhappy with the moderation, didn't fix economic problems, continued to fight wars from the COPS and then finally got overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte.

The Jacobins

When- Around the 1790's CHECK Where- France A network of political groups made up of two factions; the Radical-fearing Girondins and the Radical Mountain who wanted to kill the king and completely stop the monarchy. The two groups often disputed with each other.

Republic of Virtue

When- Around the early 1790's+ CHECK Where- France A peaceful time in France that was lead by the COPS. Laws dealing with wartime emgergency were implemented, primary education laws were passed, slavery was abolished in France's colonies, economic controls were added and there were many efforts of Dechristianization.

Levee en Masse (Universal Mobilization)

When- August 23, 1793 CHECK Where- France and its surrounding countries Gave France a very powerful army by many people helping out with the different aspects of the army. The army pushed the invading coalition back, made France safer and stronger and was an important step in the creation of modern nationalism.

George Danton

When- During the Paris Commune Where- France- Paris Supported the French Revolution by leading the Paris Commune (With the Culottes), a series of revolts against the power/the monarchy and they sought revenge on people who had helped the king and/or resisted the popular will.

Liberal Party, Conservative Party, Labour Party- Political Parties

Where- Britain When- 1871+, 1900 Did what- Were the parliament systems that led Great Britain in 1871+. Significance- The Liberal Party and Conservative Part alternated in power and competed with each other in passing laws that expanded the right to vote. In 1900, the Labour Party emerged. This new party dedicated itself to the interests of workers.

Revolutions in 1830- Rebellions

Where- Europe When- 1830+ Did what- Broke the conservative domination in Europe. Significance- Liberals and Nationalists became more prominent, in France in 1830 liberals overthrew the Bourbon Monarch Charles X and established a constitutional monarchy. Belgium Nationalists rebelled against the former Dutch Republic. Rebellions in Poland were crushed by the Russians and rebellions Italy were put put down by Austria.

Universal Male Suffrage

Where- Europe/France When- Throughout history Did what- Was a way to decide who could vote. Significance- All adult men could vote, giving "equal rights" to all even though women were still unable to vote and was not considered a problem or unfair by the majority of Europe.

Ministerial Responsibility-

Where- Europe/France When- Around 1875 (Check) Did what- Set up a responsibility system. Significance- The premier and his ministers were responsible to the Chamber of Deputies instead of the president.

Alsace and Lorraine- Provinces

Where- Europe/France->Germany When- January 28->May, 1871 Did what- The provinces (along with about 5 billion francs, or roughly $1 billion) given to Germany when Paris surrendered to Prussia. Significance- Made France very angry, so they wanted revenge.

German Confederation

Where- Europe/Germany When- 1815+ Did what- The Congress of Vienna recognized the existence of 38 independent German states. The two biggest powers of these 38 states were Austria and Prussia. Significance- In 1848 people in the German Confederation called for change. German rulers responded promising constitutions, a free press, and jury trials. The Frankfurt Assembly was then formed (see below) to fulfill the liberal and nationalist dream of a new united Germany.

Kaiser Williams I/Second German Empire- Emperor/Empire

Where- Europe/Germany When- January 18, 1871 Did what- The kaiser, or emperor, was proclaimed the Second German Empire. Significance- German unity had been achieved by the Prussian monarchy and the Prussian army. The authoritarian and militaristic values of Prussia worked well in the new German State. With its industrial resources and military sight, the news state became the strongest power on the European continent.

William II- Leader

Where- Europe/Germany When- Ruled from 1888-1918 Did what- Made Germany the strongest military and industrial power in Europe. Significance- The expansion of industry and cities led to demands for democracy. Conservative forces (especially landowning nobility and big industrialists) tried to stop the movement for democracy by supporting a strong foreign policy.

Reichstag- Parliament

Where- Europe/Germany When- 1871 Did what- Was the lower house have the German parliament. Significance- Its members were elected on the basis of universal male suffrage. Ministers of government were responsible not the parliament, but to the emperor, however.

Frankfurt Assembly

Where- Europe/Germany/Frankfurt When- 1848 Did what- Tried to fulfill the liberal and nationalist dream of a new united Germany. Significance- Deputies to the parliament were elected by universal male suffrage to try to create a constitution. Ultimately the it failed to finish its goal. The Assembly drafted a constitution but had no real means of forcing German rulers to accept it. German unification was not achieved.

Great Reform Act of 1832 (Britain)- Bill

Where- Europe/Great Britain When- 1832 Did what- Increased the number of male voters. Significance- The new voters were mainly members of the industrial middle class. By giving industrial middle class an interest in ruling Great Britain avoided revolutions in 1848 and 1850.

Queen Victoria- Queen

Where- Europe/Great Britain When- Ruled from 1837-1901 Did what- Her rule, the longest in English history, was a reflection of the feeling of National pride in Great Britain. Significance- Her time as ruler became known as the Victorian Age and her sense of duty and moral respectability reflected the attitudes of her age.

Piedmont- Italian State

Where- Europe/Italy/Piedmont When- 1848+ Did what- Led the unification of Italy. Piedmont included the island Sardinia, Nice, and Savoy. Significance- Led by the royal house of Savoy, Piedmont was looked upon as the leader of Italy's unification. Piedmont helped increase Italy's economy and the increased government revenue's helped create a larger army. Then an alliance was made with the French emperor Louis-Napoleon, provoking the Austrians into declaring war in 1859. The conflict resulted in a peace settlement that gave the French Nice and Savoy.

King Victor Emmanuel II- King

Where- Europe/Italy/Piedmont When- 1849+ Did what- Led Piedmont, the leading state of Italy's unification. Significance- Ruled Piedmont, which included the island Sardinia, Nice, and Savoy. Helped unify Italy.

Camillo di Cavour- Prime Minister

Where- Europe/Italy/Piedmont When- 1852+ Did what- Prime minister Significance- Expanded Italy's economy and created a large army. Allied with France and provoked Austria into declaring war in 1859, which led to a peace settlement. His success caused other Nationalists to overthrow their governments and join Piedmont, uniting Italy.

Otto Von Bismarck- Prime Minister

Where- Europe/Prussia When- 1800s Did what- He was a politician based on practical matters. Significance- He ignored people that disagreed with his realpolitik. For example he ignored the legislature's opposition to the military reforms. After their opposition he proceeded to collect taxes and strengthen the army. He also followed an active foreign policy, which soon led to war. He defeated Denmark with Austria's help in 1864, the Austrians on July 3 1866, organized the German states north of the Main River into a North German Confederation, signed military protection of Southern Germany from France, made the French Declare war on Prussia on July 19, 1870 because of he defeated them on September 2, 1870/January 28, 1871.

Militarism- Reliance on Military Strength

Where- Europe/Prussia+ When- 1840's-1860's Did what- Prussia relied heavily on its military. Significance- In the 1860s King William tired to enlarge the Prussian army, but the Prussian legislature refused to levy new taxes for the proposed military changes so William I appointed a new prime minister, Count Otto Von Bismarck.

Czar Alexander II- Czar

Where- Europe/Russia When- Around 1856-1881 Did what- Made reforms in Russia after the were humiliated in their defeat in the Crimean Wars. Significance- Emancipated serfdom, freeing serfs, on March 3, 1861. Peasants could now own property and marry who they chose. Peasants got land by the government giving them land that they bought from landlords. He also tried to do other reforms, but couldn't please anyone because he wasn't reforming at a fast enough pace and others thought he was trying to destroy the basic institutions of Russian society. He was assassinated in 1881 by a group of radicals.

Czar Alexander II- Czar

Where- Europe/Russia When- Around 1856-1881 CHECK Did what- Made reforms in Russia after the were humiliated in their defeat in the Crimean Wars. Significance- Emancipated serfdom, freeing serfs, on March 3, 1861. Peasants could now own property and marry who they chose. Peasants got land by the government giving them land that they bought from landlords. He also tried to do other reforms, but couldn't please anyone because he wasn't reforming at a fast enough pace and others thought he was trying to destroy the basic institutions of Russian society. He was assassinated in 1881 by a group of radicals.

Alexander III- Czar

Where- Europe/Russia When- Around 1881+ CHECK Did what- Came to power in 1881 after had father, Czar Alexander II, was assassinated by a group of radicals. Significance- Alexander II turned against reform and returned to the old methods of repression in Russia.

Czar Nicholas II- Czar

Where- Europe/Russia When- Ruled 1894+ Did what- Believed that the absolute power of the czars should remain. Significance- His beliefs were different from Russia and its changing conditions. He was eventually forced to grant civil liberties and create a legislative assembly called the Duma. These reforms did not last; by 1907 Nicholas had already taken the power away from the Duma and again used the army and bureaucracy to rule Russia.

Revolution of 1905 or "Bloody Sunday"/Duma- Revolution

Where- Europe/Russia/St. Petersburg/Winter Palace When- January 22, 1905/ Around 1905-1907 (Check) Did what- On J22,1905 a massive procession of workers went to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to present of petition of grievances to the czar. Significance- The troops foolishly responded by opening fire on the peaceful demonstration, killing hundreds. Nicholas II then had to grant civil liberties and create a legislative assembly, called the Duma.

Crimean War- War

Where- Europe/Turkey and Russia When- 1853-March 1856 Did what- The result of the long-standing struggle between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. It changed Europe to help the unification of both Germany and Italy more possible. Significance- Russians invaded the Turkish Balkan provinces of Moldavia and Walachia to have access to the Mediterranean Sea and become a major power in western Europe. The war was poorly fought and Russia eventually signed the Treaty of Paris in March 1856 making peace in Moldavia and Walachia. The war made the chief powers of Austria and Russia enemies because Austria also wanted the Balkans so they did not support Russia. Russia then withdrew from European affairs for the next 20 years leaving Austria as Europe's sole strong power

Olympe de Gouge

Where- France When- 1789-1791 CHECK A female author that wrote plays and pamphlets such as the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen which advocated for women's rights. The National Assembly ignored her demands. She said that women were equal to men.

Constitution of 1791

Where- France When- 1791 This Constitution changed France's Gov't power and structure. It limited the kings power (A limited monarchy) and had a Legislative Assembly (745 affluent representatives) to make the laws.

Legislative Assembly

Where- France When- 1791-1793 CHECK This Assembly was put in place by the Constitution of 1791 and was made up of 745 affluent representatives. The Assembly made the laws and limited the king and monarchy's power (A limited monarchy). These limitations made France more equal and fair. The Assembly supported the revolution.

National Convention

Where- France When- 1792 CHECk This Convention organized part of France's future. It was based on universal male suffrage, or all men having the right to vote.

Relics Of Feudalism

Where- France When- Age of Feudalism-1700's Peasants had obligations to their landlords which hurt the peasants. They had to pay for using certain village facilities as well as make contributions ($) to the clergy. This was an act carried on from the Age of Feudalism.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Where- France When- Before 1791 CHECK This Constitution changed the religious structure of France. Bishops and priests were elected but the people and paid by the state, but the French Gov't now controlled the church which made many Catholics enemies of the revolution.

Second Republic (France)

Where- France When- Started November 4, 1848 Did what- Was a new republic set up to govern France. Significance- The Second Republic, put into place by a constitution ratified in 1848, had a single legislature elected by universal male suffrage. A president was also elected by universal male suffrage and ruled for 4 years. In the elections for president in December 1848 Charles Louis Napoleon (Louis-Napoleon), the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte won the election by a lot.

Paris Commune

Where- France- Paris When- 1792 The Paris Commune was a mobbing of the royal palace and the Legislative Assembly. It forced the Legislative Assembly to suspend the monarchy and also took a lot of the Legislative Assembly's power and took the king captive. These were radical and violent acts of the French Revolution.

Sans Culottes

Where- France- Paris When- 1792 CHECK They were ordinary patriots that did not have fine clothes and the people in this groups were generally poor workers, small traders and better off artisans.

National Assembly

Where- France- Versailles When- 1789-1791 CHECK The Third Estate created this Assembly and held meetings so they could try to fix the gov't's problems and draft a new Constitution. They also created the Declaration of the Rights of Man an the Citizen, destroyed the relics of Feudalism and sold the lands of the Church.

Estates General

Where- France- Versailles When- Started May 5th, 1789 Called by King Louis XVI,the Estates General was a meeting of all three Estates that was supposed to help fix France's financial crisis. The 1st and Second Estates wanted each Estate to have one vote while the Third Estate wanted the 3rd Estate to have 2 votes to even the playing field. The 3rd Estates request was denied so they got very angry. When they returned to the meeting house they were locked out, so the third Estate formed the National Convention and swore to the Tennis Court Oath.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Where- France- Versailles CHECK When- August 26, 1989 A Charter drafted by the National Assembly (3rd Estate People). It was based on the American Declaration of Independence and the English Bill of Rights. It proclaimed equal rights, political freedom and people's basic Liberties. All citizens would have the right to take part in making laws and it brought of the discussion if equal rights for 'men' includes women.

Tennis Court Oath

Where- France- Versailles- A Tennis Court When- June 20th,1789 CHECK The Third Estate swore to this oath saying that they would draft a new constitution. This goal was achieved in the National Assembly in 1791.

Reichstag- German Parliament

Where- Germany When- 1800s-1930s --- Did what- Was the German parliament that the Nazis slowly gained power in. Significance- By 1932, the Nazi party had 800,000 members and was the largest party in the German parliament, giving Hitler and the Nazis a great deal of power of all of Germany.

Aryan Racial State- Selected Type of Peoples

Where- Germany When- 1919+ Did what- One of Hitler's goals he wanted to achieve from his power was to develop an _____________ that would dominate Europe and possibly the world for generations to come. The term was used to identify Indo-European speaking people, but Hitler and the Nazis misused the term and identified the _____ with the Ancient Greeks and Romans and twentieth-century Germans and Scandinavians. Significance-The Nazis beleived that the Germans would the true descendants of the _____ and they would be able to create another empire like the Roman empire. They believed that the world had already seen two German Empires or Reichs: the Holy ROman Empire and the German empire of 1871 to 1918. It was Hitler's goal to create a third Reich, the empire of Nazi Germany. To do so he would need to weed out the non-_______/and Jews.

NSDAP (Nazi)- Extremist party

Where- Germany When- Around 1919+ Did what- Formerly the German Workers' Party that Hitler took control of in 1921 after joining in 1919. He renamed it the NSDAP, or Nazi for short. Within two years of the beginning of Hitler's control of the party, its membership grew to 55,000 and 15,000 people in its militia. Significance- The party tried to take control in the Beer Hall Putsch, in 1923, but failed. They By around 1933, the Nazis had control of Germany and they created an extremist, anti-semitic, economy driven country under the rule of the Fürhrer, Adolf Hitler.

Mein Kampf- Book by Adolf hitler

Where- Germany When- Around 1923-1924 Did what- While in jail after getting arrested for the Beer Hall Putsch (see above), Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, or My Struggle, an account on his movement and its basic ideas. Significance- In Mein Kampf, extreme German nationalist strong anti-semitism, and anti communism are linked together by a Social Darwinian theory of struggle. This theory emphasizes the right of superior nations to lebensraum, or living space, though expansion. It also upholds the right of superior individuals to gain authoritarian leadership over the people.

Lebensraum- Social Guidelines

Where- Germany When- Around 1923-1924+ Did what- Was the belief that superior nations had the right so living space through expansion. Also, the right of superior individuals to gain authority over the masses is upheld in lebensraum. Significance- This ideas/guideline was part of Hitler's Mein Kampf, so it played a large role in German society to come.

Concentration Camps- Prison Cmamps

Where- Germany When- Around 1933+ Did what- With their new source of power, after the Enabling ACt (see above) was passed, the Nazis acted quick;t to bring all institution under their control. Significance- One such way to do so was to send all those who opposed the new regime to ______________, large, brutal prison camps.

SS/Heinrich Himmler- Secret Police/German Leader

Where- Germany When- Around 1933-1939 Did what- The Nazo totalitarian state used terror repression. The Schutzstaffel ("Guard Squadrons"), or the SS, were an important force for maintaining order. Thee SS was originally created as Hitler's personal bodyguard, but morphed into more of a police force. Significance- Under the direction of Heinrich Himmler, the SS came to control not just the secret police forces that Himmler had set up, but also the regular police forces. The SS based its ideas and actions on two principles: terror and ideology. Terror included the instruments of repression and murder—the secret police, criminal police, concentration camps, and later, execution squads and death camps- concentration camps in which prisoners were killed. For Himmler, the main goal of the SS was to further the Aryan master race.

Triumph of the Will- Propaganda Documentary

Where- Germany When- Around 1934(+) Did what- Was a documentary made by Joseph Goebbels (see above) and the Propaganda Ministry. Was about the 1934 Nuremberg party rally, it was filmed by Leni Riefenstahl, an actress turned director. Significance- The documentary influenced viewers to respect the power of National Socialism with aggressive tactics of propaganda and manipulation.

Enabling Act- Government Law

Where- Germany When- March 23, 1933 (+) Did what- A 2/3 vote in the Reichstag passed this law stating that the government could ignore the constitution for four years to fix their economic problems. Significance- The Law basically made Hitler dictator, because he no longer need the Reichstag or President. His later actions were also given a basis by this law.

Kristallnacht- Violent Anti-Jewish Acts

Where- Germany When- November 9, 1938 Did what- Means "night of the shattered glass. In a destructive rampage against Jews Nazis burned down synagogues, destroyed some seven thousand Jewish businesses, killed at least 100 Jews and rounded up about 30,000 Jewish males and sent them to concentration camps. Significance- This rampage led to further drastic steps: Jews were barred from all public transportation and public buildings including schools and houses, were prohibited from owning, managing, or working in any retails store, had to clean up all the debris and damage from the event and finally under the direction of the SSm the jews were encouraged to "emigrate from Germany."

Nuremberg Laws- Social Guidelines

Where- Germany When- September, 1935, 1941 Did what- In September, 1935, the Nazis announced new racial laws at the annual party rally in __________, a scene of many mass demonstrations, spectacles and meetings. Significance- These laws excluded Jews from German citizenship[ and forbade marriages between Jews and German citizens. In 141m german Jews were also required to wear yellow Stars of David and to carry identification cards saying they were Jewish.

Flying shuttle; Spinning Jenny; Water Powered Loom- Prime Minister

Where- Great Britain When- 1700s, 1764, 1787 Did what- Made the current cotton industry inefficient. Significance- Fs made weaving faster. Sj by James Hargreaves made thread production faster, Wpl by Edmund Cartwright made machines more efficient and made them by brought to water sources.

Fascism- Political Group

Where- Italy When- Around 1919 Did what- Created by Benito Mussolini (see above) in 1919 when he abandoned Socialism. The philosophy glorifies the state above the individual buy emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler In a fascist state, people are controlled by the government, and any opposition is suppressed. Significance- The political party came to power under Mussolini as a totalitarian state with powers including army, secret police force, propaganda, and control of the media.

Benito Mussolini- Italian Dictator

Where- Italy When- Around 1919- Early 1920s+ Did what- After abandoning socialism, Benito Mussolini adopted the first European fascist (see below) movement in Italy in the early 1920s. He created the new fascist political group in 191 (A.K.A. the Fascio di Combattimento or League of Combat) Significance- His movement quickly. He formed an armed fascist group called the Blackshirts and continued to gain power. Once he became prime minister of Italy around 1922 he used this power to become a dictator. He created a secret police force, propaganda, gained control over the media and had a relatively totalitarian state.

21. Shidehara Diplomacy (in class)

Where- Japan When- Did what- Significance-

15. Diet

Where- Japan When- Did what- Significance- h

9. Meiji Restoration/"Enlightenment"

Where- Japan When- After 1868 Did what- Was the time period in which the young emperor Mutsuhito ruled Japan. Significance- Political structure of Japan's government changed as well as the location of the major buildings. The new leaders abolished the old order, base their new system on the western model and strengthened their own power.

20. Zaibatsu (in class)

Where- Japan When- Did what- Significance-

Beer Hall Putsch- Nazi Uprising

Where- Munich/Germany When- November 1923 Did what- Hitler tried to force a Nazi gov't in Germany by marching to Berlin; he was unsuccessful. The Nazis were stopped by the police and 16 were killed. Hitler was arrested, put on trial for treason and sentenced to 5 years in prison, but only served 9 months. Significance- In jail, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (see below), or My Struggle, an account on his movement and its basic ideas. Hitler and the Nazis gained publicity, sympathy, and popularity for trying to take action and help Germany. They also learned that they would have to take power by a legal means.

Bastille

Where- Paris When- July 14th, 1789 The Bastille was stormed by angry Parisian Rebels to get gunpowder to fight the gov't and it's soldiers and supporters.

Five Year Plans- Russian Economic Goals

Where- Russia When- 1928 Did what- Stalin significantly shifter Russia's economic policy in 1928 when he ended the NEP and launched the First______________ of his. The ______________ setup economic goals for _________ periods. Their purpose was to transform Russia virtually overnight from an agricultural into and industrial economy. Significance- The First _________ emphasized maximum production of capital goods (goods devoted to the production of other goods, such as heavy machinery) and armaments. The plan quadrupled the production of heavy machinery and doubled oil production. Between 1928 and 1937, during the first two _______________, steel production in Russia went up from 4 million tons to 18 million tons (3.63 mil to 16.33 mil tons per year). The social and political costs of industrialization were enormous. Little was done for cating the expanded labor forces i =b the cities, The number of workers increase by the millions between 1932 and 1940, but the total investment actually decreased after 1929. The outcome was millions of workers living in pitiful conditions, wages also were reduced by 43% between 1928 and 1940. Some stricter laws even limited where workers could move. . To keep the moral of workers higher, the government used propaganda to stress the need for sacrifice to create a new socialist Russia.

Joseph Stalin- Member Russian Politburo

Where- Russia When- Around 1924+ Did what- Countered Leon Trotsky's views after the death of Lenin in 1924. _____ held the bureaucratic job of party general secretary, while Trotsky, another other member of the Politburo was the commissioner of war. Significance- ______'s job became the most important job in the political party because it appointed regional, district, city and town party officials, so Stalin gained complete control of the Communist Party. He had thousands of representatives/supporters and had eliminated the Bolsheviks of the revolutionary from the Politburo. He established a power dictatorship and expelled Trotsky from the political party in 1927 who went to Mexico where he was murdered in 1940, possibly by Stalin's orders.

New Economic Policy- Modified Version of Capitalism

Where- Russia When- Around March 1921 Did what- In March 1921 the _________ was formed. The ____ was a modified version of the old capitalist system,. Peasants were allowed to sell their produce openly Retail stores as well as small industries that employed fewer than 20 workers could be privately owned and operated. Heavy industry, banking, and mines, however remained in the hands of the government. Significance- This system setup Russia for a new era, economically, politically and socially.

Emancipation Edict- Freedom Document

Where- Russia When- March 3, 1861 Did what- Czar Alexander II freed the serfs. Significance- The serfs were now free and got land from the government, but still didn't have enough money to support themselves. Russia was still also behind its time industrially and had ways to go, but freeing the serfs was a major step. Although the Czar did this, which was considered good, he wasn't reforming at a fast enough pace and was assassinated in 1881 by a group of radicals.

Collectivization- Eliminating System

Where- Russia When- Stalin's Rule What is it- A system in which private farms were replaced by government owned lands that the peasants still worked on. Peasants resisted, but the resistance only led Stalin to increase the production of the program. By 1930m 10 million peasant households had been collectivized, and by 1934, 26 million families had been collectivized into 250,000 family units. Costs: Hoarding of food, slaughter of livestock---> widespread famine (1922-1923)--->10mil peasant deaths. Benefits: Each farmer could have one tiny, privately owned garden plot. More control and power for Stalin and the government.

Great Fear

Where- Throughout France When- The summer of 1789 CHECK There were many peasant rebellions in France so people panicked thinking that outside countries would help the French Gov't, so the peasants made militias.

3. Conscription

Where- Western Countries When- Around 1890+ Did what- A military draft. A regular practice in most Western countries before 1914. The United States and Great Britain were exceptions. Significance- European armies doubled in size between 1890 and 1914. The Russian army had 1.3 million men; French- 900,000; German- 900,000; British- 250,000 ; Italian- 250,000; Austro-Hungarian- 250,000.

4. Militarism

Where- Western Nations (Mainly) When- Around 1890s+ Did what- An aggressive preparation for war and a focus on strengthening the military, within a country. Armies grew and so did the influence of military leaders. They drew up cast and complex plans for quickly mobilizing millions of men and enormous quantities of supplies in the event of war. Military leaders feared that any changes in these plans would cause chaos in the armed forces. Significance- Thus military leaders insisted that their plans could not be altered. In the 1914 crises, this left European political leaders with little leeway. They were forced to make decisions for military instead of political reasons.

1. Radio- Communication Method

Where- World When- Around 1920+ Did what- Was used to transmit a musical concert in June 1920. After the concert, in 1921 and 1922, many radio facilities were built in the U.S.m Europe and Japan. Significance- At the same time, the mass production of radios began. In 1926, there were 2.2 million radios in Great Britain. By the end of the 1930s there, were around 9 million. Radios were also used by political leaders, such as Hitler to spread their message and influence larger masses of people. Hitler and the Nazis encouraged the Germans to listen to the radio, because they were almost equally as influential as during Hitler's live speeches.

2. Joseph Goebbels- Propoganda Minister

Where-Germany When- Late 1920s-1930s+ Did what- Was the propaganda minister of Nazi Germany and used film to spread propaganda Significance- He beleived it was a modern and scientific way to influence the masses and created a special film division in his Propaganda Ministry. One documentary made by the ministry was The Triumph of the Will (See below).

Old Regime

Where: France When: Before 1789 Divided people into 3 estates: 1st Estate: Consisted of the clergy with about 130,00 people. The clergy were very rich and owned about % of the land. 2nd Estate: Consisted of the nobility, they owned about 25-30% of the land, help any leading positions in the government, military, law courts, higher church offices and they tax exemptions (from the taille) and had many other special privileges. 3rd Estate: Made up most of France's Population. Had the commoners of society, made up of peasants (75-80% of the total population) who held about 35-40% of the land and to do handwork and had very little or no special privileges. There were also skilled craftspeople, shopkeepers and other wage workers; they struggled financially. Lastly the 3rd estate also had the bourgeoisie, (8%/2.3 million people and 20-25% of the land) a wealthy group of lawyers, gov't (public offices) doctors and writers. All of the 3rd Estate paid taxes.

Tsarina Alexandra

Wife of the Czar Where- Russia When- Around 1917+- Did what- Was the wife of Czar Nicholas II during WWI and the end of the Romanov dynasty. Sig.- She had a great deal of power while Czar Nicholas II was at war. She gave a lot of that power to Rasputin, a person she (and he) believed was holy because he apparently helped her son, who had hemophilia (a deficiency in the ability of the blood to clot), to bleed.

"Fourteen Points"

Wilson's Points Where- U.S. (World) When- WWI Did what- U.S. President Woodrow Wilson outlined _________________ to the U.S. Congress- his basis for a peace settlement that he believed justified the enormous military struggled being waged. Significance- His points included the following: reducing armaments/ military forces or weapons, ensuring the right of each people to have its own nation, creating democratic governments, creating general associations of nations. Wilson became the spokesperson for a new world order based on democracy and international cooperation and was applauded by other nations at the peace conference.

2. Commodore Matthew C. Perry

American Commodore Where- Japan (U.S.) When- Summer of 1853 Did what- Brought a fleet of four American warships to Edo Bay (now Tokyo Bay) in Japan. He brought a letter from U.S. President Millard Fillmore asking for better treatment of sailors shipwrecked on the Japanese islands and the opening of foreign relations between the United States and Japan. Six months later Perry came back with an even larger fleet to get an answer from Japan. Some Japanese thought that contact with the West would hurt them and others said that due to America's military power they should give concessions (political compromises to the United States). Ultimately they were pressured into a treaty by the gun's and weapons of Commodore Perry's ships. Significance- Under military pressures, Japan agreed to the Treaty of Kanagawa (see below). The U.S. became the first of many western nations to sign a treaty opening foreign trade with Japan.

3. President Millard Fillmore

American Presiden Where- Japan When- Around 1853 Did what- Sent a letter with Commodore Matthew C. Perry to give to Japan asking for better treatment of sailors shipwrecked on the Japanese islands (foreign sailors shipwrecked in Japan were treated as criminals and were exhibited in public cages) and the opening of foreign relations between the United States and Japan. Significance- The letter help the U.S. become the first of many western nations to sign a treaty opening foreign trade with Japan.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Anti-war Document Where- Europe, U.S., World When- 1928 Did what- Another pact was signed in 1928, by 63 nations, two years after Germany joined the League of Nations. This pact, written by U.S. secretary of state Frank B. _______ furthered the spirit of cooperation and the anti-war feelings throughout the war. Significance- Nothing was said if the pact was broken and there was no way to enforce the anti-war policies. The pact did not have a huge effect in the long run, as we know WWII began in just over 10 years.

French West Africa; New Imperialism

Area of Land Where- West Africa When- Around 1900 Did what- France added the huge area of French West AFrica to its colonial empire. Sig.- France was in control of the largest part of Africa giving it power in the continent, more trading opportunities and more are to grow/mine/harvest crops/minerals etc.

Great Depression

Economic Collapse Where- World When- Around 1924-1929+ Causes: -A series of downturns in the economies of individual nations in the second (Ex. By the mid 1920s prices for farm products, especially wheat were falling rapidly because of overproduction. —An international financial crisis involving the U.S. stock market. The U.S. investments had fueled Europe into the continents prosperity between 1924 and 1929. When the U.S. pulled much of its European investments to invest in their own economy, the European economy suffered greatly. Then in October 1929, the U.S. stock market crashed and the prices of stocks plunged. THis crash furthered the U.S. to remove itself from German and other European economies, which weakened the banks of Germany and other European states. The Credit-Anstalt, Vienna's; most famous bak, collapsed in May 1931. By then trade was slowing down, industrial production was declining, and unemployment was rising. Responses: —Government did not know how to deal with the crisis. They tried a traditional strategy of cutting cost by lowering wages and raising tariffs in order to exclude foreign goods from domestic markets. These strategies, however, worsened the economies and had very influential political repercussions. —Overall, government activity in economic affairs increased, even in countries with strong beliefs that the government should not interfere in the economy, such as the U.S. —Interests in Marxism were reignited. Karl Marx's prediction of capitalism destroying itself through overproduction appeared to becoming true. Communis, therefore, gained popularity especially among workers and intellectuals. —Masses of people were led to follow political leaders who offered simple solutions in return for dictatorial power. Everywhere, democracy seemed on the defensive in the 1930s.

Industrial Capitalism

Economic System Where- Great Britain When- Industrial Revolution Did what- An economic system based on industrial production. Significance- Produced a new middle-class group- the industrial middle class.

5. Planned Economics

Economic Systems Where- Europe When- Around 1994+ Did what- In order to mobilize all the resources of their nations for war effirm European nations set up ___________- systems directed by government agencies. Significance- All civilians worked to help their country in the war.

Internal Combustion Engine

Engine Where- Europe When- 1880+ Did what- Was fired by oil and gasoline, providing a new source of power in transportation. Significance- Gave rise to ocean liners with oil-fired engines as well as to the airplane and the automobile, then planes.

Radio/ Guglielmo Marconi

Engineer Where- Italy When- 1901 Did what- Italian engineer who discovered radio waves. Significance- Led to radios and many more advancements in communication technology.

Balance of power

Evening of Influence Where- Europe When- After 1814, Congress of Vienna Did what- Spread power back fairly throughout Europe. Significance- No one country had too much influence in Europe; creating a balance of power. Political and military forces were also balanced.

Amalie Sieveking; Florence Nightingale; Clara Barton

Feminists Where- Europe, Germany, U.S. When- 1853-1856, 1861-1865 Did what- Made nursing a profession for women. Significance- In Germany, Amalie Sieveking was a nursing pioneer who founded the Female Association for the Care of the Poor and Sick in Hamburg. Florence Nightingale pushed for nursing to become a profession for women during the the Crimean War (1853-1856), Clara Barton transformed nursing into a profession of trained, middle-class "women in white" during the U.S. Civil War (1861-1865).

Indian National Congress

Independence-Seeking Group Where- India When- 1885+ Did what- In 1885 they met for the first time. They did not demand immediate independence but did call for a share in the governing process. Significance- They had problems because of religious differences, Even though their goal was to seek independence regardless of class or religion background, since many of its leaders were Hindu, Hindu concerns were looked upon more. Eventually the Muslims began to call for a separate Muslim League to represent the interests of the millions of Muslims in Indian society.

14. Rabindranath Tagore

Indian Author Where- India When-1800s/1900s Did what- Was a great writer and p oet. He was a also a spiritual leader, social reformer, educator, philosopher, singer, painter, and international spokesperson for the moral concerns of his age. He liked to invite the great thinkers of his time to his country estate where he set up a school that became an international university. Significance-His life mission was to promote pride in a national Indian consciousness in the face of British domination. He wrote about India's love-hate relationship with Britain and influenced many Indians to have a sense of Nationalism. His work is all about human dignity, world peace, and the mutual understanding and union of East and West.

Sepoys

Indian Soldiers Where- India (Britain) When- 17/18 CHECK Did what- Were Indian Soldiers that could be hired to fight. Significance- They fought for Britain in some cases and against them in others such as the Great Rebellion/ Sepoy Mutiny/ First War of Independence when a group of sepoys at an army post near Delhi went on a rampage and killed 50 European men, women, and children.

Muhammad Ali

Officer of the Ottoman Army Where- North Africa/Egypt When- 1805-around 1835 Did what- The Ottoman Empire held Egypt, but during the Ottoman Empire's decline Muhammad Ali seized power and established a separate Egyptian state. Significance- Muhammad Ali then, for the next 30 years or so, introduced a series of reforms to bring Egypt into the modern world. He modernized the army, set up a public school system, and helped create small industries in refined sugar, textiles munitions and ships. Egypt's (Nile Valley, Cairo) economic importance grew.

Self Determination

One of Wilson's Wants/Points Where- U.S. (World) When- Around 1918+ Did what- Was one of the things that Wilson addressed/wanted in his "Fourteen Points" Sig.- Was the right of each people to have its own nation.

Can Vuoug

Organization Where- Vietnam When- After the French took control of Vietnam Did what- The Can Vuoug fought against the French. Significance- Can Vuoug means "Save the King", but they fought without the emperor's help. Was an example of resistance without the help of the ruling class.

2. Guangzhou (Canton)

Trading Outlet Where- Southern China (Britain) When- About 1600+ Did what- Was the main/only trading outlet for European merchants for about 200 years. Significance- Helped restrict western influence and power in China, but the British did not like only being able to trade in one small area. Also this system made Britain had an unfavorable trade balance in China' they imported more foods from China than they exported to China.

8. Treaty of Tianjian

Treaty Where- India (Britain) When- 1858-1860 Did what- The Chinese legalized the opium trade, opened new ports to foreign trade, and surrendered the Kowloon Peninsula to Great Britain. Sig.- The Chinese resisted partes of the treaty, causing the British to seize Beijing in 1860. 9. "Self-Strengthening ƒ Social, Political and Economic Policy Where- China (Europe) When- Late 1800's Did what- The Qing adopted Western technology while keeping its Confucian values and institution. Factories were built to produce more modern weapons and ships, tradition Chinese imperial bureaucracy was retained, and civil service examinations based on Confucian writers were still used to select government staff members. Significance- This new policy guided Chinese foreign and domestic policy for the next 25 years.

6. Unequal Treaty

Treaty Type Where- China When- Did what- Significance-

4. Treaty of Nanjing

Treaty for China and Britain Where- China (Britain) When- 1842 Did what- Stopped the opium war. The Chinese agreed to open five coastal ports to British trade, give them the island of Hong Kong limit taxes on imported British goods, and pay for the costs of the war. Significance- Britain got more power and influence in China. The Europeans in the five ports lived in their own sections of town. This was one of the factors that led to the eventually overwhelming influence that Europeans had on China.

Revolutions of 1848

Where- Europe When- 1848+ Did what- Many countries and empires in Europe had revolts and/or rebellions. Significance- France: Bad economy starting in 1846 caused extreme hardships on the lower middle class, workers and peasants. The monarchy was then overthrown in 1848 and the Second Republic was established. Germany: The news of the revolutions caused German states to call for constitutions, a free press and jury trials. These requests led to the Frankfurt assembly made to draft and put into place a constitution, but only ended up drafting the constitution and not putting it into place. Austrian Empire: In March 1848, demonstrations in the major cities led to the dismissal of Metternich, the Austrian foreign minister. In Vienna, revolutionary forces took control and demanded a liberal constitution. The government then gave Hungary its own legislature to at least partially satisfy the revolts. In Bohemia Czechs clamored for their own government. Austrian government tried to stop, or at least slow down, the revolutionaries and reestablish their control over the empire. They defeated Czech rebels in Prague, the rebels in Vienna and then with the help of the Russian army the Hungarian revolutionaries stopped as well. The revolutions in Austria had failed. Italy: The Congress of Vienna set up nine states in Italy (in 1815) including the Kingdom of Piedmont in the North, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Naples and Sicily), the Papal States,a handful of small states, and northern provinces of Lombardy and Venetia, which were then part of the Austrian Empire. In 1848 a revolt broke out against the Austrians in Lombardy and Venetia. Other states revolted as well in hops of creating liberal constitutions and a unified Italy. By 1849 the Austrians had reestablished complete control over Lombardy and Venetia and the old order also came back to the rest of Italy.

6. Uncertainty Principle- Physics Belief

Where- Europe When- 1927 Did what- In 1927, the Newtonian belief that all phenomena could be completely defined and predicted was shaken when the German physicist Werner Heisenberg explained an observation he called the ________________. Significance- The ______________ was based on the fact that the subatomic parts in atoms (already discovered by precious physicists), behaved unpredictably. Heisenberg argued, in his theory, that since the basic and most essentially scientific structure is based on uncertainty, then all physics laws are based on uncertainty. This new theory challenged Newton's physics theories and were most likely not understood by many non-scientists, but the uncertainty fit in very well with the interwar period.

5. Surrealism- Artistic Movement

Where- Europe When- After WWI Did what- The ___________ were artists that sought a reality beyond the material world and found it in the world of the unconscious. By portraying, fantasies, dreams, and sometimes nightmares, the surrealists sought to show the greater reality that exists beyond the world of physical appearances. Significance- This form of art was "more important" and influenced "more people." The Spaniard Salvador Dalí was the high priest of surrealism. Dalí painted everyday, recognizable objects, but put them in irrational, unrecognizable contexts. He created a strange world in which the irrational became visible. Modern art was, however, rejected by many people, including Hitler and the Nazis in Nazi Germany.

Dadaism- Artistic Movement

Where- Europe When- After WWI Did what- The _________ were artists who were obsessed with the idea that life has no purpose. They were revolted by what they saw as the insanity of life and treid to express that feeling in their art. Significance- This art influenced many people and artist throughout Germany and beyond. One such person was Dada artist Hannah Höch, fro used photomontage (a picture made of a combination of photographs) to comment to women's roles in the new mass culture. Her work was shown in the first Dada show in Berlin in 1920. Modern art was, however, rejected by many people, including Hitler and the Nazis in Nazi Germany.

Totalitarian State- Government

Where- Europe, World When- Around 1919+ Did what- A government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens. Significance- It used a new form of dictatorship. The totalitarian state has a government that aims to control the political, economic, intellectual, and cultural life of its citizens. Benito Mussolini's fascist Italy was a totalitarian state.

Emperor Francis Joseph- Emperor

Where- Europe/Austria When- Around 1850s+ (Check) Did what- Ignored the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary that had a constitution that set up a parliamentary system with ministerial responsibility. Significance- He appointed and dismissed his own ministers and issued decrees, or laws, when the parliament was not in session. This went against the system that was set up.

Compromise of 1867- Compromise

Where- Europe/Austria+Hungary When- 1867 Did what- Created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Significance- The new monarchy was still split up; each of the Austrian Empire's two components now had its own constitution, legislature, government bureaucracy, and capital. (Vienna for Austria and Budapest for Hungary)

Multinational State

Where- Europe/Austrian Empire When- 1840s-1850s CHECK Did what- Divided the Austrian Empire Significance- Made the Austrian Empire not be united by dividing into a collection of different people including Germans, Czechs, Magyars (Hungarians), Slovaks, Romanians, Slovenes, Poles, Croats, Serbians and Italians.

Third Republic (France)- Republic

Where- Europe/France When- 1875+ Did what- A new government with a president and a legislature made up of two houses. Significance- The Senate, members of the upper house, were elected indirected. The Chamber of Deputies, members of the lower house, were elected by universal male suffrage. There was a Constitution created by the Third Republic, but the powers of the president were not well defined. A premier (or prime minister) actually led the government. The premier and his ministers were responsible to the Chamber of Deputies, not the president, this was known as ministerial responsibility. The Third Republic failed to develop a strong parliamentary system, but by 1914 it commanded the loyalty of most French people.

Napoleon II/Second Empire- Emperor and Empire

Where- Europe/France When- December 2, 1852 Did what- Napoleon II was the son of Napoleon Bonaparte, but he never ruled France. The Second Empire was led by Napoleon III. Significance- Napoleon III and the Second Empire was authoritarian. N3 was the chief of state and controlled the armed forces, police, and civil service. There was a Legislative Corps elected by universal male suffrage for six-year terms, but it had little power; N3 controlled the government. He expanded the economy, constructed railroads, harbors, roads and canals and rebuilt Paris. The Second Empire Fell in the Prussian War in 1870.