11th COllege history module 3 ( 8 -11)
Which of the following people was a free African American who achieved great distinction in the early nineteenth century by helping lay out the District of Columbia
Benjamin Banneker Mathematician and surveyor Benjamin Banneker published an almanac and helped lay out the new capital in the District of Columbia.
Which republican-minded American argued that wives' role was to ensure their husband's "perseverance in the paths of rectitude
Benjamin Rush In his Thoughts on Female Education (1787), the Philadelphia physician Benjamin Rush argued that a young woman should receive intellectual training so that she would be "an agreeable companion for a sensible man" and ensure his moral behavior. He also said loyal "republican mothers" should instruct "their sons in the principles of liberty and government."
In what respect were the Whigs of the 1830s similar to the Federalists at the beginning of the nineteenth century
Both sought leaders with wealth and ability. Federalists and Whigs were both skeptical of the general population and their ability to govern themselves without the commanding voice and authority of an elite. However, whereas the Federalists believed in an elite that derived its authority from birth and pedigree, Whigs believed that talent and wealth ought to matter in the popular selection of the nation's leaders.
In what way was the Waltham-Lowell System, pioneered by the Boston Manufacturing Company, a revolutionary change for American industry
By cutting labor costs through hiring female workers The Waltham-Lowell System found a solution to competing with cheap British imports by hiring women and girls who could be paid less than men.
How did Martin Van Buren make party politicians acceptable as government leaders
By rejecting traditional republicanism Traditional republican thought held that political factions were dangerous. Instead, Van Buren claimed that the opposite was true.
In which cardinal direction did the fighting in the Texas revolution of 1836 take place
East Fighting began in Goliad and at the Alamo in San Antonio, then moved east to the white settlements before ending at San Jacinto (near present-day Houston).
Which American author, prominent in the 1830s and 1840s, combined the urban underworld of crime and sensational journalism to develop a new genre of popular fiction
Edgar Allan Poe Fascinated by the urban underworld of crime, author Edgar Allan Poe drew on sensational journalism to develop a new genre of popular fiction.
Who opposed the Indian Removal Act in Congress in 1830?
Evangelical Protestants Catharine Beecher and Lydia Sigourney famously issued the "Ladies Circular," which urged women to pray for a prevention of removal.
What was a reason that President Martin Van Buren refused to annex Texas
He expected northern opposition to adding a slave state. The cautious Van Buren and other party politicians feared that annexation would spark a war with Mexico and, beyond that, a "desperate death-struggle . . . Between the North and the South [over the extension of slavery]; a struggle involving the probability of a dissolution of the Union."
In 1834, Philip Hone wrote in his diary that New Yorkers celebrated the victory of Jacksonian Democrats with shouts of "Down with the aristocracy!" He continued: "They have succeeded in raising this dangerous spirit . . ., and have gladly availed themselves of its support to accomplish a temporary object; but can they allay it at pleasure?" What was Hone concerned about?
He feared that Jacksonian Democrats had invited mob rule and chaos to the nation. In this passage, Hone was asking whether Jacksonian Democrats knew how to contain the mob they had, in his view, so dangerously aroused for their own political advantage.
How did Martin Van Buren defend the existence and use of political parties
He said they were the best means of curbing government power. Van Buren argued against the old belief that parties or "factions" were dangerous and claimed that they in fact protected free government by limiting the abuse of power.
Why did James K. Polk win the presidential election of 1844
Henry Clay's stand on Texas cost him the election. Clay initially dodged the question of Texas annexation but eventually supported it. That stance cost him support of antislavery Whigs, who voted in New York for Liberty Party candidate James Birney, which gave New York's electoral votes—and the presidency—to James K. Polk.
Why was the Liberty Party important in the 1844 presidential election?
Its votes decided the election. In the election of 1844, Henry Clay of the Whig Party ultimately supported the annexation of Texas, a slave state, to the United States. This support cost him crucial northern Whig support. Liberty Party candidate James G. Birney received less than 3 percent of the national vote but took enough Whig votes in New York to cost Clay that state—and the presidency.
Despite being Andrew Jackson's vice president, who was the leader of the Whig Party in the South in the 1830s and 1840s
John Calhoun John Calhoun, Jackson's vice president in his first term (1829-1833), led the small number of southern Whigs
What name is given the belief in a god-given American cultural and racial superiority that lay behind the desire to make the entire continent part of American democracy?
Manifest Destiny The belief in American cultural and racial superiority that lay behind the desire to make the entire continent part of American democracy was called Manifest Destiny.
What feminist wrote Woman in the Nineteenth Century and, in 1844, proclaimed a new era of gender relations?
Margaret Fuller Fuller was a social reformer and writer of the antebellum years who stressed women's growing importance in religious and social affairs. Later in life, she reported on the Revolution of 1848 in Italy as a foreign correspondent.
Which statement summarizes the publication of Herman Melville's Moby Dick?
Middle-class readers rejected the dark narrative. Moby Dick was a commercial failure. The middle-class audience that devoured sentimental American fiction refused to follow Melville into the dark, dangerous realm of individualism gone mad.
Why did the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution end up determining the election of 1824
No one candidate received an absolute majority of electoral votes. The Twelfth Amendment had reordered the procedure for electing the president after difficulties in the 1796 and 1800 elections. It sent presidential elections to the House of Representatives if no candidate could garner an absolute majority.
In 1818, the United States and Great Britain established joint occupation of what area
Oregon In 1818, the United States and Great Britain established joint occupation of Oregon.
How did 250,000 Americans reach California, Oregon, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana by 1860
Oregon Trail An emigrant route that originally led from Independence, Missouri, to the Willamette Valley in Oregon, a distance of some 2,000 miles, the Oregon Trail brought 250,000 Americans to California, Oregon, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana by 1860.
Which state was one of the first to grant the franchise to all male taxpayers
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania and Vermont were the only states to grant the franchise to all male taxpayers at the time of the Revolution.
What issue was a cause of the Panic of 1819
Poorly managed state banks Poorly managed state banks created a credit crisis when their bad loans could not be paid during a worldwide drop in agricultural prices.
When compared to previous elections, the Whigs attempted which novel strategy to win the presidential election of 1836
Running four "regional sons" to send the contest to the House of Representatives In 1836, Whigs interestingly ran four "regional sons"—William Henry Harrison of Ohio, Hugh L. White of Tennessee, Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, and W. P. Mangum of Georgia—in the hope of preventing any one candidate from winning a majority in the electoral college, thus throwing the election to the House, which the Whigs controlled. The strategy failed because Van Buren nonetheless won a majority in the electoral college and was elected president.
Why were most teachers women by the 1850s
School boards believed that women were better suited for the profession.
Which marriage rules existed among slaves but not among the planter elite in the decades before the Civil War
Shunning of marriages between cousins Cousin marriages were frequent among South Carolina planters, whereas their slaves avoided it, continuing a practice common in Africa.
Why did northerners oppose the annexation of Texas between 1836 and 1845
Slavery would be expanded. Since 1836, southern leaders had supported the annexation of Texas, but cautious party politicians, pressured by northerners who opposed the expansion of slavery, had rebuffed them
Which of the following was one of the commercial cities that existed around the periphery of the South between 1820 and 1860?
St. Louis Urban growth in the South, the key to prosperity in Europe and the North, occurred primarily in the commercial cities around the periphery of the region: New Orleans, St. Louis, and Baltimore.
Which of the following was a feature of the 1819 Constitution of Alabama
Suffrage for all whites Under the Alabama Constitution of 1819, all white men enjoyed the right to vote, whether they owned property or not.
Congress gave Andrew Jackson the right to use the army and navy to ensure that federal laws were enforced with what action?
The Force Bill The Force Bill, passed by Congress, gave Andrew Jackson the right to use the army and navy to ensure that federal laws were enforced
After the Whigs won the presidency for the first time, what unfortunate event prevented them from implementing their program
The death of William Henry Harrison Barely a month after his inauguration in 1841, Harrison died of pneumonia. Vice President Tyler took the presidential oath of office and declared his intention to govern as he pleased. As it turned out, that would not be like a Whig.
Why did the Freemasons fall into disrepute in 1826
The kidnapping and murder of a disloyal member had raised suspicions. After the kidnapping and murder in 1826 of William Morgan, a New York Mason who had threatened to reveal the order's secrets, the Freemasons fell into disrepute.
Why did the mill owners of the Boston Manufacturing Company enforce strict curfews on the women who lived in their boardinghouses
The owners wanted to reassure parents about their daughters' moral welfare. It was unusual for these young women to live outside the parent household, and factory owners needed to offer some security for families to enter into these unconventional circumstances.
What connection did John L. O'Sullivan's term Manifest Destiny have to American expansion of the mid-nineteenth century
The phrase embodied the dreams of American expansionists. O'Sullivan's phrase was the ideology of conquest that proclaimed the God-given duty to extend American republicanism and capitalism to the Pacific Ocean.
Why did new disciplined political parties emerge in the 1820s in a number of states
The power of notables in communities waned. As the power of notables waned in the 1820s, disciplined political parties appeared in a number of states.
The nullification controversy developed over southern resistance to what action
The tariffs of 1828 and 1832 South Carolina voted to nullify the Tariff of Abominations as a means of limiting federal power.
Who were the "notables" who had dominated American political life until the 1820s
The wealthy elite Wealthy notables—northern landlords, slave-owning planters, and seaport merchants—dominated the political system in the new republic; the gentry-dominated system kept men who lacked wealth and powerful family connections from seeking office.
Why was the annexation of Texas accomplished without a treaty in 1845
There were not enough votes in the Senate. Congressional Democrats lacked the two-thirds majority in the Senate needed to ratify a treaty of annexation. So they admitted Texas using a joint resolution of Congress, which required just a majority vote in each house, and Texas became the twenty-eighth state in December 1845.
Why did most free blacks in the early 1800s oppose the plans of the American Colonization Society?
They had no desire to leave the country. Free blacks saw themselves as Americans. As the Bishop Richard Allen said, "[T]his land which we have watered with our tears and our blood is now our mother country."
Why did the Whigs run four presidential candidates in the election of 1836
They hoped the election would end up in the House of Representatives. The Whigs ran four candidates, each with a strong regional reputation. They hoped to garner enough electoral votes to throw the contest into the House of Representatives.
Why did civic leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore want to copy the Erie Canal
They hoped to compete for western trade. Business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore wanted a share of the western trade that the Erie Canal allowed New York to dominate and pressured state governments to build their own canal systems.
Why did some affluent men begin to support married women's rights to own property in the 1840s
They hoped to secure their assets in the volatile market economy. Some wealthy men were increasingly concerned about the prospect of bankruptcy and hoped to protect some family assets by placing them in their wives' names.
In the decades before the Civil War, how did African American slaves in the southern Methodist Church approach the church's ban on profane dancing?
They practiced the ring shout. In this African-derived dance, as one minister explained, slaves were "three or four, standing still, clapping their hands and beating time with their feet, commence singing in unison one of the . . . melodies, while the others walk around in a ring, in single file, joining also in the song."
In the early 1800s, what did the growing cities of the South all have in common
They tended to be around the periphery of the South. Urban growth occurred mostly in the commercial cities around the periphery of the South: New Orleans, St. Louis, and Baltimore. They tended to trade southern crops to the national and international markets. Interior consumer markets, on the other hand, were underdeveloped.
Why did John Quincy Adams favor the American System
To help northern businessmen and commercial farmers Adams backed the American System to advance the interests of northern manufacturers and commercial farmers, all of whom supported his plans.
Why did President Polk send General Zachary Taylor and 2,000 U.S. soldiers to the Rio Grande in 1846
To provoke war with Mexico Polk sent Taylor to disputed territory to provoke Mexico to fire the first shot, and the Mexicans obliged. "We were sent to provoke a fight," recalled Ulysses S. Grant, then a young officer serving with Taylor, "but it was essential that Mexico should commence it."
Why did Andrew Jackson veto several internal improvement bills in 1830
To put an end to the American System Jackson's highest priority was to destroy the American System and all plans for national economic development, which he believed were contrary to the Constitution, encouraged "consolidated government," and—through higher tariffs—increased the burden of taxation. Accordingly, he vetoed four internal improvement bills in 1830, including an extension of the National Road.
Henry David Thoreau named his most famous book after which location, where he went to experiment with a life of self-reliance
Walden Pond Thoreau named his most famous book after Walden Pond, where he went to experiment with a life of self-reliance.
President Andrew Jackson was the first man in the White House who
came from a trans-Appalachian state. Jackson came from trans-Appalachian Tennessee, still a fairly new state.
In 1830, about 36 percent of white families in the South held slaves. By 1860, the share of white families owning slaves had
declined. Increasing social divisions among white slave owners led to a decline in ownership to about 25 percent, leaving a larger concentration of slave populations in the hands of the few.
In what year did Mexico achieve independence from Spain
1821 In 1821, Mexico gained its independence from Spain.
Which prejudice did American journalists build upon when they turned the Battle of the Alamo into a romantic challenge for American adventurers
Anti-Catholicism Drawing on anti-Catholic sentiment aroused by Irish immigration, journalists urged Americans to "Remember the Alamo" and depicted the Mexicans as tyrannical butchers in the service of the pope.
Which organized territory was permitted to remain open to the institution of slavery after the Missouri Compromise?
Arkansas The Arkansas Territory, comprising the present-day states of Arkansas and most of Oklahoma, was open to slavery by being south of the 36°30′ line.
In the 1830s and 1840s, which of the following was considered an occupation of the northern business elite
Bankers Bankers were considered elites.
Besides the Methodist Church, which other church experienced spectacular growth in membership during the Second Great Awakening
Baptist Americans in large numbers joined evangelical Methodist and Baptist churches that preached spiritual equality and developed egalitarian cultures marked by communal singing and emotional services.
This is a photo of a newspaper article 'An Account of the Late Intended Insurrection, Charleston, South Carolina.' The article lists the guilty prisoners and later executed 34 Blacks that South Carolina officials hanged with Denmark Vesey, a free Black accused of organizing a revolt of the city's slaves. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. This table shows the disposition of blacks after the rumored 1822 plot of Denmark Vesey in Charleston, South Carolina. Which of the following gives us a clue to how seriously white plantation owners feared servile insurrection?
Between capture and execution, a short amount of time elapsed. In general, execution was carried out between one and three weeks from the capture, demonstrating that it was imperative for whites to rid themselves of the problem quickly
Chapter 10
Chapter 10
chapter 11
Chapter 11
In the 1830s and 1840s, which of the following was considered an occupation of the urban poor
Clothes washers Clothes washers were considered poor.
Why was the Crystal Palace Exhibition of 1851 in London so important for American companies?
Displays at the exhibition catapulted some of them into multinational businesses. After winning praise at the exhibition, Remington (which made rifles), Singer (which made sewing machines), and other American firms became multinational businesses, building factories in Great Britain and coming to dominate some European markets.
What solved the nullification crisis
Enactment of a lower tariff At Jackson's request, Congress in early 1833 passed a military Force Bill, authorizing the president to compel South Carolina's obedience to national laws. Simultaneously, Jackson addressed the South's objections to high import duties with a new tariff act that, over the course of a decade, reduced rates to the modest levels of 1816.
How did the builders of steamboats used on the Mississippi change the design of these vessels
Giving them wider hulls and shallower drafts to travel on shallow rivers To navigate shallow western rivers, engineers broadened steamboats' hulls to reduce their draft and enlarge their cargo capacity. These improved vessels halved the cost of upstream river transport along the Mississippi River and its tributaries and dramatically increased the flow of goods, people, and news.
How did antislavery advocates immediately after the American Revolution differ from antislavery advocates from the 1820s onward
Goals Immediately after the Revolution, advocates stressed gradual emancipation with compensation to owners. Later, they argued for immediate emancipation without compensation.
What was a consequence of the New York Emancipation Act of 1799
Great Job! The correct answer is: It allowed slavery to continue until 1828. The New York Emancipation Act of 1799 allowed slavery to continue until 1828 and freed slave children only at the age of twenty-five. Other states in the Middle Atlantic region passed similar gradual abolition laws.
Which country inspired African Americans in the United States with hope for an end to slavery in the early 1800s
Haiti Black abolitionists spoke out against slavery, citing the Haitian Revolution as inspiration for its overthrow of the French slavery regime.
Why was the Erie Canal so successful?
It linked the economies of the Midwest and the Northeast. The Erie Canal connected midwestern and northeastern economies, serving as an avenue for the eastward movement of agricultural products and the westward movement of manufactured goods.
The most important episode of economic decline in the early nineteenth century is called th
Panic of 1819. The Panic of 1819 was the most severe economic downturn the country had experienced until then and would not be surpassed until the Panic of 1837.
Which phrase reflects part of Andrew Jackson's legacy?
Which phrase reflects part of Andrew Jackson's legacy?
What is exemplified by the unions and mutual benefit societies of the early 1800s
Working-class attempts to gain some control over working conditions Unions and mutual benefit societies were organizations with a broad range of programs, including adoption of a labor theory of value, for reforming the conditions of work to make them more equitable for labor.
Perfectionists of the early 1800s believed that freedom from sin was possible
because the Second Coming of Christ had already occurred. Perfectionists believed that the Second Coming of Christ had already occurred and that people could therefore achieve perfection in themselves and society with complete freedom from sin.
The slave trade changed after 1808 in the United States in that it Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
shifted to a domestic enterprise. Rather than importing slaves from Africa, which was illegalized in 1808, slave traders in the Chesapeake began selling domestically.
In which decade were the most slaves sold south
1830s 267,500 slaves went south this decade. This was the largest quantity.
What statement describes the concept of republican motherhood
A limited revision of traditional domestic roles for women Republican motherhood, although not revolutionary, brought a limited revision to the traditional domestic roles of women. It represented a political ideal created by men that bound women to the republic in a way that reflected and made use of women's "natural" roles. Republican motherhood was limited because it still reflected a world where women were restricted to the domestic sphere, but it altered behavior patterns, especially in the home.
Which member of Andrew Jackson's Kitchen Cabinet wrote the president's speeches
Amos Kendall A member of Jackson's Kitchen Cabinet, Kendall wrote the president's speeches.
Who were the major financial backers of the American Anti-Slavery Society
Arthur and Lewis Tappan The Tappan brothers were wealthy silk merchants in New York City and served as the financial backers of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
In which of the following ways does this image portray the reality of America after the Panic of 1837?
Bank customers are flooding the bank, seeking their deposits. In the center of the picture, customers are lined up to withdraw their funds from the bank, one of the many features of the Panic of 183
What was one of the strategies that evangelical abolitionists used to attack slavery beginning in the 1830s
Bombarding Congress with petitions to end slavery Between 1835 and 1838, the American Anti-Slavery Society bombarded Congress with petitions containing nearly 500,000 signatures. They demanded the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, an end to the interstate slave trade, and a ban on admission of new slave states.
How did President John Tyler hope to secure his reelection in 1844
By running as a Democrat in favor of acquiring both Oregon and Texas Tyler had hoped to win reelection in 1844 as a Democrat and supported both expansion into Oregon and the annexation of Texas to curry favor with northern and southern Democrats. The party did not trust him, however, and chose James K. Polk, who supported those policies as well.
chapter 9
Chapter 9
What river formed the boundary between U.S. territory and the territory jointly occupied by Britain and the United States?
Columbia River The Columbia River, part of the border between the present-day states of Oregon and Washington, formed the boundary between U.S. territory and the territory jointly occupied by Britain and the United States.
Why did southerners eschew investing in industry by, for example, not building many factories between 1820 and 1860?
Cotton farming was too profitable. "We have no cities—we don't want them," boasted U.S. senator Louis Wigfall of Texas in 1861. "We want no manufactures: we desire no trading, no mechanical or manufacturing classes. . . . As long as we have our rice, our sugar, our tobacco, and our cotton, we can command wealth to purchase all we want."
What did the first American factory produce
Cotton textiles The American Industrial Revolution began with Samuel Slater's cotton textile mill in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1790. Slater came to America in 1789 after working for a British mechanic who had invented the most advanced British machinery for spinning cotton, and textile mills soon spread throughout New England.
Why was the presidential election of 1824 the last stand of the notables
Elections after 1824 would be dominated by modern parties with broad social bases. Following the 1824 election, elections would be dominated by modern political parties built on broad social coalitions and designed to get votes from as many people as possible, signaling the end of the old system of deference that the notables had counted on to govern.
How does this portrayal of this Hartford, Connecticut, family epitomize larger trends in the northern business elite's social life in the middle of the nineteenth century
Family members are dressed in well-tailored clothes in a furnished house tended by servants. At this time, northern business elites dressed in well-tailored clothes, rode in fancy carriages, and bought expensively furnished houses tended by butlers, cooks, and other servants. The painting illustrates this lifestyle.
Which action was the most likely form of passive resistance by a slave
Feigning illness Through passive resistance, African Americans seriously limited the power of their owners. Slaves slowed the pace of work by feigning illness an
One of America's first millionaires, merchant John Jacob Astor, built his fortune on which commodity
Furs Astor, who migrated from Germany to New York in 1784, began by selling dry goods and became wealthy carrying furs from the Pacific Northwest to China and investing in New York City real estate.
What labor system did cotton planters put in place for their slaves in the 1820s to enhance profits by increasing productivity
Gang-labor system Under this system, masters with twenty or more slaves organized disciplined teams, or "gangs," supervised by black drivers and white overseers. They worked the gangs at a steady pace, clearing and plowing land or hoeing and picking cotton.
What belief did many of the utopian communities, especially the Shaker, Fourierist, and Oneida projects, have in common?
Gender equality Shakers called for sexual equality. Fourierists advocated "associated households" in which both sexes shared domestic labor, emancipating women from "slavish domestic duties." Finally, the Oneida community rejected monogamy partly to free women from their status as the property of their husbands.
The American Education Society and the American Bible Society were examples o
Great Job! The correct answer is: interdenominational missionary societies. The American Education Society and the American Bible Society were two examples of organizations made up of various denominations that banded together to sponsor missionaries. They were involved in evangelizing and not primarily in charity.
For the American middle class and business elite of the antebellum era, what stood at the heart of social mobility and national prosperity
Hard work American Protestants had long believed that hard work in an earthly "calling" was a duty owed to God. The business elite and the middle class gave this idea a secular twist by celebrating work as the key to individual social mobility and national prosperity.
What trend characterized the Lower South in the early 1800s
High geographical mobility Between 1800 and 1860, white planters from the South were moving west. In 1790, slavery's western boundary ran through the middle of Georgia; by 1830, it stretched through western Louisiana; by 1860, the slave frontier extended far into Texas.
In which region of the antebellum South was slave ownership likely to be lowest
Hilly western North Carolina In some cotton-rich counties, 40 percent of the white families owned slaves; in the hill country near the Appalachian Mountains—such as western North Carolina—the proportion dropped to 10 percent.
How did the southern defense of slavery shift as a result of the proposal in the House of Representatives to ban slavery from Missouri
It became more extreme. In addition to arguments based on equal treatment to states and property rights, southern leaders defended human bondage. Downplaying the proposition that slavery was a "necessary evil," they now justified slavery on religious grounds.
Which statement defines the modern factory that rose in the 1830s
It concentrated manufacturing processes under one roof. Previously, merchants had reaped the advantage of a division of labor through the outwork system. But only by bringing all production processes into one facility did they gain the advantage of a modern factory.
The Supreme Court case of Gibbons v. Ogden in 1824 struck down a New York law that created a monopoly on steamboat travel into New York City. Why was this decision important
It prevented state and local laws from interfering with interstate trade. The Supreme Court's decision asserted federal authority over interstate trade and prevented state or local laws from interfering with the flow of commerce.
What distinguished the Alabama Constitution of 1819?
It provided for a secret ballot rather than voice-voting. The Alabama Constitution of 1819 granted suffrage to all white men; it also provided for a secret ballot rather than voice-voting; apportionment of legislative seats based on population; and the election of county supervisors, sheriffs, and clerks of court.
How did the federal government in early-nineteenth-century America facilitate the accumulation of wealth
It raised revenues through tariffs on consumer goods. The U.S. Treasury raised most of its revenue from tariffs—regressive taxes on textiles and other imported goods purchased mostly by ordinary citizens. That policy, combined with the lack of individual or corporate income taxes, promoted the accumulation of wealth.
Which president pursued his ambition of acquiring Texas, New Mexico, and California for the United States even at the risk of war
James K. Polk The president who single-mindedly pursued his ambition of acquiring Texas, New Mexico, and California for the United States even at the risk of war was James K. Polk.
How did the emerging Industrial Revolution in the early 1800s alter how labor was viewed
Labor became a commodity, to be bought and sold. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, the ethos of production based on liberty and equality, or artisan republicanism, held sway. Afterwards, labor became a commodity, subject to the vagaries of supply and demand.
The American Colonization Society (ACS) established a colony for emancipated slaves known as
Liberia. The ACS resettled only about 6,000 African Americans in Liberia, its colony on the west coast of Africa.
Which of the following was a significant environmental consequence of the Erie Canal
Massive erosion caused by spring rains Farming communities and market towns that sprang up along the waterway cut down millions of trees for construction material and to open the land for agriculture. These denuded landscapes quickly fell victim to erosion.
Which state was among the three that enacted the first married women's property laws between 1839 and 1845?
Mississippi Legislatures in Mississippi, Maine, and Massachusetts enacted married women's property laws between 1839 and 1845.
What are two major hazards evident on this map that whites faced moving west on the Oregon Trail?
Native peoples and the Rocky Mountains This map makes evident that travelers needed to pass through Native peoples who could raid their wagons and then cross over the treacherous Rocky Mountains to reach Oregon.
Part of the unpopularity of the Second Bank of the United States rested with the arrogance of the bank's president. Who was he
Nicholas Biddle Many politicians resented the arrogance of the bank's president, Nicholas Biddle. "As to mere power," Biddle boasted, "I have been for years in the daily exercise of more personal authority than any President habitually enjoys.
The top 5 percent of the southern white population owned what proportion of the entire slave population in 1860
Over 50 percent Just 5 percent of the South's white population dominated the economy, owning over 50 percent of the entire slave population of 4 million and growing 50 percent of the South's cotton crop.
How does this satirical almanac cover embrace the rampant racism also inherent in minstrel shows of the middle of the nineteenth century?
Phonetic spelling By spelling items phonetically, this almanac uses the so-called "Negro dialect" made famous by John Dartmouth's "Jim Crow" caricature.
Moral reform was primarily a women's movement to attack what problem
Prostitution Moral reform was aimed at protecting women from such things as prostitution.
In Springfield, Illinois, in 1842, Abraham Lincoln, then a young politician, praised members of the Washington Temperance Society because they "teach hope to all—despair to none. As applying to their cause, they deny the doctrine of unpardonable sin." What had the Washingtonians done to earn Lincoln's praise
Provided moral support for recovering alcoholics Lincoln praised the "moral suasion" of the Washington Temperance Society members, who turned the antidrinking movement in a new direction by talking publicly about their personal experiences of decline from alcoholism and spiritual recovery due to adoption of temperance.
In the 1840s, the U.S. Navy published a glowing report about the harbors in what area
Puget Sound American interest in Oregon increased dramatically in 1842, when the U.S. Navy published a glowing report of fine harbors in the Puget Sound, which New England merchants trading with China were already using.
How did antislavery advocates immediately after the American Revolution differ from antislavery advocates from the 1820s onward?
Racial composition Immediately after the Revolution, advocates were overwhelmingly white. Later, they were both white and black.
What principle did Andrew Jackson insist he was following when he replaced government bureaucrats with ordinary men who supported him politically
Rotation of officeholders When he replaced government bureaucrats with ordinary men who supported him politically, Jackson insisted it was rotation of officeholders.
Reformers influenced by the Second Great Awakening succeeded in combating a number of social ills. With which of the following did they have the least success
Sabbath honoring Though reformers embraced Sabbatarianism, a movement to require businesses to close on Sunday, very few businesses complied.
What effect did Maj. Stephen H. Long's 1820 characterization of the grasslands east of the Rocky Mountains as the Great American Desert have on American settlement patterns in the 1830s and 1840s
Settlements were forced southward. Americans looking for land turned south, to Mexican territory, especially Texas.
Why did the buffalo herds of the northern plains begin to shrink in the 1830s
Sioux Indians and other plains tribes began to trade buffalo hides with European fur traders. The number of hides and ropes shipped down the Missouri River each year by the American Fur Company and Missouri Fur Company increased from 3,000 in the 1820s to 45,000 in the 1830s and to 90,000 annually after 1840.
Why did slaves in the Upper South fear family separation
Slaves could be sold at any time. Slave families lived their daily routines with the anxiety and fear of separation. The slave girl Vinny Baker remembered that "[o]ne night I lay down on de straw mattress wid my mammy, an' de nex' mo'ning I woke up an' she wuz gone."
What group constituted most of the membership of the Whig Party in the South
Small, independent farmers Most southern Whigs were yeomen whites who resented the power and policies of low-country planters, most of whom were Democrats. In addition, some Virginia and South Carolina Democrats, such as John Taylor, became Whigs because they condemned Andrew Jackson's crusade against nullification.
Why did young girls in mid-nineteenth-century cities turn to prostitution?
Some poor young women did not like the alternative ways of making a living. Young women who worked as domestic servants or in the needle trades in antebellum northern cities not only lived in dire poverty but also suffered sexual exploitation. Many instead turned to prostitution.
In what state was the Gullah dialect most likely to be spoken
South Carolina The Gullah dialect, which combined words from English and a variety of African languages in an African grammatical structure, was spoken by blacks in the Carolina low country well into the twentieth century.
which U.S. commander led a force from Ft. Leavenworth through New Mexico and finally to the southern California coast, thus giving the United States the right to claim the territory of New Mexico in the treaty that ended the war?
Stephen Kearny General Kearny moved through New Mexico, stopping at the capital of Santa Fe, to claim it for the United States, before moving to southern California.
How did local, state, and federal tax policy in the middle of the 1800s favor the wealthy
Stocks and inheritances were not taxed. Capital gains and inheritances, almost exclusively the purview of the rich, were not taxed
Which of the following became a widely acceptable profession for women beginning in middle of the nineteenth century
Teacher By the 1850s, a majority of teachers were women, both because local school boards heeded Beecher's arguments that "energetic and benevolent women" were better qualified than men to instruct the young and because they discovered they could hire women at much lower wages than men.
In 1817, influential Americans who were worried about the impact of slavery and race on American society founded what group
The American Colonization Society In 1817, influential Americans who were worried about the impact of slavery and race on society founded the American Colonization Society. The members argued that slavery had to end and that freed blacks had to be sent back to Africa.
Most Americans blamed which party for the depression of 1837-1843
The Democratic Party Many Americans blamed the Democrats for the depression of 1837-1843. They criticized Jackson for destroying the Second Bank of the United States and for issuing the Specie Circular of 1836, requiring the payment of gold and silver by settlers purchasing western farms.
Why did New York City become the Atlantic port that was the best gateway to the Midwest and the best outlet for western grain
The Erie Canal connected New York and the Midwest efficiently and thus cheaply. New York City had the best harbor in the United States and, thanks to the Erie Canal, was the best gateway to the Midwest and the best outlet for western grain.
What nickname was given to the Great Plains in the 1820s and 1830s
The Great American Desert U.S. explorer Major Stephen Long, with only basic information, viewed the Great Plains during the early 1800s as the Great American Desert and unfit for cultivation. This interpretation motivated Americans looking for land to turn south to Mexican territory in Texas.
What important compromise was formed in Congress in 1820 over the spread of slavery
The Missouri Compromise Disputes between northern and southern politicians in Congress over the spread of slavery to new states and territories were ignited in 1819 when Missouri applied for admission into the Union as a slave state. Alarmed at the increase in slave power that a new state would provide, northern congressmen secured a concession, the admittance of Maine as a free state in 1820.
Where did the Americans who migrated to Oregon in the 1840s primarily settle
The Willamette Valley The American settlers who migrated to Oregon settled primarily in the Willamette Valley.
Which political party reflected the ideology of "artisan republicanism"
The Working Men's Party The Working Men's Parties mobilized craft workers and gave political expression to their ideology of artisan republicanism. As labor intellectual Orestes Brownson defined their distinctive vision: "All men will be independent proprietors, working on their own capitals, on their own farms, or in their own shops."
The fastest-growing industrial towns were located east of the Appalachian Mountains along what feature?
The fall line The fastest-growing industrial towns were located east of the Appalachian Mountains along the fall line, where rivers began their rapid descent from the Appalachian Mountains to the coastal plain, which provided the water power used by factories.
What was a major contributing factor to the democratization of politics in the 1820s and 1830s
The popular election of most offices The popular election of most offices, including judgeships, made democratic participation more meaningful and contributed to the democratization of the United States.
Why were factories in the South primarily in the Chesapeake region?
The region had a more diverse economy and a surplus of bound workers. Chesapeake tobacco planters increasingly abandoned the unprofitable crop and hired out their slaves, released them, or allowed them to buy their freedom. This surplus labor allowed planter entrepreneurs to staff modern factories that could not be run elsewhere in the South.
What prompted the emergence of a second national party in the mid-1830s
The rise of democracy and Jackson's tumultuous presidency The expansion of male suffrage and the leadership of Andrew Jackson in the Democratic Party triggered the formation of modern disciplined nationwide parties—the Democrats and their opponents, the Whigs.
Why did revivalist preachers in the South tend to take a fairly conservative social tone
Their ideas of equality angered white southern males, who dominated society in the South. In the South, evangelical religion was initially a disruptive force because many ministers spoke of spiritual equality and criticized slavery. Husbands and planters grew angry when their wives became more assertive and when blacks joined evangelical congregations. To retain white men in their churches, Methodist and Baptist preachers gradually adapted their religious message to justify the authority of yeomen patriarchs and slave-owning planters.
How did abolitionist women frequently violate social taboos in the 1830s
They spoke to mixed audiences that included men and women. As abolitionist women attacked slavery, they frequently violated social taboos by speaking to mixed audiences of men and women.
Why were the mechanical institutes important in the first half of the nineteenth century
They spread mechanical knowledge and skills. Institutes like the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia promoted new inventions and spread technical knowledge to be used in industrial applications.
Why did Cane Ridge in Kentucky attract almost 20,000 people in 1801?
They went to attend a nine-day revivalist camp meeting. The gathering at Cane Ridge was the largest of the Second Great Awakening. For the pioneer communities of the backcountry, these camp meetings were transformative experiences, not only because of the sermons that emphasized the laity's democracy and equality, but also because of the spectacle of such a large gathering. Heat and dehydration often induced hallucinations that were ascribed to religious experiences.
Why was the development of machine tools in the early 1800s a significant innovation
They were used to make machines that produced standardized parts. Machine tools produced standardized parts for other machines quickly and at relatively low cost, allowing the inexpensive mass production of high-quality, reliable products.
Between the 1820s and 1860s, on which group of people was urban popular culture based
Thousands of young rural people who flocked to the city in search of fortune and adventure Growing cities, particularly New York, generated a new urban culture. At its center were thousands of young men and women from farming regions who came to the city looking for wealth and fun. Many found only hard work and a hard life.
What was the fundamental purpose behind South Carolina's nullification of the federal tariff of 1828?
To check federal power before it could be used to abolish slavery South Carolinians lived in a state with a majority slave population and feared the federal government might one day end slavery as the British were doing in the Caribbean, so they sought to check federal power before that could be done by inventing the nullification process. It was used on the tariff as an example of a state's ability to curb expanding federal power, but lowering the tariff was only one short-term goal.
What was the most important role of the Second Bank of the United States
To stabilize the nation's money supply The bank's most important role was to stabilize the nation's money supply, which consisted primarily of notes issued by state-chartered banks. By collecting these state notes and demanding their exchange for gold or silver, the Second Bank tested the reserves of these note-issuing institutions.
What was the intention of the First Bank of the United States
To stimulate economic growth by granting commercial credit The Bank of the United States was intended to issue notes and make commercial loans, and it succeeded. By 1805, the bank had branches in eight seaport cities, profits that averaged a handsome 8 percent annually, and clients with easy access to capital.
Why did Democratic politicians in Alabama not invest in internal improvements, such as canals and railroads, at the same rate as their northern counterparts between roughly 1820 and 1860
To win votes with slave owners To win the votes of taxpaying slave owners, Alabama Democrats advocated limited government and low taxes. They attacked their Whig opponents for favoring higher taxes and for providing government subsidies for banks, canals, railroads, and other internal improvements.
The Second Bank of the United States stabilized the nation's money by demanding that state banks redeem their own notes in what way
Using hard money, or specie The Second Bank of the United States demanded that state banks redeem the notes to test their reserves in stable assets. By collecting notes and regularly demanding specie, the Second Bank kept the state banks from issuing too much paper money and depreciating its value.
What was the point of the "separate spheres" ideology promoted in the mid-nineteenth century
Women should focus on domestic life, not public life. Women inhabited a "separate sphere" of domestic life and had no place in "the markets of trade, the scenes of politics and popular agitation, the courts of justice and the halls of legislation."
What did women reformers refer to when they spoke about "domestic slavery" in the 1840s
Women's loss of legal rights in the institution of marriage Female abolitionists were asserting that traditional gender roles resulted in the "domestic slavery" of women. Reformer Ernestine Rose explained: "The radical difficulty . . . is that women are considered as belonging to men."
In his view of states' rights, John C. Calhoun believed that
a state convention in any state could declare a federal law null and void in that state. Calhoun's theory of government concluded that because the Constitution had been adopted by state convention, similar conventions could nullify federal laws within their own state's borders, not the entire nation. He rejected the notion that state courts or a legislative majority should determine the legality of federal law.
The Market Revolution that took place in America beginning in the 1820s was prompted by the construction of
a system of canals and roads linking the Atlantic coast states and the trans-Appalachian west. As American farms and factories employed new methods of labor, devised novel ways to organize production, and developed technological machinery, productivity increased significantly. The transportation of raw goods to supply the growing towns and factories and to move finished products to the emerging class of consumers became essential.
In the presidential election of 1824, William Crawford was nominated by an informal meeting of congressional leaders called the
caucus. In the presidential election of 1824, William Crawford was nominated by an informal meeting of congressional leaders called the caucus.
Why did landless white workers in the South receive so little respect?
deemed as slaves
By the middle of the 1800s, slavery in the tobacco-growing Chesapeake differed from slavery in the cotton-growing Deep South in that the institution in the Chesapeake was more
diffuse. Slave ownership had always been more widely diffused in the Chesapeake. In the 1770s, about 60 percent of white families in the Chesapeake owned at least one slave.
The cotton gin indirectly reinvigorated the need for slaves in the South because it
enabled short-staple cotton to be cultivated profitably on the mainland. Hardier varieties of short-staple cotton could thrive in rich inland soils, but their bolls, with tightly packed fibers, required machine processing. Thus, the cotton gin was needed. Without it, cotton could not thrive profitably in the United States, outside of a few Atlantic islands
In Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842), Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court upheld the right of workers, at least in Massachusetts, to
form unions and call strikes. Shaw was the exception; many judges continued to resist unions by forbidding strikes.
An interconnected transportation network, the growth of industry along similar patterns, and a similar ethnic composition all were evidence of
increasingly close regional ties between the Northeast and the Midwest. The Midwest and the Northeast created close economic and cultural ties through their transportation network of canals and rails. Migration patterns meant that much of the Midwest was populated by northeasterners, leading to a similar ethnic composition.
Why did Dorothea Dix lobby the Massachusetts legislature for an enlargement of the state hospital for mental patients
ix objected to the fact that mentally ill women were jailed alongside men. Dix had discovered that insane women were jailed alongside male criminals, so she persuaded Massachusetts lawmakers to enlarge the state hospital to house indigent mental patients.
During his lifetime, Eli Whitney gained fame and fortune through the manufacture of
military weaponry. Eli Whitney built machine tools that could rapidly produce interchangeable musket parts, bringing him the wealth and fame he had long craved.
British textile manufacturers enjoyed two advantages over their American counterparts in the first decades of the 1800s: a cheaper labor force and
more efficient shipping networks. The British enjoyed the benefit of efficient shipping networks, which brought raw cotton to Britain at bargain prices.
With regards to marriage customs, marriages between enslaved blacks differed from those between whites before the Civil War in that black marriages
not legally binding. Unlike white marriages, slave unions were not legally binding. According to a Louisiana judge, "slaves have no legal capacity to assent to any contract . . . because slaves are deprived of all civil rights."
By 1830, a person was most likely to be able to vote if he or she
paid taxes to the state. The maps show that, by 1830, taxpaying was the predominant qualification for suffrage.
Jackson's practice of appointing loyal members of his party to public offices became known as
the spoils system. Jackson promised rotation in office and used patronage to achieve it by putting his own supporters into office, which became known as the spoils system.
Why did the paymaster of the Hamilton Manufacturing Company, Ithamar A. Beard, conclude that the yeoman farmer and artisan-republican ideal was no longer possible in America
too many Americans worked for others. In 1840, about half of the nation's white workers and all the slaves labored for others.
In both North and South in the period between 1800 and 1848, economic changes had what general effect
wealth stratification
n the 1830s and 1840s, American middle-class and elite households were similar in that they both
were in distinct areas of town. Both elite and middle-class households were established in certain areas, to distinguish them from poorer areas.