13.2

Henry of Navarre

Bourbon ruler of Navarre; son of Jeanne d'Albret who introduced Calvin ideas to her kingdom; saved himself from massacre by promising to turn Catholic

War of Three Henrys

Henry, duke of Guise, seized Paris and forced King Henry III to make him chief minister. Henry III killed him and joined with Henry of Navarre to crush Catholic Holy league and retake Paris. Henry III was killed by monk and Henry of Navarre claimed throne and converted to Catholicism.

Spanish invasion of England

Philip II planned to invade England to return it to Catholicism; wrong fleet was sent > had to trust on a miracle from God which didn't happen; Spanish failed and England remained Protestant

Cause of Netherlands Revolt

Philip II wanted to strengthen his control > people didn't want to lose their political freedom; resentment after taxes were used for Spanish interests; Philip attempted to crush Calvinism

Jesuits

Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius of Loyola; follow God's will through will of Catholic church

Saint Teresa of Avila

Spanish Mystic; nun of Carmelite order; received visions that resulted to union with God; mysticism should lead to active life of service

Dutch Republic

United Provinces; northern provinces who gained freedom from Spanish rule

Huguenots

French Calvinisits

Pope Paul IV

(before known as Cardinal Caraffa); believed strictly in Catholicism/ no compromise with Protestantism; created Index of Forbidden books

Netherlands Revolt

Calvinists destroyed Catholic statues and windows. Philip sent duke of Alva to crush rebellion. More taxes caused commoners to join Calvinists. Netherlands divided into two religious unions

Ursulines

Catholic order of nuns establishing schools for education for girls

Theatines

Catholic order; emphasis on reforming secular clergy; founded orphanages and hospitals

Union of Arras

Catholic union; southern provinces; accepted Spanish rule

Puritans

English Calvinists

start of French Wars of Religion

Guise massacre peaceful congregation of Huguenots at Vassy; Huguenots couldn't conquer France but were good at defense so they couldn't be defeated

Matteo Ricci

Jesuit who brought faith to Chinese; attempted to make connections between Christianity and Confucianism

The Spiritual Exercises

Loyola's book on spiritual development by submitting will to Catholic church

Catherine de' Medici

Moderate French Catholic; dominated two sons who were weak rulers; looked for compromise but couldn't find anyone

Philip Melanchthon

Praecepter Germaniae (the Teacher of Germany); divided students in three classes based on age or ability in Saxony

Holy Office

Roman Inquisition; created to find doctrinal errors

Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre

after Henry Navarre (Huguenot) married sister of Valois king Charles IX > Huguenots in Paris for wedding posed threats > killing of Huguenot leaders and violence in streets of Paris

Edict of Nantes

after War of Three Henrys; Catholicism as official religious but Huguenots could worship in certain places and could enjoy political privileges

Catholic Reformation

aka Counter-Reformation; revival of Roman Catholicism

William of Orange

aka William of Nassau/ William the Silent; wished to unify Netherlands but failed. Organized protestant union of seven northern provinces - Union of Utrecht

role of wife (Protestant view)

bear children; obedience to husband

Queen Elizabeth's Foreign Policy

caution, moderation, and expediency; encouraged raiding of Spanish ships and colonies; avoided alliances and war

old Catholic view of marriage

celibacy or sex only in marriage to make children

Cardinal Contarini

compromised with Protestants on doctrines; called a heretic

goals of King Philip II

consolidate and secure lands inherited from father; make Spain a dominant power

Mary, queen of Scots

cousin of Queen Elizabeth; placed under arrest and eventually killed by being involved in Catholic plots to kill Elizabeth

causes of French Wars of Religion

differences in religion; resentment of monarchs > towns and provinces and nobility joined Calvinists

3 Activities of Jesuits

disciplined school; spreading faith among non-Jesuits; fight against Protestantism

Capuchins

emerged when Franciscans returned to simplicity of Saint Francis of Assisi; cared for sick and poor and preached (Catholic) Gospel directly to people

ultra-Catholics

extreme Catholic party; opposed Huguenots; led by Guise family

Family (Protestant view)

father as ruler; wife obeying him; should read Bible together

Protestant schools

for wider audience, not just elite; humanist ideas taught as well as ideas to train youth in becoming good Christians

holy league

formed by ultra-Catholics; vowed to exterminate heresy and put Henry, duke of Guise on French throne

Ignatius of Loyola

founded Society of Jesus; battle injuries > commitment to be soldier of God by submitting his will to God/ Catholic Church

Johannes Sturm

founded most famous gymnasium in Strasbourg

economy of Spain under King Philip II

importation of gold and silver from its New World possession; agriculture, commerce, and industry

Queen Elizabeth before becoming Queen

imprisoned > hid true feelings; intelligent and cautious, learned from Mary's mistakes

Religious practices

individual prayer , family worship, collective prayer and worship on Sunday

What did the Protestant Church eliminate?

indulgences, saints, pilgrimages, celibacy > less celebrations of religious holy days because no saints

Effect of importation of silver

inflation that disrupted the economy; hurt textile production and agriculture

Oratory of Divine Love

informal group of clergy and laymen; emphasized personal spiritual development and acts of charity; liked Erasmus' "philosophy of Christ"

Index of Forbidden books

list of books that Catholics were not allowed to read; works of Protestants and "unwholesome" including Erasmus

Queen Elizabeth's Religious Policy

moderation and compromise; Moderate Protestantism (still opposed by Catholics and Puritans)

King Philip II

most Catholic King; fought against Turks well but failed fighting Netherlands; also failed in establishing good government and making Spain a dominant power

What was revived in Catholic Reformation?

mysticism and monasticism

beliefs of Jesuits

obedience to papacy; ; hierarchical order for society; education to reach goals; dedication to engage in conflict for God (military)

Council of Trent

organized to resolve religious differences; results: clear doctrine, Catholicism now another Christian denomination

Francis Xavier

original member of Society of Jesus; brought Catholicism to the East; converted many Japanese

politiques

placed politics before religion; didn't believe it was worth fighting civil war in France

Cardinal Caraffa

rejected compromise with Protestants; persuaded Pope to establish Holy Office (Inquisition); later chosen pope as Paul IV

Act of Uniformity

restored Book of Common Prayer with moderations

Catholic doctrines

scripture and tradition are equal authorities; only church can interpret Scripture; faith and good works necessary for salvation; seven sacraments; purgatory and indulgences

gymnasium

secondary school; introduced by Protestants in Germany; liberal arts in Greek/Latin combined with religious instruction

Union of Utrecht

seven Dutch-speaking northern provinces; Protestant; oppose Spanish rule

Netherlands

seventeen provinces; seven northern were Germanic in culture and southern provinces were tied to France; prosperous through commerce and textile industry

Why were girls educated?

so they could read the Bible and other religious works; to promote proper moral values rather than intellectual development

duke of Parma

split the Netherlands into two religious unions

Pope Paul III

turning point in reform of papcy; appointed reform commission > church's problems because of corrupt polices in popes and cardinals; summoned Council of Trent

John Calvin's Genevan Academy

two parts: 1. private school divided in seven classes, taught Latin/Greek grammar and literature and logic; 2. public school taught philosophy, Hebrew, Greek, and theology

struggles of King Philip II

wanted to oversee everything; refused to delegate authority and fell behind on state correspondence