1.1 The study of life reveals common themes

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Chlorophyll

The pigment molecule that makes a maple leaf green, and it absorbs sunlight during photosynthesis.

Epidermis

The pores though the ___ allow entry of the gas CO2

Photosynthesis

The process that converts light energy to the chemical energy of sugar.

Prokaryotes

Which are generally smaller? Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes.

Energy

Work requires ____.

Interactions

____ among organisms help regulate the functioning of the ecosystem as a whole.

Chlorophyll

______ molecules are organized into systems that convert light energy to the chemical energy of food.

Eukaryotic Cell

contains membrane enclosed organelles

Chloroplasts

responsible for photosynthesis.

Community

the set of populations that inhabit a particular area

Nucleotides

Chemical building blocks that make up the two strands of DNA.

The Biosphere

Consists of all life on earth and all the places where life exists: most regions of land, most bodies of water, the atmosphere to an altitude of several kilometers and even sediments far below the ocean floor.

Chromosomes

Contain genetic material in the form of DNA

Genes

Each a section of the DNA of the chromosomes. Units of inheritance.

Organ System

Each a team of organs that cooperate in a larger function

Nucleotides

Encode the information in genes.

Light, Heat

Energy flows one way through an ecosystem, usually entering as ___ and exiting as ___

Emergent Properties

New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.

Consumers

Organisms, such as animals, that feed of producers and other consumers.

Reductionism

Reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.

Gene Expression

The information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product.

Honeycombed Tissue

The main location of location of photosynthesis.

Evolution

The one idea that makes logical sense of everything we know about living organisms.

Feedback Regulation

The output or product, of a process regulate that very process.

Ecosystem

At the ___ level, each organism interacts with other organisms.

Prokaryotic

Bacteria and Achaea are what kind of cells?

A, T, C, and G

The four nucleotides that make up DNA

Organization, Information, Energy and Matter, Interactions, and Evolution.

What are the unifying themes?

Organ

A body part that carries out a particular function in the body

Molecule

A chemical structure consisting of two or more units.

Tissue

A group of cells that work together, performing a specialized function.

Negative Feedback

A loop in which the response reduces the initial stimulus. The most common form of regulation in living systems.

CO2

A raw material for sugar production.

Ecosystems

All living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts, such as soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light.

Eukaryotic

All other forms of life, including plants and animals are composed of ___

Population

All the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specific area.

Antibody

Helps fight off infection.

Positive Feedback

In which an end product speeds up its own production. EX: clotting of your blood in response to injury is an example.

Organisms

Individual living things

Glycogen

Insulin causes excess glucose to be stores in the form of a very large carbohydrate called ____, reducing blood glucose level to a range that is optimal for a bodily functioning.

Prokaryotic Cell

Lacks a nucleus or other membrane- enclosed organelles.

Cell

Life's fundamental unit of structure and function.

Atoms

Molecules consist of two or more units called ___

Cell

Smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life.

Heat

Some of the energy is lost as ___

What are the levels of biological organization? (in order)

The Biosphere, Ecosystems, Communities, Populations, Organisms, Organs and Organ Systems, Tissues, Cells, Organelles, Molecules.

Biological Community

The array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem.

Evolution

The concept that the organisms living on Earth today are the modified descendants of common ancestors.

Genome

The entire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits.

Proteome

The entire set of proteins and their properties.

Systems Biology

The exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts. (HINT: Enables us to pose new kinds of questions and can be used to study all life at levels.)

Evolution

The scientific explanation for the unity and diversity- as well as for the adaptation of organisms to their environments.

Proteomics

The studying of sets of proteins and their properties.

Genomics

The studying of whole sets of genes (or other DNA) in one or more species.

Bioinformatics

The use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that results from high-throughout methods.

Organelles

The various functional components present in cell. EX: Chloroplasts.

Enzyme

Those that either decompose or store sugar are accelerated at the molecular level (catalyzed) by proteins

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Two main forms of cells

Enzyme

Used to break down a certain sugar molecule.

Strands

two long chains in DNA are called ____


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