1301 US History Chapter 10

What led many poor southern whites to support the institution of slavery? Economic dependence on slaveholders Competition with free blacks Religious teachings and practices Negative experiences with slaves

Economic dependence on slaveholders

At what age were slave children put to work full-time? As soon as they could walk, talk, and follow instructions Eleven or twelve Eight or nine Depended on the philosophy of the slaveholder

Eleven or twelve

What philosophy defined the Democratic party platform during the 1844 election? Expansion Interdependency Capitalism Exploitation

Expansion

What did southern planters rely on to expand and sustain the system of slavery? States' rights Federal power Economic dependency Presidential support

Federal power

Which party won the 1848 election, placing a slaveholder in the White House? Whigs Free-Soil party Democrats Federalists

Federalists

In 1834, which country became the first to abolish slavery and did so without bloodshed? Great Britain France Brazil United States

Great Britain

Why did President Polk refuse to run for reelection in 1848? He was against slavery and could not represent a nation that still allowed it. He was tired from the war effort and fights among Democrats. He knew he would lose because of his weak negotiation with Mexico when signing the peace treaty. His wife was inadvertently killed during the conflict with Mexico.

He was tired from the war effort and fights among Democrats.

What did the execution of Nat Turner and his followers in 1831 signal to African Americans? That only free blacks should organize against slavery How far whites would go to protect slavery That whites were right and Nat Turner was wrong That the American justice system was fair

How far whites would go to protect slavery

Who fit the description of a "yeoman farmer"? Small-scale farmers who owned fewer than six slaves Independent landowners who did not own slaves Landowners of any scale who owned fewer than ten slaves Farmers who worked leased land without slave labor

Independent landowners who did not own slaves

What were the two largest southern cities in 1850, with populations over 100,000? Charleston and Atlanta New Orleans and Charleston Atlanta and Baltimore Baltimore and New Orleans

Baltimore and New Orleans

What recourse did most plantation mistresses have on discovering their husbands were having sexual relations with slave women? None really; most pretended they did not know it was happening. Most of these women filed for divorce on grounds of adultery. Mistresses were able to have the alleged lover sold or traded out of the household. Mistresses often filed rape charges against their husbands on behalf of the slave women.

None really; most pretended they did not know it was happening.

Where did many middle class southerners receive their education in the early nineteenth century? Local public schools Local private schools Northern private schools Home schools

Northern private schools

What moved planters to promote the ideology of white supremacy in the 1830s? Slaves were getting too tricky and rebellious. Other nations began to abolish slavery. Poor whites turned against the planters and they needed to win the poor whites back. Free blacks failed to show they could be as successful as whites.

Other nations began to abolish slavery.

What foods were the staples of a slave's diet? Fruits and vegetables they grew themselves Lots of protein and some fat Primarily high-calorie fats and carbohydrates Mainly meat with occasional vegetables

Primarily high-calorie fats and carbohydrates

How did the acquisition of new territory following war with Mexico shape political life in America in the mid-nineteenth century? A temporary period of peace and prosperity resulted. Sectional conflicts over slavery and values increased. Northerners found themselves with newfound power and authority. It raised questions about the treatment of Indians.

Sectional conflicts over slavery and values increased.

Which slaves were most likely to successfully run away in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? Young men and women from the fields Skilled male slaves with greater mobility Single men without ties Female domestics with the trust of their mistress

Single men without ties

Why were harsher methods of discipline introduced after 1840 on plantations in South Carolina and Mississippi? Slaves in those areas frequently organized riots and other more minor rebellions. Slaveholders in those areas were inexperienced and overcompensating. Slaves proved impervious to more mild punishments. Slaveholders feared blacks because they outnumbered whites.

Slaveholders feared blacks because they outnumbered whites.

On what basis did the Free-Soil party argue that slavery should not be permitted in the new territories? Slavery empowered aristocratic men over the rights of the people. Slavery was a moral injustice. The nation would always be paralyzed by this debate if they didn't take a difficult stand now. Northern interests would always be second to those of southern slaveholders.

Slavery empowered aristocratic men over the rights of the people.

What labor system often left some slaves time to cultivate gardens, fish for supper, make quilts, or repair furniture in the evenings? Gang system Row system Rake system Task system

Task system

What development led slaveholders to treat slaves better and increasingly view them as "valuable property"? Exposure of planters' violent practices Realization that planters' behavior was inhumane The end of the international slave trade The increase in demand for cotton

The end of the international slave trade

Why did slave women generally fail at their runaway attempts? They often returned to visit family. They weren't as strong or fast as men. They weren't highly motivated because they weren't treated badly. Women were more likely to get lost in the woods.

They often returned to visit family.

How did laboring in the field together benefit slaves? They were part of a community, forming strong bonds through work and music with other African Americans. They often received the greatest portions of food because their work was so arduous and required so much energy. There really weren't any benefits; labor in the fields was the most arduous and exploitative of all, far worse that work in the house or in a skilled trade. Field work was often done under the supervision of other blacks, so they didn't have to interact with white people for days or weeks at a time.

They were part of a community, forming strong bonds through work and music with other African Americans.

What Virginian(s) spoke passionately in defense of slavery, ensuring its continuation in the wake of Nat Turner's rebellion? Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States Mr. Travis, slaveholder and target of insurrection Thomas Dew, president of the College of William and Mary The Ladies of Augusta, representing the western counties

Thomas Dew, president of the College of William and Mary

How did slaves bring West African culture into Christian worship services? Through the use of drums, conch shells, and dancing By invoking the names of their African gods rather than the Christian God By worshiping in the evening, through sundown, as was practiced in Africa By refusing to say Christian prayers but rather praying softly in their native tongues

Through the use of drums, conch shells, and dancing

In 1844, Mexico, Britain, and the Comanches united in contesting newly elected President James K. Polk's position favoring Texas's sovereignty from Mexico and subsequent U.S. statehood. U.S. expansion into Oregon and Mexico. national sovereignty for Indian nations in Indian Territory. U.S. expansion into Wisconsin and parts of Canada.

U.S. expansion into Oregon and Mexico.

Why was incumbent Martin Van Buren vulnerable in his 1840 reelection campaign? Andrew Jackson had recovered and was running against him. Van Buren endorsed the wildly unpopular "gag rule" in 1836. Van Buren failed to intervene in the Panic of 1837. Van Buren lost all of his campaign money in the banking crisis.

Van Buren failed to intervene in the Panic of 1837.

What contributed to record-breaking profits by planters from the early 1840s onward? A dramatic increase in value of slave labor Vast profits from cotton, rice, and sugar A decrease in the value of European currency Greater reliance on the labor of slave women and children

Vast profits from cotton, rice, and sugar

How did slavery stunt the development of other important industries and institutions in the South? Slavery was so controversial that northerners did not want to do business with the South. Wealthy people invested all of their money in slavery and nothing else. The plantation economy required rural settlements and deterred the development of great cities. Southerners agreed to rely on the North for manufacturing and education in exchange for their reliance on southern goods.

Wealthy people invested all of their money in slavery and nothing else.

The Treaty of New Echota, which authorized the exchange of 100 million acres of Cherokee land for $68 million and 32 million acres in Indian Territory, was authorized by the Cherokee leader John Ross. the majority of Cherokee men who voted to accept it. a few Cherokee men who were tricked by the U.S. government. the U.S. government without any input from the Cherokee.

a few Cherokee men who were tricked by the U.S. government.

In the mid-nineteenth century, unlike wealthier plantation mistresses, the wives and daughters of yeomen farmers did arduous household labor. worked alongside their family's slaves. were treated more equally in the household. were more likely to be religious.

did arduous household labor.

The relationship between yeomen farmers and neighboring plantation owners was that they were generally friendly but economically independent of each other. hostile neighbors and economic competitors. often relatives who tried not to mix business with family. often related to one another with the farmers relying on the plantation owners.

often related to one another with the farmers relying on the plantation owners.

In his approach to Indian/white relations, Cherokee leader John Ross advocated peaceful but separate coexistence. called for mutual respect of cultural traditions. promoted Indian diet and lifestyle as valuable to whites. promoted "Americanization" of the Indians.

promoted "Americanization" of the Indians.

News of Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831 was especially frightening to slaveholders because Turner managed to unite free blacks and slaves. managed to inspire slaves to kill their owners. seemed like an obedient, submissive slave prior to this event. recruited poor whites to help in his rebellion.

recruited poor whites to help in his rebellion.

After 1840, planters went to great measures to discipline and punish slaves because slaves rarely worked as hard as they could for even eight hours a day. slaveholders became paranoid of a group over whom they exerted an incredible amount of authority. slave rebellions were so frequent and violent during the period. whites were so racist that slavery gave them an excuse to beat blacks.

slaveholders became paranoid of a group over whom they exerted an incredible amount of authority.

The Wilmot Proviso, which passed in the House in 1846, proposed that the territory acquired from Mexico be partly divided among Indian tribes. the territory acquired from Mexico be divided between Indians, free blacks, and white settlers. slavery be abolished in the territory acquired from Mexico. slavery be protected in the territory acquired from Mexico.

slavery be abolished in the territory acquired from Mexico.

"Oregon fever" in 1842 was an outbreak of yellow fever that swept the Oregon territory. a battle between British settlers and local Indians in Oregon. the massive influx of British into Oregon. the massive influx of Americans into Oregon.

the massive influx of Americans into Oregon.

Household work benefited slaves because the work was less arduous than field work. they got to develop close relationships with the slaveholders. they often received leftovers and hand-me-downs. they were less likely to be abused.

they often received leftovers and hand-me-downs.

Regarding the Treaty of New Echota, the majority of Cherokee people were happy with the terms because they voted for it. unhappy with the terms and did not authorize it. happy with the terms even though they did not authorize it. unhappy with the terms even though they authorized it.

unhappy with the terms and did not authorize it.

James Henry Hammonds viewed himself as a progressive master, and he believed that slaves deserved to be treated with respect and rarely used violence. adopted nonviolent means of punishment such as solitary confinement. whipped his slaves excessively regardless of his self-image. restricted his use of whipping to males over the age of twelve.

whipped his slaves excessively regardless of his self-image.

How did the United States eventually win the Second Seminole War? It outspent Seminoles $30 million to $5 million. The military enlisted the help of slaves. The Seminoles were largely destroyed by a smallpox epidemic. It offered the Seminole leader peace but captured him instead.

It offered the Seminole leader peace but captured him instead.

Why did the Cherokee march from their land in the Southeast to Indian Territory become known as the Trail of Tears? They were so sad at having to move. They were beaten and tortured by the U.S. army along the way. Their leader, Chief Big Tears, died along the way. It took longer than expected and many people died.

It took longer than expected and many people died.

The Comanche tribe was a serious threat to Mexico after 1821 because the tribe doubled in size and threat. Mexico achieved independence and lacked resources. Mexico was in the midst of a bloody war with Spain. the Comanche won their war with white settlers and were free to focus on Mexico.

Mexico achieved independence and lacked resources.

In the early nineteenth century, which group of southerners allied most closely with slave owners? Yeomen farmers Middle-class people Religious leaders Poor whites

Middle-class people

What was the outcome of the battle at the Alamo between the Mexican government and a band of white U.S. settlers? The Mexicans handily defeated the settlers. The battle came to a draw when both sides retreated. The settlers surprisingly defeated the larger Mexican military. The U.S. government intervened and forced the settlers to stand down.

The Mexicans handily defeated the settlers.

What caused the Panic of 1837? Cotton harvests in the South failed. The South had a strong dependency on British investments. Northern abolitionists cut ties with southern cotton producers. The Bank of America called in its loans to southern planters.

The South had a strong dependency on British investments.

What caused the Second Seminole War in the 1830s? White settlers opened fire on Seminole Indians, against terms of the Indian Removal Act. The Seminole and the Cherokee fought over lucrative land along the Mississippi River. The U.S. military forcibly removed Seminoles from their land. The Seminole Indians attacked white settlers who came to take their land.

The U.S. military forcibly removed Seminoles from their land.

What is meant by manifest destiny as touted by politicians during the 1840s? The right of opposing legislative parties to debate is vital to democracy and preordained by the Enlightenment. Political parties must agree to a "manifest" before each campaign cycle. The United States has a God-given right to expand its borders. The United States has proven its destiny as the most powerful country in the world.

The United States has a God-given right to expand its borders.

Why were most plantations in the South relatively small prior to the 1840s? The availability of fertile land was limited. The availability of slave laborers was limited. No one had the resources to finance a vast, expansive plantation. No one product was in such great demand so as to necessitate a large plantation.

The availability of fertile land was limited.

What caused a dramatic increase in the value of cotton in the 1840s and 1850s? The booming textile industry in New England A decrease in available fertile land An increase in the value of slave labor A crop shortage in Europe

The booming textile industry in New England

What had Congress hoped to achieve with the Indian Removal Act of 1830? The final removal of Indians from the United States The removal of Indians from the Louisiana Territory The settlement of Indians to land west of the Mississippi River A peaceful treaty whereby Indians would move but retain ownership of their land

The settlement of Indians to land west of the Mississippi River