13.2
Henry of Navarre
Bourbon ruler of Navarre; son of Jeanne d'Albret who introduced Calvin ideas to her kingdom; saved himself from massacre by promising to turn Catholic
War of Three Henrys
Henry, duke of Guise, seized Paris and forced King Henry III to make him chief minister. Henry III killed him and joined with Henry of Navarre to crush Catholic Holy league and retake Paris. Henry III was killed by monk and Henry of Navarre claimed throne and converted to Catholicism.
Spanish invasion of England
Philip II planned to invade England to return it to Catholicism; wrong fleet was sent > had to trust on a miracle from God which didn't happen; Spanish failed and England remained Protestant
Cause of Netherlands Revolt
Philip II wanted to strengthen his control > people didn't want to lose their political freedom; resentment after taxes were used for Spanish interests; Philip attempted to crush Calvinism
Jesuits
Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius of Loyola; follow God's will through will of Catholic church
Saint Teresa of Avila
Spanish Mystic; nun of Carmelite order; received visions that resulted to union with God; mysticism should lead to active life of service
Dutch Republic
United Provinces; northern provinces who gained freedom from Spanish rule
Huguenots
French Calvinisits
Pope Paul IV
(before known as Cardinal Caraffa); believed strictly in Catholicism/ no compromise with Protestantism; created Index of Forbidden books
Netherlands Revolt
Calvinists destroyed Catholic statues and windows. Philip sent duke of Alva to crush rebellion. More taxes caused commoners to join Calvinists. Netherlands divided into two religious unions
Ursulines
Catholic order of nuns establishing schools for education for girls
Theatines
Catholic order; emphasis on reforming secular clergy; founded orphanages and hospitals
Union of Arras
Catholic union; southern provinces; accepted Spanish rule
Puritans
English Calvinists
start of French Wars of Religion
Guise massacre peaceful congregation of Huguenots at Vassy; Huguenots couldn't conquer France but were good at defense so they couldn't be defeated
Matteo Ricci
Jesuit who brought faith to Chinese; attempted to make connections between Christianity and Confucianism
The Spiritual Exercises
Loyola's book on spiritual development by submitting will to Catholic church
Catherine de' Medici
Moderate French Catholic; dominated two sons who were weak rulers; looked for compromise but couldn't find anyone
Philip Melanchthon
Praecepter Germaniae (the Teacher of Germany); divided students in three classes based on age or ability in Saxony
Holy Office
Roman Inquisition; created to find doctrinal errors
Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre
after Henry Navarre (Huguenot) married sister of Valois king Charles IX > Huguenots in Paris for wedding posed threats > killing of Huguenot leaders and violence in streets of Paris
Edict of Nantes
after War of Three Henrys; Catholicism as official religious but Huguenots could worship in certain places and could enjoy political privileges
Catholic Reformation
aka Counter-Reformation; revival of Roman Catholicism
William of Orange
aka William of Nassau/ William the Silent; wished to unify Netherlands but failed. Organized protestant union of seven northern provinces - Union of Utrecht
role of wife (Protestant view)
bear children; obedience to husband
Queen Elizabeth's Foreign Policy
caution, moderation, and expediency; encouraged raiding of Spanish ships and colonies; avoided alliances and war
old Catholic view of marriage
celibacy or sex only in marriage to make children
Cardinal Contarini
compromised with Protestants on doctrines; called a heretic
goals of King Philip II
consolidate and secure lands inherited from father; make Spain a dominant power
Mary, queen of Scots
cousin of Queen Elizabeth; placed under arrest and eventually killed by being involved in Catholic plots to kill Elizabeth
causes of French Wars of Religion
differences in religion; resentment of monarchs > towns and provinces and nobility joined Calvinists
3 Activities of Jesuits
disciplined school; spreading faith among non-Jesuits; fight against Protestantism
Capuchins
emerged when Franciscans returned to simplicity of Saint Francis of Assisi; cared for sick and poor and preached (Catholic) Gospel directly to people
ultra-Catholics
extreme Catholic party; opposed Huguenots; led by Guise family
Family (Protestant view)
father as ruler; wife obeying him; should read Bible together
Protestant schools
for wider audience, not just elite; humanist ideas taught as well as ideas to train youth in becoming good Christians
holy league
formed by ultra-Catholics; vowed to exterminate heresy and put Henry, duke of Guise on French throne
Ignatius of Loyola
founded Society of Jesus; battle injuries > commitment to be soldier of God by submitting his will to God/ Catholic Church
Johannes Sturm
founded most famous gymnasium in Strasbourg
economy of Spain under King Philip II
importation of gold and silver from its New World possession; agriculture, commerce, and industry
Queen Elizabeth before becoming Queen
imprisoned > hid true feelings; intelligent and cautious, learned from Mary's mistakes
Religious practices
individual prayer , family worship, collective prayer and worship on Sunday
What did the Protestant Church eliminate?
indulgences, saints, pilgrimages, celibacy > less celebrations of religious holy days because no saints
Effect of importation of silver
inflation that disrupted the economy; hurt textile production and agriculture
Oratory of Divine Love
informal group of clergy and laymen; emphasized personal spiritual development and acts of charity; liked Erasmus' "philosophy of Christ"
Index of Forbidden books
list of books that Catholics were not allowed to read; works of Protestants and "unwholesome" including Erasmus
Queen Elizabeth's Religious Policy
moderation and compromise; Moderate Protestantism (still opposed by Catholics and Puritans)
King Philip II
most Catholic King; fought against Turks well but failed fighting Netherlands; also failed in establishing good government and making Spain a dominant power
What was revived in Catholic Reformation?
mysticism and monasticism
beliefs of Jesuits
obedience to papacy; ; hierarchical order for society; education to reach goals; dedication to engage in conflict for God (military)
Council of Trent
organized to resolve religious differences; results: clear doctrine, Catholicism now another Christian denomination
Francis Xavier
original member of Society of Jesus; brought Catholicism to the East; converted many Japanese
politiques
placed politics before religion; didn't believe it was worth fighting civil war in France
Cardinal Caraffa
rejected compromise with Protestants; persuaded Pope to establish Holy Office (Inquisition); later chosen pope as Paul IV
Act of Uniformity
restored Book of Common Prayer with moderations
Catholic doctrines
scripture and tradition are equal authorities; only church can interpret Scripture; faith and good works necessary for salvation; seven sacraments; purgatory and indulgences
gymnasium
secondary school; introduced by Protestants in Germany; liberal arts in Greek/Latin combined with religious instruction
Union of Utrecht
seven Dutch-speaking northern provinces; Protestant; oppose Spanish rule
Netherlands
seventeen provinces; seven northern were Germanic in culture and southern provinces were tied to France; prosperous through commerce and textile industry
Why were girls educated?
so they could read the Bible and other religious works; to promote proper moral values rather than intellectual development
duke of Parma
split the Netherlands into two religious unions
Pope Paul III
turning point in reform of papcy; appointed reform commission > church's problems because of corrupt polices in popes and cardinals; summoned Council of Trent
John Calvin's Genevan Academy
two parts: 1. private school divided in seven classes, taught Latin/Greek grammar and literature and logic; 2. public school taught philosophy, Hebrew, Greek, and theology
struggles of King Philip II
wanted to oversee everything; refused to delegate authority and fell behind on state correspondence