11th College history module 2( ch. 5-7) quick study guide
the big thing that annoyed the american colonist is
( effected new york) - the quartering act - pontiac war
stamp act congress
- 9 colonies sent delegates to NYC in october 1765 - protested - loss of rights and liberties - loss of trial by jury - taxation without representation
The so-called "Virginia Dynasty" that dominated the U.S. presidency from 1801 to 1825 consisted of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and
- James Monroe. Virginian James Monroe, Madison's secretary of state, was president from 1817 to 1825.
sons of liberty
- boycott stamps
Loyalists
- called tories -
Mercantilism( 3 big points)
- colonies are there to benefit the mother country - wealth = power - export more than you import
boycott
- colonist refused to trade or buy goods until stamps removed
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
- each state would be equal to other states in the union - how could you get close to statehood
some remained loyalist because
- feared anarchy - freedom for slaves - british military superiority - though britain would preserve religious freedom
Stamp Act of 1765
- first time colonist reunited angist - tax on paper goods --- marriage license, stamp, letters, attorney papers, cards
protest
- led by the sons of liberty up and down the colonies from 1765 to 1766
The second boycott
- letters from a farmer in penn. 1768 - john dickinson - claimed the issue w/out consent
Townshed Acts 1767
- paper, paint, glass and tea - went to pay troops
woman in the household
- patriot made more homespun clothes - worked in place of their husbands - prices of gold rose - soldiers looded farms - war decided many communities
revenue act of 1762
- strength imperial duties - trade taxes
seperation of power
- two house legislative - executive powers to an elected governor - judicial powers to a systems of courts
patriots
- whigs or rebels
daughters of liberty
-spinning bees -- women hand spun their own clothes to prevent buying british stuff
british house about ______- troops to send to america
10,000
People like Alexander Hamilton who argued that Congress was empowered to make "all Laws which shall be necessary and proper" held which interpretation of the Constitution?
A loose interpretation Those who adopted a loose interpretation of the Constitution argued that Congress was empowered to make "all Laws which shall be necessary and proper."
Articles of Confederation
A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War. - kept the 13 colonies together during this time - signed the treaty of paris - passed the northwest ordinances - 1st federal constitution
Who killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel and later became involved in a plan to arrange the secession of Louisiana from the Union, an act for which he was tried for treason but then acquitted
Aaron Burr Aaron Burr killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel because the latter had accused him of planning to destroy the Union. Burr also attempted either to seize territory in New Spain or establish Louisiana as a separate nation.
Jefferson's notion of an international division of labor resembled an idea proposed by which political economist?
Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations Jefferson's notion of an international division of labor resembled that proposed by Scottish economist Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations
What decision taken at the Constitutional Convention is referred to as the "Great Compromise"?
Adoption of a two-chamber Congress with proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate The Great Compromise, proposed by delegates from Connecticut, settled the major disagreement between large states and small states about fair representation in the new legislature by taking elements of both the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan.
Why did George III insist on continuing the fight against the colonies even after the defeat at Saratoga and the French alliance with the new United States
Allowing independence would set a poor precedent and economic decline. If America won independence, George III warned Lord North, "the West Indies must follow them. Ireland would soon follow the same plan and be a separate state, then this island would be reduced to itself, and soon would be a poor island indeed."
Why did George III insist on continuing the fight against the colonies even after the defeat at Saratoga and the French alliance with the new United States?
Allowing independence would set a poor precedent and economic decline. If America won independence, George III warned Lord North, "the West Indies must follow them. Ireland would soon follow the same plan and be a separate state, then this island would be reduced to itself, and soon would be a poor island indeed."
How many colonists died in the Battle of Lexington and Concord?
Almost 50 British fire killed 49 Massachusetts militiamen and wounded 39, while the British suffered 73 dead, 174 wounded, and 26 missing. Although these numbers are small compared to the casualty rates of the large wars in the nation's history, enough blood had been spilled to prohibit any further compromise.
battle of saratoga
American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution. - lots of ahe war divided manylliances from france formed w/ US
How did Americans feel about King George III in the spring of 1775?
Americans were divided in their opinions of George III. Some Americans blamed him for supporting oppressive legislation and ordering armed retaliation, but other influential colonists held out the hope that he might mediate the conflict with Parliament.
Sugar Act of 1764
An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies. - rum - molasses - violators would be tried without jury - parlements law supersedes the colinallaw
In exchange for placing the new national capital on the Potomac River, critics in Maryland and Virginia supported which of Alexander Hamilton's fiscal policies
Assumption of state debts To win the votes of congressmen from Virginia and Maryland on the assumption of state debts, the treasury chief arranged a deal: he agreed that the permanent national capital would be built along the Potomac River, where suspicious southerners could easily watch its operations
population
B- approximately 12 million us- 3 mil. 1/3 loyal to england
manufacturing
B- highly manufactured us- practically none
Lord Dunmore, in response to Patriots seizing authority in the House of Burgesses in Virginia, formed a military force consisting of which groups, to whom he promised freedom if they served under the British flag?
Black slaves and white indentured servants Lord Dunmore, in response to Patriots seizing authority in the House of Burgesses in Virginia, formed a military force consisting of black slaves and white indentured servants, to whom he promised freedom if they served under the British flag.
To support British authority and to ensure collection of taxes on imports, Lord Hillsborough in 1768 stationed 2,000 British troops in which city, raising the specter of military coercion?
Boston British troops began to concentrate in Boston in 1768, and their numbers only grew larger in the wake of the Boston Tea Party.
Apart from respectfully requesting a repeal of the Stamp Act, what else did influential Americans suggest for peaceful resistance in 1765?
Boycotting British goods Influential Americans favored active but peaceful resistance, such as the organized boycott of British goods—a strategy that had a significant impact on the Townshend duties a few years later.
Who issued the Philipsburg Proclamation of 1779, and what did it announce
Britain promised freedom to slaves rebelling against Patriot masters. In 1779, the Philipsburg Proclamation declared that any slave who deserted a rebel master would receive protection, freedom, and land from Great Britain. Together with Lord Dunmore's similar promise of 1775, these proclamations led some 30,000 African Americans to take refuge behind British lines.
Who did Parliament decide to tax first when the British Empire found itself deep in debt in the wake of the Great War for Empire (1754-1763)?
Britain's poor and middling classes Parliament levied sales taxes on all kinds of ordinary goods—salt and beer, bricks and candles, paper (in the form of a stamp tax)—that were consumed by middling and poor Britons. In the 1760s, the per capita tax burden was 20 percent of income.
Question Value: 25 points Why were the Americans able to secure extremely favorable terms in peace negotiations with the British in Paris at the end of the Revolutionary War
British ministers wanted peace to preserve the West Indies colonies. The French and Spanish stalled for time in the hope of seizing British colonies in the West Indies. So Americans negotiated secretly with the British, who were equally eager for peace because they feared the loss of sugar islands in the West Indies. As a result, the American diplomats secured extremely favorable terms.
Why did the British abandon Fort Pitt in October 1772?
Budget cuts forced the move. The revenue crisis in the empire forced General Gage to cut expenses, and in October 1772, the army pulled down the fort's log walls and left the site to the local population.
How had Boston merchant John Hancock made his fortune?
By smuggling French molasses Like many New Englanders, John Hancock made his fortune with the illegal trade in French molasses. While New Englanders paid custom duties on only 400 hogsheads of molasses, Massachusetts's sixty-three distilleries of rum imported a total of 40,000 hogsheads.
By what name were followers of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison known around 1800?
By what name were followers of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison known around 1800?
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
The ratification procedure for the 1787 Philadelphia Constitution differed from the guidelines set by the Articles of Confederation in that the
Constitution required ratification from nine of the thirteen state ratification conventions, while the Articles mandated unanimous approval from state legislatures. The writers of the Constitution adeptly required not only nine of the thirteen states to approve the document but also that it be done through ratification conventions, not the state legislatures.
Why did creditors join the movement for a stronger central government in the 1780s
Creditors wanted to undercut democratic majorities in state legislatures. State legislatures acted on broad popular pressure by cutting taxes and refusing to redeem state war bonds—in other words, refusing to pay back the war debt. The only chance creditors had of collecting on the debt they held was if a strong central government could be formed that would support redeeming those bonds.
In 1786, who led a prodebtor revolt against the government of Massachusett
Daniel Shays Captain Daniel Shays was a Continental army veteran who led a group of indebted western farmers toward Boston in outrage over the failure of the legislature to pass debtor-relief legislation.
In 1775, radicals in the Second Continental Congress, such as Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry, justified their stance by writing the
Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms. Americans dreaded the "calamities of civil war," the declaration asserted, but were "resolved to die Freemen rather than to live [as] slaves."
Which of the following arguments did colonial leaders use against Benjamin Franklin's proposal for American representation in Parliament after the Stamp Act's passage
Distance across the Atlantic Ocean made representation impractical. For example, the Connecticut assembly declared that Americans were "situate at a great Distance from their Mother Country" and therefore "cannot participate in the general Legislature of the Nation."
In which area did women advance after the Revolutionary War?
Education In the 1790s, the attorney general of Massachusetts declared that girls had an equal right to schooling under the state constitution. By 1850, the literacy rates of women and men in the northeastern states were equal, and educated women again challenged their subordinate legal and political status.
The patriotic writers on the eve of the American Revolution drew on which intellectual tradition to protest imperial reform
English common law This was the centuries-old body of legal rules and procedures that protected the lives and property of the monarch's subjects
republican motherhood
Expectation that women would instill Republican values in children and be active in families; helped increase education for women - raise next generations of patriots
Why did farmers rise up in Shays's Rebellion in 1786?
Farmers needed debt relief. Once independence had crippled American exports of wheat, farmers suffered and soon found themselves deeply in debt.
What group dominated the first government of the United States elected under the Constitution
Federalists In the first national election, the Federalists won a resounding victory, gaining forty-four of the fifty-two seats in the House of Representatives. As expected, the electoral college chose George Washington for president. With the second largest number of votes, John Adams became vice president.
Which prime minister presided over British attempts to reform the colonial system in America after the Great War for Empire
George Grenville A member of Parliament since 1741, George Grenville was widely considered to be one of the most competent politicians in England at the time. When he assumed office in 1763, the nation was mired in debt and British subjects were paying five times as much in taxes as the colonists. It was only fair, he reasoned, that new revenue was going to come from the colonists.
When Washington and the Americans attacked Trenton on Christmas night in 1776, they forced the surrender of 1,000 troops of what nationality?
German The 1,000 German soldiers had been pressed into service from Britain's ally Hesse, a German state.
Baron von Steuben
German-born inspector general of the Continental army, who helped train the novice colonial militia in the art of warfare. - help whipped the american army
which the following statements encapsulates how the economic situation in the empire partially led to the American War for Independence?
Given a century of warfare, the British treasury was deeply in debt, and starting with the War of the Austrian Succession, taxes were consistently increased to pay off that debt. Increasing military expenditures required new sources of income, and those tax burdens, especially after the Seven Years' War, frustratingly fell on the North American colonies.
Which issue dominated the postwar political agenda in post-Revolutionary America
Government finances Money questions dominated the postwar political agenda, including the debts states had incurred over the course of the Revolutionary War, the taxes state governments raised in order to meet their obligations, and the tariffs states individually imposed on foreign nations and each other to generate revenue.
In which French Caribbean colony did L'Ouverture successfully lead a rebellion to overthrow French imperial authority
Haiti Toussaint L'Ouverture was the leader of the Haitian Revolution
Why did congressmen from Virginia and Maryland eventually agree to support Hamilton's plan that the national government assume the war debts of the states
Hamilton agreed to build a permanent national capital along the Potomac River. The suspicious congressmen from the Chesapeake felt more comfortable with the new national government right in their backyard, where they could keep a watchful eye on it.
Why was Patrick Henry's attack against the Stamp Act so radical?
He directly attacked George III for supporting the legislation. Henry went so far as to compare the king to Charles I, who was executed by the republican new model army under Oliver Cromwell in 1649. These remarks, which bordered on treason, frightened the Burgesses; nonetheless, they condemned the Stamp Act's "manifest Tendency to Destroy American freedom."
Why did John Adams publish his treatise Thoughts on Government in 1776
He hoped to counter the appeal of the Pennsylvania constitution. Pennsylvania's democratic constitution alarmed many leading patriots, including John Adams. He considered the unicameral legislature so democratic that it had to lead to chaos and bad government
How did General Nathanael Greene make maximum use of undisciplined southern militiamen in the southern campaign of the Revolutionary War?
He placed them under strong leaders and harassed less mobile British troops. By placing local militiamen under strong leaders, Greene made them a more effective fighting force. He then took advantage of the less mobile British troops with guerrilla attacks, a successful strategy against the more traditional and orderly troop movements of the British.
How did Prime Minister George Grenville first try to address the revenue problem with the American colonies?
He proposed the Currency Act. Grenville began with the Currency Act of 1764, which made sure that British merchants would be paid in good money rather than the local paper currency.
How did Handsome Lake's religious revivals differ from other Native American belief systems
He tried to combine Christian and Native American beliefs. Handsome Lake tried to promote a combined Christian and Native American religion, linking traditional Native American ceremonies with Christian beliefs of heaven and hell.
Why did Thomas Gage send 700 British troops to Concord in April 1775?
He wanted to capture colonial leaders and supplies. On the night of April 18, 1775, Gage dispatched 700 soldiers to capture colonial leaders and supplies at Concord, leading to fighting with Patriot militia at Lexington and Concord.
Why did Prime Minister Lord North order General William Howe to capture New York City at the beginning of the Revolutionary War
He wanted to demonstrate Britain's military superiority. The British seemed to be the clear favorites in the War of American Independence, and Britain wanted to send an early signal that resistance was indeed futile. For that purpose, Prime Minister Lord North ordered General William Howe to capture New York City.
What did Alexander Hamilton want his financial program to accomplish
He wanted to empower the central government by connecting its interests to those of the elite. Hamilton's program favored the wealthy elite by tying government credit to their support; cleverly devised, it was in their best interest to support the central government. Hamilton's financial proposals were intended to strengthen the national government.
Why did Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton deliver reports on credit, a national bank, and manufactures to Congress
He wanted to ensure a strong national government and a healthy economy. The reports on credit in January 1790, on a national bank in December 1790, and on manufactures in December 1791 outlined a coherent program of government-assisted economic development.
Why was it General George Washington's objective early in the Revolutionary War to draw British troops away from the coast?
He wanted to extend the lines of supply and sap British morale. Washington realized that he could not defeat the British in open confrontation but that he had to protract the war and make it seem to the British impossible to win.
What strategic advantage did Lord North hope to gain by having General William Howe capture New York City at the beginning of the Revolutionary War
He wanted to split the colonies. When Lord North ordered Howe to capture New York City, he hoped to seize control of the Hudson River and thereby isolate the radical Patriots in New England from the colonies to the south.
Which statement describes Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia in the early 1770s?
He was as willing to defy the crown for his own advancement as he was likely to clash with the House of Burgesses. Lord Dunmore was an irascible and unscrupulous man who clashed repeatedly with the House of Burgesses but was willing to defy the crown when it suited him, as when he led the Virginia militia in force against the Ohio Shawnees to buttress Virginia's claims to western lands.
Why was Thomas Jefferson not at the Constitutional Convention of 1787
He was serving as minister to France. Thomas Jefferson was serving as American minister to France at the time of the Constitutional Convention of 1787.
In 1786, who led a prodebtor revolt against the government of Massachusetts
In 1786, who led a prodebtor revolt against the government of Massachusetts
In which present-day state were the Miami Indians based prior to 1820
Indiana The Miamis were based in Indiana and Ohio before 1820
Which statement describes John Adams's plan for government as outlined in his Thoughts on Government
It adapted British Whig notions of mixed government to the new republic. In his Thoughts on Government, Adams adapted the British system of mixed government to a republic. His system was designed to fix what he saw as the excess of democracy in the Pennsylvania constitution.
Why was the Declaratory Act so threatening to colonists?
It declared American governmental institutions to be completely dependent on the will of Parliament
What made Pennsylvania's constitution so democratic
It did not include a governor. The Pennsylvania constitution of 1776 created a unicameral (one-house) legislature with complete power; there was no governor to exercise a veto.
How did Parliament resolve the Stamp Act crisis in 1766
It repealed the law but reaffirmed its right to enact such taxation. To mollify the colonists and to help British merchants, Lord Rockingham repealed the Stamp Act and reduced the duty on molasses imposed by the Sugar Act to a penny a gallon. Then he reaffirmed Parliament's power to tax the Americans in the Declaratory Act of 1766.
Why did Patrick Henry and others object to Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton's credit plan
It would benefit only the wealthy. Henry condemned this plan "to erect, and concentrate, and perpetuate a large monied interest" and warned that it would prove "fatal to the existence of American liberty."
Why did Alexander Hamilton advocate a declaration of war against France in 1800
It would have boosted patriotism in the country and ensured the Federalists' reelection that year. John Adams rejected Hamilton's advice, and the Federalists went on to lose the election of 1800.
Which Massachusetts merchant made a fortune smuggling French molasses in the 1750s and 1760s?
John Hancock John Hancock was a Boston merchant who made a fortune in molasses smuggling. He is more known for presiding over the Second Continental Congress and affixing his large signature to the Declaration of Independence in 1776.
What Federalist chief justice sat on the Supreme Court from 1801 through 1835 and shaped American law by advocating judicial supremacy, supremacy of national laws over state laws, and static property rights
John Marshall Marshall shaped American law by advocating these principles and enforcing them through several landmark Supreme Court decisions.
As a result of Lord Dunmore's War, Virginia staked a claim to which geographic area?
Kentucky After defeating the Shawnees at the Battle of Point Pleasant in 1774, the Virginia militia claimed Kentucky, formerly a Shawnee hunting ground.
What is evidence of the greater power enjoyed by women among eastern woodland Native American societies
Land and cultivation rights were passed through the female line. Among eastern woodland peoples, women grew corn, beans, and squash—the mainstays of the Indians' diet—and land cultivation rights passed through the female line. Consequently, women exercised considerable influence
The onset of war between Great Britain and the mainland colonies began with a skirmish between British troops and American colonials at
Lexington. On April 18, 1775, General Thomas Gage dispatched 700 British soldiers to capture colonial leaders and supplies at Concord. But before they could reach Concord, colonial militiamen harassed the British forces at Lexington. After more harassment at Concord, the British retreated to Boston, suffering additional casualties.
Why was the decision that Chief Justice John Marshall wrote in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) an important precedent for the constitutional authority of the Supreme Court of the United States
Marshall asserted the Supreme Court's authority to interpret the Constitution. In Marbury v. Madison, Marshall asserted that Marbury had a right to his appointment but that the Court did not have the constitutional power to enforce it. In defining the Court's powers, Marshall voided a section of the Judiciary Act of 1789, in effect asserting the Court's authority to review congressional legislation and interpret the Constitution.
What explains the high number of casualties the British suffered in their campaign against Concord?
Militias from neighboring towns repeatedly ambushed the British. The first skirmishes at Lexington and Concord took a handful of lives, but as the British retreated to Boston, militia from neighboring towns repeatedly ambushed them. By the end of the day, 73 British soldiers were dead, 174 wounded, and 26 missing.
Which area did the Creek Indians hold prior to 1820?
Most of Georgia The Creeks controlled almost all of Georgia through 1820 and retained a considerable portion of the state after that date.
Rural farmers in Massachusetts dressed up as which of the following ethnic or religious groups to support the boycott called the Continental Association
Native Americans In farm towns in Massachusetts, local colonists supported the boycott by blackening their faces, disguising themselves in blankets "like Indians," and threatening violence against shopkeepers who traded in rum and other sugar products in violation of the colonial boycott of British goods.
Who were the Americans Niles charged with this division, and on what grounds?
New England Federalists who opposed the war, some of whom proposed secession New England Federalists opposed the war just as they had Jefferson's Embargo of 1807 because it directly cut into the transatlantic trade on which they depended. At the Federalist Hartford Convention, some even suggested secession.
Which state did Thomas Jefferson lose in 1796, but was instrumental to his victory in 1800?
New York By winning New York in 1800 after losing it in 1796, Jefferson was able to make up the gap and defeat Adams.
Where did most of the fighting take place in this period?
New York Fighting in New York stretched from Long Island all the way up to Fort Ticonderoga and west to Fort Stanwix and Oriskany.
What constitutional principle was Parliament asserting with passage of the Stamp Act
Parliament could bypass colonial assemblies and impose an internal tax on the colonies. Parliament passed the Stamp Act not only to raise revenue but also to assert the constitutional principle that Parliament possessed the right to internally tax the American colonists.
What argument did Thomas Paine make for American independence?
Patriarchal authority had to end, just as a father's authority over a son did. Paine argued for American independence by turning the traditional metaphor of patriarchal authority on its head: "Is it the interest of a man to be a boy all his life?" he asked
Why was Pennsylvania's claim on the region around Fort Pitt more compelling than Virginia's?
Pennsylvania had organized local governments in that region. Pennsylvania had the better claim on paper since it had organized county governments, established courts, and collected taxes there.
What was the "currency tax" Americans paid during the Revolutionary War
Rampant inflation Rampant inflation meant that every paper dollar held for a week lost value, imposing a hidden "currency tax" on those who accepted the paper currency.
shay's rebellion
Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out. - cause the articles end and the constitution constitution to begin.
What stood at the heart of Thomas Paine's Common Sense?
Rejection of patriarchal authority Paine turned the metaphor of patriarchal authority on its head, asking whether it could be in the interest of a man to be a "boy" all his life. If colonies were like the motherland's children, then wouldn't they eventually grow up
On what key issue did the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan, presented at the Constitutional Convention, disagree?
Representation in the legislature James Madison's Virginia Plan proposed a two-house national legislature with representation based on each state's population. Small states objected to this idea, which would represent a loss of power, and favored the New Jersey Plan, which would continue the Confederation Congress practice of giving each state one vote in a unicameral legislature.
Who was the Patriot government's chief treasury official who barely kept the new nation's finances solvent during the American Revolution?
Robert Morris Philadelphia merchant Robert Morris, the government's chief treasury official, relied on funds requisitioned from the states as well as loans from France and Holland to finance the war effort.
n 1763, Radical Whigs launched a campaign to reform Parliament by abolishing tiny districts that were controlled by wealthy aristocrats and merchants. What were these districts known as?
Rotten boroughs Radical Whigs demanded the elimination of rotten boroughs, which were tiny electoral districts controlled by aristocrats and merchants, as a way of making Parliament more broadly representative of the property-owning classes.
Which act, supported by Federalists, abridged the rights of free speech by prohibiting malicious criticism of the president or members of Congress
Sedition Act The Sedition Act prohibited the publication of insults or malicious attacks on the president or members of Congress.
Proclamation Line of 1763
Stated that no colonists could settle in lands to the west of the Appalachian mountains-- made the colonists very upset - french defeated = native american defeated
With whom did Thomas Jefferson go to war early on in his presidency
The Barbary States of North Africa To protect American merchants from capture and captivity, President Thomas Jefferson ordered the U.S. Navy to attack the Barbary States. After four years of intermittent fighting, in which the United States bombarded Tripoli and captured the city of Derna, the Jefferson administration cut its costs. It signed a peace treaty that included a ransom for returned prisoners, and Algerian ships were soon taking American sailors hostage again.
Why did the first Congress of the United States have to pass the Judiciary Act of 1789?
The Constitution had mandated a Supreme Court but no national court system. The Constitution mandated a Supreme Court, but the Philadelphia convention gave Congress the task of creating a national court system. The Judiciary Act established a federal district court in each state and three circuit courts to hear appeals from the districts.
What is the collective name given to the series of articles in support of the Constitution written by James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton
The Federalist These leaders urged ratification of the new Constitution in a series of pamphlets known as The Federalist.
To display their deep contempt for the Coercive Acts, what did Patriots call them
The Intolerable Acts The Coercive Acts increased the pressure on the colonists considerably: the Boston Port Bill closed Boston Harbor to shipping, the Massachusetts Government Act annulled the colony's charter and prohibited most town meetings, a new Quartering Act mandated new barracks for British troops, and the Justice Act allowed trials of capital crimes to be transferred to other colonies or to Britain.
Which tribe was forced to surrender huge tracts of land to New York and Pennsylvania in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1784
The Iroquois The United States forced a number of tribes confederated as the Iroquois people to surrender land at Fort Stanwix.
What name was eventually given to the American policy declared by President James Monroe that opposed European colonization in the Western Hemisphere
The Monroe Doctrine Secretary of State John Quincy Adams persuaded Monroe to declare American national policy regarding the Western Hemisphere. Monroe warned Spain and other European powers to keep their hands off the newly independent republics in Latin America. Thirty years later, this policy of anti-European colonization of Latin America became known as the Monroe Doctrine.
Thomas Jefferson wrote which document that made provisions for the admission of new states in the western territories?
The Ordinance of 1784 The Ordinance of 1784, which Jefferson wrote, established the principle that territories could become states as their populations grew.
Which act passed by Parliament in the 1760s required colonists to provide food and housing for British troops stationed in the colonies?
The Quartering Act The Quartering Act—passed in 1765 and expanded within the Coercive Acts of 1773—required the colonies to provide British troops with barracks and supplies.
What did the U.S. Supreme Court rule in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)?
The Second Bank of the United States was constitutional. Marshall and the nationalist-minded Republicans on the bench with him rejected Maryland's claim that the federal government lacked the authority to charter a national bank and that Maryland had the right to tax that bank's activities within its borders.
Where was support for the War of 1812 especially strong?
The South and West Westerners were most anxious about the possible alliance between the British and Indian tribes.
What was the name of the law passed by Parliament that required the colonies to pay a tax on legal papers, newspapers, playing cards, and other printed items
The Stamp Act The new levy was to cover part of the cost of keeping British troops in America and required a tax stamp on all court documents, land titles, contracts, newspapers, and other printed items. Such a tax already existed in England.
What was the name of the 1765 meeting at which delegates from nine American colonies gathered to protest British taxes on the colonies
The Stamp Act Congress Delegates from nine colonies attended the Stamp Act Congress in New York City in 1765 to protest the taxes associated with the Stamp Act. The Congress also protested against the loss of other American rights and liberties, such as the right to trial by jury. The attendees championed the idea that only their elected representatives could tax the colonies.
What was the name of the diplomatic incident in which President John Adams charged that France had insulted America's honor by soliciting a loan and a bribe from American diplomats to stop the seizures of American merchant ships
The XYZ Affair In an incident known as the XYZ Affair, President John Adams charged that France had insulted America's honor by soliciting a loan and a bribe from American diplomats to stop the seizures of American merchant ships.
Why did the mainland colonies achieve a trade surplus with Britain in 1769?
The colonies' nonimportation agreement was taking its toll. In 1768, the colonies had cut imports of British manufactures in half, and by 1769, the mainland colonies had a trade surplus with Britain of £816,000.
How did British politicians respond to Benjamin Franklin's argument that Americans deserved representation in Parliament before they could be taxed?
The colonists had virtual representation in Parliament. Except for William Pitt, British politicians argued that the colonists already had virtual representation in Parliament because some of its members were transatlantic merchants and West Indian sugar planters.
What stimulated the expansion of demand for American cotton in the late 1700s
The development of new machines for processing cotton Demand for cotton increased in large part because of the development of new machines known as gins, which more easily separated the seeds from the cotton fibers and expedited the production of cotton textiles, and because water-powered spinning jennies, weaving mules, and other technological innovations of the Industrial Revolution boosted textile production in England.
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution
What statement assesses the situation of the British national debt in 1763?
The issue was crucial because interest on the debt consumed much of the nation's budget. The debt consumed more than 60 percent of the nation's budget
Hamilton's multiple-part program to revive the finances of the United States involved the paying off of old government securities, the chartering of a national bank, and what action regarding state debts
Their assumption by the federal government Hamilton urged that the state debts incurred during the war should become the responsibility of the federal government, which would make creditors of states committed to ensuring that the federal government would be viable and successful enough to pay back its debts.
Why did the tenant farmers of the Hudson River Valley in New York support the king
Their landlords were Patriots. Many poor colonists were Loyalists simply because they distrusted the Patriot cause that their wealthy neighbors supported. Since most of the great landowners in the Hudson River Valley of New York were Patriots, most of their tenant farmers supported the king.
Why did Radical Whig Patriots distrust the Continental army
They considered a standing army a threat to liberty. Radical Whig Patriots, who believed that a standing army was a threat to liberty, preferred militias to a professional fighting force even in wartime.
In general, why did Indians often reject the assimilation efforts of the U.S. government in the 1790s?
They did not want to repudiate the clan. To think of themselves as individuals or members of a nuclear family, as white Americans were demanding, meant repudiating the clan, which was the essence of Indian life.
Why did Patriots in Concord form the Minutemen in 1774?
They feared that British troops would move to seize Patriot armories. General Thomas Gage had ordered British troops in Boston in September 1774 to seize nearby Patriot armories. In response, 20,000 militiamen quickly mobilized to safeguard other Massachusetts military depots. In Concord, the town meeting raised a defensive force called the Minutemen that could organize in a matter of minutes.
Why did a good number of men of the upper classes fear the Patriot movement?
They feared that resistance to Britain was the beginning of broader anarchy. These "Gentlemen of influence" worried that resistance to Britain would undermine all political institutions and develop into anarchy. The Sons of Liberty only increased these fears.
Why did the Virginia gentry support the demands of yeomen farmers to close the law courts in 1774
They feared that they too might end up in court for their indebtedness. They feared that Parliament might turn as coercive with Virginia as it had with Massachusetts and assist British merchants to seize debt-burdened properties. The Virginia gentry supported demands by indebted yeomen farmers to close the law courts so that they could bargain with merchants over debts without the threat of legal action.
Why were veteran officers of the Seven Years' War interested in westward expansion?
They had been paid in land warrants and hoped to benefit from those grants. Officers who served in the Seven Years' War were paid in land warrants—up to 5,000 acres for field officers—and some, led by George Washington, were exploring possible sites beyond the Appalachians.
Why did Loyalists withdraw from the Second Continental Congress in June 1776?
They knew they faced certain defeat in the vote on the Declaration of Independence. Faced with certain defeat, staunch Loyalists and anti-independence moderates withdrew from the Congress, leaving committed Patriots to take the fateful step. On July 4, 1776, the Congress approved the Declaration of Independence.
How did New Englanders respond to overcrowding of their farmlands in the 1790s
They moved westward into New York. New Englanders migrated to New York. By 1820, almost 800,000 New Englanders lived in a string of settlements stretching from Albany to Buffalo. Many moved farther west to Ohio and Indiana as well.
Why did the political allies of New England merchants object to the Sugar Act?
They objected to the Sugar Act on constitutional grounds. They argued that every tax had to originate with the people, that the vice-admiralty court in charge of violators was not a court of the community, and that this demoted colonists below the rank of Englishmen.
Which statement assesses the outcome of the Revolutionary War for the French?
They saw increased taxes and national debt. France received only a small Caribbean island but ended up with higher taxes and a national debt four times the original size. Only six years later, demands for tax relief and political liberty sparked the French Revolution.
Why did most southern states oppose tariffs in post-Revolutionary America
They wanted to import British textiles and other goods as cheaply as possible. Most southern states opposed tariffs because planters wanted to import British textiles and ironware at the lowest possible prices.
why did Indian women reject the assimilation efforts of the U.S. government in the 1790s
They wanted to retain political power. Most Indian women rejected the efforts of American missionaries to turn them into domestic helpmates because they had significant political power they did not wish to relinquish.
Who was the first U.S. secretary of state
Thomas Jefferson Based on his experience as minister to France, Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence, became the first U.S. secretary of state, the nation's chief diplomat.
What decision did the Constitutional Convention reach about the Atlantic slave trade
To allow it to be abolished but not before 1808 Slave-owning delegates from the Chesapeake supported northerners' call for an eventual end to the slave trade, but their deep southern counterparts did not. At the insistence of delegates from South Carolina and Georgia, the convention denied the power of Congress to regulate immigration—and so the slave trade—until 1808.
What was the primary purpose of the Townshend Act of 1767?
To free royal officials from financial dependence on the American legislatures The major part of the revenue collected from the Townshend duties was used to pay the salaries of colonial governors, judges, and other imperial officials in order to free these officials from their financial dependence on the American legislatures.
During the debate for ratification of the Constitution, why did the Federalists favor adoption of a bill of rights
To win votes at the ratifying conventions Many Anti Federalists objected that the Constitution, as written, failed to protect individual liberties. To win over delegates who might have been persuaded by that objection, Federalist leaders in Massachusetts assured the ratifying convention that they would recommend a national bill of rights, a tactic used successfully in Virginia and New York as well.
What wartime diplomatic agreement in 1778 cemented the French-American alliance
Treaty of Alliance The Treaty of Alliance specified that once France entered the war, neither partner would sign a separate peace without American independence
Horatio Gates
U.S. army general in the Revolutionary War
What impact did the Battle of New Orleans have on the United States
Undercutting the Hartford Convention The Battle of New Orleans made General Andrew Jackson a national megastar overnight and undercut the Hartford Convention's demand for constitutional revision.
Radical Patriots were able to take power and create truly democratic institutions in which state in addition to Pennsylvania
Vermont The new republican governments had some democratic tendencies, but the separation of power and checks and balances between branches limited the extent of democracy. Conservative Patriots preserved representative government while restricting popular power. Most states required traditional property qualifications for voting. Only in Pennsylvania and Vermont were radical Patriots able to prevail.
How might one describe the Sons of Liberty's protests of the Stamp Act of 1765 that began in Boston?
Violent destruction of property In Boston in late 1765, a group calling itself the Sons of Liberty burned an effigy of collector Andrew Oliver and then destroyed Oliver's new brick warehouse. Two weeks later, Bostonians attacked the house of Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson, Oliver's brother-in-law and a prominent defender of imperial authority, breaking his furniture, looting his wine cellar, and setting fire to his library.
Which European event briefly substantiated Thomas Jefferson's belief in the agrarian future of the United States in the 1790s
Wars of the First French Republic The French Revolution began in 1789; four years later, the First French Republic (1792-1804) went to war against a British-led coalition of monarchies. As fighting disrupted European farming, wheat prices leaped from 5 to 8 shillings a bushel and remained high for twenty years, bringing substantial profits to Chesapeake and Middle Atlantic farmers
Which national capitol was burned during the War of 1812
Washington, D.C. In 1814, the British fleet sailed up the Chesapeake Bay and landed troops to attack Washington, D.C. The nation's new capitol was burned along with many government buildings.
What power did Chief Justice John Marshall assert for the Supreme Court in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803
What power did Chief Justice John Marshall assert for the Supreme Court in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803
What immediately resulted from the signing of the Treaty of Greenville
White migration to Ohio The Treaty of Greenville acknowledged Native property rights and, in return for various payments, ceded most of Ohio to the United States. This meant cheap land for hundreds of thousands of settlers.
Where did the British troops under General Cornwallis surrender to American and French troops in October 1781?
Yorktown In October 1781, generals Rochambeau and Washington circled Cornwallis and his troops at Yorktown, Virginia, while the French navy under de Grasse blocked the British escape route through the Chesapeake Bay, forcing Cornwallis to surrender.
money
b - riches country in the world us- no $$$ to support the war
leaders
b- few leaders us- dedicated leaders plus foreign leaders
navy
b- naval world power u- no navy
geography
b- strange land difficult to resupply troops us- familiar land/ easy access
army
b- trained army and hessians us- volunteers and poorly equipped
will to fight
b- trained but no heart u- defending homeland
why did the british lose the war?
britain gave up and did not know how to fight the war
george grenville
british prime minister
britain is
broke
The major transformation of the British Empire following the Seven Years' War can best be characterized as a(n)
centralization of the empire in the hands of imperial officials. Following the Great War for Empire, British officials, led by George Grenville, began to fashion an imperial administrative system run by British officials without regard for colonial assemblies.
chapter 7
chapter 7
Committees of Correspondence
colonies kept in contact with one another and described british actions through letter exchange by carries on
inspired by John locke's...
common law
Alexander Hamilton funded his fiscal program through excise taxes and
customs tariffs. Hamilton advocated moderate revenue tariffs that would pay the interest on the debt and other government expenses.
Washington's surprise attack across the Delaware River on Christmas night was
followed by another small victory at nearby Princeton. Washington's surprise strike and an additional successful engagement in nearby Princeton were the only points of light for the Continental army in the grim winter of 1776-1777.
Marquia de LaFayette
french officer helped americans and trained discipline
lord rockingham replaces....
george Grenville as prime minister
Which Virginian did John Adams nominate to command the Continental army in 1775?
george washington
When Washington and the Americans attacked Trenton on Christmas night in 1776, they forced the surrender of 1,000 troops of what nationality
german
gorege washington
head of continental army - best leader ship skills - helped stop a munitent
daniel bone
helped build wilderness road, main way across appalachians - cumberland gap
The process in which British naval officers kidnapped alleged deserters to replenish their ships' crews was known as
impressment. The British navy searched American merchant ships for British deserters and used these raids to replenish its crews, a practice known as impressment. Between 1802 and 1811, British naval officers impressed nearly 8,000 sailors, including many U.S. citizens.
Colonial opponents of the Stamp Act drew on which of the following political traditions from the Radical Whig influence in English politics?
insistence on constitutional limitations of royal power Many colonists praised the English Whigs for creating a constitutional monarchy that prevented the king from imposing taxes and other measures.
Who was the skilled secretary of state who helped to negotiate the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, negotiated for the acquisition of Florida from Spain, and negotiated the boundary between the United States and Canada with Britain
john Quincy Adams Adams would eventually win the presidency, where he was decidedly less successful than in his years as secretary of state for the Monroe administration.
no naive americans in
kentucky
The Sedition Act raised concern among U.S. citizens because it
limited the right to free speech. The Sedition Act prohibited the publication of insults or malicious attacks on the president or members of Congress. Many U.S. citizens felt this act a violation of their First Amendment rights.
william pitt beats out
lord rockingham - will is famous guy who influenced the french by
samuel adams
most famous of sons of liberty - send bad things about
hat was the result of the Treaty of Paris (1763) and the Treaty of Greenville (1795)?
n increase in white westward expansion With the Treaty of Paris, the United States claimed sovereignty over the entire trans-Appalachian west. Indian nations rejected U.S. land claims but, under increasing pressure, were forced to sign treaties giving away their lands. After the Battle of Fallen Timbers, the Western Confederacy signed the Treaty of Greenville, opening up the Ohio Valley to a new wave of white migration.
states wrote ....
new constitutions after independence
lord north
new primer minister
did the articles of confederation have a good tax system
no
Popular Sovereignty
power to the people
Connecticut and virginia
sold land claims to pay off debt
The Judiciary Act of 1789 ensured that federal judges would determine the meaning of the Constitution by
specifying that cases arising in state courts that involved federal laws could be appealed to the Supreme Court. This provision meant that federal judges and ultimately the Supreme Court, rather than state judges, interpret the Constitution
restraining act
suspended NYs assembly for refusing to comply with quartering act
Which action devised by President Thomas Jefferson was an attempt to preserve American interests while avoiding war with Britain?
the Embargo Act of 1807 Jefferson was hoping to pursue a policy of peaceful coercion by prohibiting American ships from leaving home ports until Britain and France stopped restricting U.S. trade.
One major ideological touchstone for American Patriots was the rationalist thought promoted by philosophers of
the Enlightenment. Enlightenment thinkers believed in the application of scientific principles to all areas of life. Through observation and experimentation, these thinkers believed that humans could improve society and further their knowledge. This philosophy encouraged the belief in "natural rights."
British ignores the
the eastern colonies - colonies governed themselves
Why did the British burn Washington, D.C., in 1814
they were retaliating for the burning of the Canadian capital of York. American raiders had burned down York (present-day Toronto) in 1813, and the British burned the U.S. Capitol and government buildings in retaliation.
The 1765 Quartering Act was passed at the request of
thomas Gage. The British military commander in North America, Thomas Gage, requested an act that required colonial governments to provide barracks and food for British troops, which became the 1765 Quartering Act.
the seven years war
was the first world war in history - france gave up canada - britain took india - extremely expensive to fight - britain took canada = they had the indians - many native americans led uprising against england
In the treaty of paris
we don't pay back our debts and properties
nathan hale and thomas jefferson
wrote declaration of independence
